DDI_3101 - D31C | Dental Informatics

L1: SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE INTERACTION ○ Computer can only understand Binary
IDENTIFYING HARDWARE COMPONENTS IN A form (series of zeroes and ones)
COMPUTER MACHINE CYCLE
● Performance ● The CPU carries out software instructions by
○ How efficiently hardware and software repeating four basic operations in the Machine
complete tasks Cycle
● System Unit ● Instruction Cycle
○ The case that contains a computer’s ○ Fetching
main system components ■ Retrieves an instruction or a
● Motherboard data item from memory
○ Computer’s main circuit board ○ Decoding
● Circuit Board ■ Translate the instruction into a
○ Is a thin metal plate with an extensive form the computer can execute
electronic circuit (binary form)
● All of the essential chips and the circuitry that ● Execution Cycle
connects them are on the motherboard ○ Executing
■ Carries out the commands in
the instruction
○ Storing
■ Writes the result to memory
(not to a storage medium)
● Machine Cycle
○ Instruction Cycle
○ Execution Cycle

● Central Processing Unit

○ The central processing unit (CPU) is a
single computer chip that contains all
the electronic circuitry a computer
needs to process data
● Chip
○ Is a small, thin piece of CLOCK SPEED
silicon containing ● Machine cycles are measured in microseconds,
electronic circuits, nanoseconds, and even picoseconds (MNP)
which is why a chip is ○ Microsecond - millionths
called an integrated ○ Nanosecond - billionths
circuit (IC) ○ Picosecond - trillionths
PARTS OF A CPU ● The faster the machine cycle, the faster your
● Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) computer processes data
○ Performs arithmetic calculations and ● The speed of the processor directly influences
logical operations the speed of the machine cycle
○ Arithmetic - mathematical operations ● Refers to the processor’s speed
(MDAS) ● The number of instructions the CPU can process
○ Logic - comparing (<,>,=) per second
● Control Unit ● The computer has a system clock that generates
○ Coordinates all the processor’s activities a regular electronic beat to set the pace and
and manages the flow of information timing of system operations
through the processor ● Cycle
● Registers ○ Refers to each beat of the system clock
○ Are memory cells for temporarily ● Clock speed is stated in megahertz (MHz),
storing data needed by the ALU to which is a million cycles per second, and
perform its calculations gigahertz (GHz), which is a billion cycles per
○ Since CPU is distant from the RAM, it second
needs memory cells to temporarily ○ A hertz is one cycle per second
store data BIT SIZE
● Another measure of CPU performance
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● Refers to how many bytes of data the CPU can ○ Non-volatile

retrieve from RAM at once ● Random Access Memory (RAM)
● A byte of data is roughly equivalent to one ○ Is a volatile memory that loses its
character contents when you turn off the
○ An 8-bit CPU can process 1 byte at a computer
time ● Read-only Memory (ROM)
○ An 16-bit CPU can process 2 bytes at a ○ Is a nonvolatile memory because it is
time permanent
○ A 32-bit CPU can process 4 bytes at ○ It does not lose its contents when you
once turn off the computer
○ A 64-bit CPU can process 8 bytes at ○ Contains instructions for booting up the
once computer
● The larger the size, the faster the process RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
TYPES OF PROCESSORS ● Data, information, and
● Multicore Processor instructions from
○ Is a single chip that contains more than applications and the
one processor operating system are
○ Could be quadcore or dualcore stored temporarily in
○ If a computer contains a multicore RAM
processor, the operating system can use ● RAM usually consists of several chips on a circuit
multiprocessing to split tasks among the board called a memory module, which is
processors plugged into the motherboard
○ Each processor can work on a different ● Has a significant effect on performance
task at the same time ○ When RAM is limited in capacity, CPU
○ With a multicore processor, the cannot handle
operating system can use ○ Without enough RAM, the operating
multiprocessing, multitasking, and system must move data in and out of
multithreading to improve performance RAM frequently, slowing performance
● Single-core Processor ● Thrashing
○ Can enhance performance using ○ Means the operating system spends
multitasking and multithreading more time swapping data than running
■ Multitasking software
● Can run more than one READ-ONLY MEMORY (ROM)
program at the same ● Stored on a single chip on the motherboard
time ● The operating system retrieves data or
■ Multithreading programs in ROM when it needs them
● The operating system ● The operating system does not write over the
handles many parts, or contents of ROM
threads, of a single ● Used in booting up the computer
program
○ With a single-core processor, the
operating system can use only
multitasking and multithreading

● Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-only

Memory (EEPROM)
MEMORY ○ Is a type of ROM that is nonvolatile, but
● The CPU, operating systems, and applications can be modified
use memory (chips inside the system unit) to ● Flash Memory
store data and instructions ○ Is a type of ROM that can be updated
● A computer has two types of memory: much more quickly than EEPROM and
○ Volatile has largely replaced ROM
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○ Flash memory is now being used on

mobile computers and peripheral
devices
○ *Register - are memory cells that have
low memory compared to Flash
memory
CACHES
● In addition to RAM, the CPU accesses memory
caches to speed processing
● Level 1 Cache Memory
○ Is a SMALL AMOUNT of memory stored
on the CPU itself, apart from the
registers, where it is almost instantly
available
● Level 2 Cache Memory
○ Is a LARGER AMOUNT of memory that
can reside on the CPU or on a chip that
has a direct connection to the CPU
● The closer instructions and data are to the CPU,
the faster the CPU can process them

● Virtual memory
○ Hard disc - using up a secondary storage
HEAT SINKS AND FANS
● Processors in laptops, desktops, and servers
generate a lot of heat
● As the temperature increases, the system slows
down to avoid overheating, which severely SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
impairs performance ● Are hardware characteristics such as the
● To prevent overheating… amount of memory and the processor speed
○ One or more fans in the system unit ● An application lists these hardware
draw cooler air into the case from the specifications on the product’s box or web site
outside and expel warm air from the
inside
● The fan moves air across a Heat sink
○ Which collects heat from an electronic
component so the fan can cool it quickly
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
● You can tell how efficiently a computer is
working by tracking its CPU and RAM usage
● You can track the CPU and RAM usage in
Windows by using Task manager
● Task Manager
○ Gives you a behind-the-scenes glimpse
OPTIONAL HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
at how Windows is interacting with ● Some applications include features designed for
hardware resources and other software particular hardware
○ Macintosh - Activity Monitor ● Many popular applications now include features
that accept input from touchscreens so you can
use a fingertip to select commands or
handwrite text input
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○ These are optional hardware

