🔹 PHP Frameworks & MVC Architecture (Q1–Q5)

1. What is MVC? Demonstrate with a diagram or explanation.

Explanation:
MVC (Model-View-Controller) is a design pattern that separates logic:

 Model: Handles data (DB).

 View: User interface.

 Controller: Handles input/output and connects model to view.

Request → Controller → Model → DB

View ←

2. What are the benefits of using a PHP framework like Laravel?

Explanation:

 Follows MVC

 Security (CSRF, SQL injection)

 Eloquent ORM

 Artisan CLI

 Routing system

 Blade templating

3. How do you create a Laravel project?

composer create-project laravel/laravel myApp

Explanation:
Installs Laravel in a folder named myApp.

4. How do you define a route in Laravel?

// routes/web.php

Route::get('/hello', function () {

return 'Hello, Laravel!';

});
Explanation:
Defines a URL /hello returning a simple response.

5. How do you create a controller in Laravel?

php artisan make:controller StudentController

Explanation:
Generates StudentController.php in app/Http/Controllers.

🔹 Laravel Features & Code Practice (Q6–Q15)

6. How do you return a view with data?

// Controller

return view('welcome', ['name' => 'Alice']);

blade

CopyEdit

<!-- welcome.blade.php -->

Hello, {{ $name }}

Explanation:
Passes variable $name to the view.

7. How do you use Blade syntax in Laravel?

@foreach($students as $student)

<p>{{ $student->name }}</p>

@endforeach

Explanation:
Blade templating engine uses {{ }} and directives like @foreach.

8. How to create a model and migration in Laravel?

php artisan make:model Student -m

Explanation:
Creates a Student.php model and migration file for the table.

9. How to define a database schema?

Schema::create('students', function (Blueprint $table) {

$table->id();

$table->string('name');

$table->timestamps();

});

Explanation:
Defines a database table with columns.

10. How to insert data using Eloquent?

$student = new Student;

$student->name = 'John';

$student->save();

Explanation:
Saves a new student record to the DB.

11. How to retrieve all records using Eloquent?

$students = Student::all();

Explanation:
Returns all rows from students table.

12. How to validate a form in Laravel?

$request->validate([

'name' => 'required|min:3'

]);

Explanation:
Validates that name is present and has at least 3 characters.

13. How to update a record in Laravel?

$student = Student::find(1);

$student->name = 'Updated';

$student->save();
Explanation:
Finds student by ID and updates the name.

14. How to delete a record in Laravel?

Student::destroy(1);

Explanation:
Deletes the student with ID 1 from the DB.

15. How to create a resource controller?

php artisan make:controller StudentController --resource

Explanation:
Creates methods like index, store, update, destroy for CRUD.

🔹 Mini Project (Student Management) (Q16–Q18)

16. How to create a student form using Blade?

<form action="/students" method="POST">

@csrf

<input type="text" name="name">

<button type="submit">Save</button>

</form>

Explanation:
Sends POST request with CSRF token for storing data.

17. How to use route resource for RESTful CRUD?

Route::resource('students', StudentController::class);

Explanation:
Automatically sets up 7 RESTful routes for the controller.

18. What are the 7 RESTful methods in a Laravel controller?

 index() – Show all

 create() – Show form

 store() – Save new

 edit() – Show edit form

 update() – Update

 destroy() – Delete

Explanation:
Each handles a typical part of CRUD flow.

🔹 Semantic Web and RDF (Q19–Q22)

19. What is Semantic Web?

Explanation:
The Semantic Web enhances web data with meaning for machines using standards like RDF, OWL,
and SPARQL.

20. What is RDF in Semantic Web?

Explanation:
RDF (Resource Description Framework) describes data in triples:
Subject → Predicate → Object

21. What is RAP (RDF API for PHP)?

Explanation:
RAP is a PHP library to manipulate RDF data, supporting:

 RDF parsing/serialization

 RDF storage

 SPARQL queries

22. How to create an RDF triple using RAP?

include("rap/RDFAPI.php");

$model = ModelFactory::getDefaultModel();

$resource = $model->createResource("http://example.com/student/1");

$resource->addProperty("http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name", "Alice");

$model->writeAsHtml();
Explanation:
Creates a student RDF record and displays it as HTML using RAP.

🔹 Web Hosting (Q23–Q25)

23. How to host a Laravel project on cPanel?

Steps:

 Upload Laravel project via File Manager or FTP

 Point domain to /public folder

 Set permissions for storage and bootstrap/cache

 Update .env with production DB config

24. How to connect Laravel with MySQL on server?

DB_CONNECTION=mysql

DB_HOST=localhost

DB_PORT=3306

DB_DATABASE=your_db

DB_USERNAME=your_user

DB_PASSWORD=your_pass

Explanation:
Set proper credentials in .env file to connect Laravel with MySQL.

25. How to import a database on hosting (phpMyAdmin)?

Steps:

1. Open cPanel → phpMyAdmin

2. Create a new database

3. Click "Import" → Upload .sql file

4. Update .env with database info

Explanation:
This imports your project’s DB so it works live on the server.