requirements
● You can use the software without the hardware,
but having the hardware extends the features of
the software
UPDATING SOFTWARE
● Application Software
○ Is constantly changing to keep up with
hardware developments and user
requests
● Software is also revised to address problems
● If you purchased the original version of the
software, you can download a patch, an update,
or a service pack from the internet
UPDATING OPERATING SYSTEMS
○ Patch
● Personal and mobile operating systems provide
■ Small program that corrects or
tools to keep the operating systems up to date
enhances existing software
by contacting a severe and then downloading
○ Update
the files containing the updates
■ Collection of files (larger than a
● The tools let you select settings for how and
patch) that revises software to
when to update the operating system
fix problems or provide
● In windows, you use Windows Update to check
enhancements
for the latest updates to Windows and to review
■ Ex. version 2.1, 2.4, 2.7
your update settings
○ Service Pack
● Windows update can download three types of
■ Collection of updates, fixes, or
updates:
enhancements to software
○ Important
delivered as a single file
■ Updates you should install to
● Software developers use version numbers to
maintain the security and
keep track of the software they release
reliability of Windows
● The original software is assigned version 1.0
○ Recommended
● Upgrades
■ Updates that enhance your
○ New versions that developers make for
computing experience or repair
major improvements, adding new
problems that are not
features, or changing the software
considered critical
designed
○ Optional
○ Numbered 2.0, 3.0, and so on
■ Updates that are not critical and
● Installing
do not apply to all Windows
○ Means to move a copy of the software
users
from its distribution location (such as a
SUMMARY
web site) to your computer
● The characteristics and capabilities of a
● System and application software often include
computer’s internal hardware components
tools for managing updates
directly influence computer performance
● Automatic Update Feature
● The system unit is the case that contains a
○ Checks for updates and then downloads
computer’s main system components, including
them when they are available
the motherboard, the processor, and memory.
● Manual Update
○ All of the essential chips and the
○ When performing a manual update, you
circuitry that connects them are on the
download and install the updates
motherboard
yourself
● The internal hardware that processes data is the
● Type in: C:\Windows\Software
processor, also called the microprocessor and
Distribution\Download
the central processing unit (CPU), which is a
single computer chip that contains all the
electronic circuitry for performing a personal
computer’s processing tasks
○ The processor has a significant effect on
a computer’s performance and
computing power
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● The CPU has two primary sections: ● Volatile memory loses its contents when you
○ Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) turn off the power to the computer, while
■ Performs arithmetic Nonvolatile memory is permanent and does not
calculations and logical lose its contents when you turn off the power to
operations the computer
○ Control Unit ● The amount of RAM in your computer has a
■ Coordinates all of the significant effect on performance.
processor’s activities ○ If you do not have enough RAM, the
■ Manages the flow of operating system must move data in
information through the and out of RAM frequently, which slows
processor performance
● The CPU carries out each instruction it receives ○ If the operating system spends more
from software by repeating four basic time swapping data between RAM and
operations, which constitute the machine cycle: virtual memory than running software,
○ Fetching it is said to be thrashing, which makes
○ Decoding the computer sluggish or completely
○ Executing unresponsive
○ Storing ● ROM is stored on single chips attached to the
● Instruction Cycle motherboard.
○ Fetching ○ The operating system retrieves the data
○ Decoding or programs stored in ROM when it
● Execution Cycle needs them, such as when the
○ Executing computer starts up
○ Storing ○ ROM is read-only memory because the
● The clock speed indicates the number of operating system does not regularly
instructions the CPU can process per second. write over its contents
○ It directly influences the speed of the ○ EEPROM and Flash Memory are types of
machine cycle and the overall ROM that are non-volatile but CAN BE
performance of the computer MODIFIED
● The type of processor in a computer affects how ● If you change system components on your
quickly the computer can accept and carry out computer, by adding RAM, for example, the
instructions from software BIOS stored on a ROM chip must be updated to
● A multicore processor is a single chip that take these configuration changes into account
contains more than one processor, such as ● In addition to RAM, the CPU accesses memory
dual-core processors and quad-core processors caches to speed processing.
○ If a computer has a multicore processor, ○ The SMALL AMOUNT of memory stored
the operating system can use on the CPU itself, apart from the
multiprocessing to split tasks among the REGISTERS, is called level 1 cache
processors. memory
■ With multiprocessing, each ○ Level 2 Cache Memory is a LARGER
processor can work on a AMOUNT of memory that can reside on
different task at the same time the CPU or on a chip that has a direct
● On a computer with a single-core processor, the connection to the CPU
operating system can use multitasking and ● You can tell how efficiently a computer is
multithreading. working by tracking its CPU and RAM usage.
○ Multitasking Operating system ○ The lower the usage, the more
■ Can run more than one efficiently the operating system is
program at the same time performing tasks.
○ Multithreading Operating System ○ In Windows, you use Task Manager to
■ Handles many parts, or threads, track CPU and RAM usage
of a single program ● Applications have system requirements, which
● To store data and instructions, the CPU, are hardware specifications such as the amount
operating system, and applications use memory, of memory and the speed of the processor.
which consists of chips inside the system unit ○ If your computer does not meet the
● A computer has two major types of memory: application’s system requirements, the
○ Volatile Memory - RAM application will not be able to run or
○ Nonvolatile Memory - ROM will run ineffectively
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● Some applications include features designed for

special hardware such as touchscreens, which
allow you to use a fingertip to select commands
or handwrite text input.
○ Microsoft word includes a button that
lets you switch to Touch mode, which
adapts the Ribbon for touchscreen
users
● Software developers are constantly updating
system and application software to keep up with
hardware innovations and changes, user
requests, and security threats.
○ They release updated software as a
patch, an update, or a service pack
● When developers make major improvements to
software, add new features, or change the
design, the new version is called an upgrade.
○ The first upgrade is assigned version
2.0, the next is version 3.0, and so on
● You can download software, including new
versions and updates, and installation
instructions from a Web site.
○ When you install software, you move a
copy from its distribution location to
your computer.
○ During installation, the operating
system changes its settings to make
sure the software runs with your
hardware.
● To update system and application software, you
can use the software’s automatic update
feature, which automatically checks for
software updates and then download them
when they are available; or you can perform a
manual update, where you can download and
install the updates yourself
● You use Windows update to check for the latest
updates to Windows and to review your update
settings.
○ Windows Update can download
important, recommended, and optional
updates
● Windows Update is a tool provided in the
Control Panel, which is a window containing
specialized tools you use to change the way
Windows looks and behaves.
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L2: COMPUTER HARDWARE using ports and expansion cards on the

UNDERSTANDING HOW A COMPUTER REPRESENTS motherboard
DATA ● Ports
● Computers are binary machines ○ A port is a connector located on the
○ Meaning they only understand two system case that you use to plug
states — on and off, represented by a 0 peripheral devices into the computer
and a 1 ○ Inside the system unit, a port is
○ which reflects whether a circuit is attached to a bus on the motherboard.
receiving electricity (on or 1) or is not ● Bus
receiving electricity (off or 0) ○ A bus is a sequence of electronic
● Each of these states is called a bit circuitry used to transfer data among
○ short for binary digit computer components.
○ smallest unit of data a computer can ○ Peripheral devices use a bus, sometimes
process called an expansion bus, to exchange
● Byte data with the motherboard.
○ eight bits together is called a byte ○ Universal Serial Bus (USB)
○ roughly equivalent to one character ■ One of the most common types
● When you press a key on a computer keyboard, of buses
you are sending an electronic signal to the ■ Can be used to connect 127
circuitry in the computer. different devices to a single USB
● The circuitry converts the signal into binary port
form and stores it as a byte in memory for ○ USB Hub
processing. ■ Is a device that contains a
number of USB ports and plugs
into a single USB port on a
computer
○ Firewire or IEEE 1394
■ Another type
of bus
■ Developed by
● Computer users work with much more than a Apple as a
byte of data at a time. high-speed
● Terms for measuring data combine “byte” with method for
a meaningful prefix connecting multimedia devices
such as video cameras to a
computer
■ A single Firewire port can
accommodate many external
devices
● In addition to USB and FireWire ports, you
might find the following types of ports on
computing devices:
IDENTIFYING SYSTEM COMPONENTS FOR INPUT AND ○ Audio
OUTPUT ■ Connects speakers,
● System Unit headphones, and microphones
○ Houses a computer’s processing ○ RJ-45
hardware, including the motherboard ■ Connects the computer to a
● Components for connecting peripheral devices wired network using an
are attached to the motherboard Ethernet cable
● Peripheral Devices ○ Video Graphics Array (VGA) &
○ Keyboards High-Definition Multimedia Interface
○ Mice (HDMI)
○ Printers ■ Standards for connecting
○ Monitors display monitors
○ Other display screens
● To use peripheral devices with your computer,
they must be connected to the computer by
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have a USB plug, such as an older

printer.
○ USB adapters can be used to connect
wireless devices, including mice and
keyboards
○ The USB adapter is plugged into the
computer and receives infrared waves
from the wireless mouse
EXPANSION CARDS ■ The adapter converts the waves
● Circuit boards called expansion cards or adapter into signals that move the
cards can be plugged into expansion slots on the onscreen pointer
motherboard of a desktop or server computer INPUT DEVICES
● Expansion cards expand the capabilities of the ● Input Device
computer or let you attach a peripheral device ○ Is a peripheral device you use to enter
to the computer data and commands into a computer
○ An input device can be as simple as a
keyboard or as sophisticated as
equipment used for voice recognition
○ The type of input device you use is
determined by the task you need to
perform
● Keyboards
○ Is the most common input device for
entering text and numbers into a
computer
○ Keyboards can be built into the
computer, attached using a cable, or
● Expansion Slots connected using a wireless connection

● ExpressCard Modules and USB Adapters

○ Mobile computers use these
○ Smaller than expansion cards
○ Are plugged into slots or ports that you
access outside of the system unit
○ Ergonomic Keyboard
■ An ergonomic keyboard is
designed to provide comfort
and avoid stress or fatigue to
your hands, wrists, and arms

● USB Adapters
○ A USB adapter connects a computer
with a USB port to a device that doesn’t
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○ Specialized Keyboard ● Track Balls

■ Some keyboards include ○ A trackball is a pointing device that
specialized keys that represent works like a mouse with a ball on top of
specific items for input such as the device
food orders, and are used in ○ You use your thumb and fingers to
fast-food restaurants and other manipulate the ball, which controls the
workplaces pointer on the screen.
○ Foldable or Flexible Keyboard
■ This easily transported
keyboard is primarily used with
mobile devices
● Pointing Devices
○ A pointing device is an input device you
use to position the pointer on the
screen ● Touchscreens
○ The pointer appears as an arrow, I-beam ○ Many mobile computers use
or other shape touchscreens, which have a
○ You use the pointer to select on screen touch-sensitive surface that overlays
objects such as text, graphics, buttons, the screen and responds to the
icons, and links. electrical impulses in your fingertips
● Mice
○ A mouse is a pointing device that fits
comfortably in the palm of your hand
○ Popular types of mice are optical,
wireless, and touch

● Digital Pens
○ A stylus is a pen-like writing instrument
that works with touchscreens
○ You use a stylus for precise touch input
by writing, drawing, or tapping on a
screen
● Touchpads
○ A touchpad (also called a trackpad) is a
touch-sensitive surface that can convert
the motion and position of your fingers
to a relative position on screen

● Pointing Sticks
○ A pointing stick is a pressure-sensitive
● Audio Input Devices
device that resembles a pencil eraser
○ Audio Input is sound
○ You move a pointing stick with your
entered into a computer,
forefinger while using your thumb to
and includes speech,
press related keys
sound effects, and music
○ Mobile phones and
hands-free navigation
systems in motor vehicles use
voice-recognition systems
● Video Input Devices
○ When you capture still or moving
images with a digital camera, they are
stored digitally in the camera as video
input to the device
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○ A PC video camera or Webcam is a type ● Bar code scanners

of digital video (DV) camera you can use ○ A bar code is
to send live images over the internet, a matrix or
participate in video telephone calls, and series of lines
send e-mail messages with video with varying
attachments. widths and
heights that
represent
letters and
numbers
● Radio frequency Identification (RFID) Readers
○ RFID readers scan the codes stored in
an RFID tag
■ A tiny
chip with
● Specialized Input Devices a radio
○ Other input devices are used for antenna
specialized applications that can
be
attached
to almost
anything
○ RFID readers can
scan many tags at
once
● Magnetic Scanners
○ These devices read encoded
information on credit cards
● Game Controllers ○ The magnetic strip on the back of each
○ The joystick and wheel are types of card contains the user’s encoded
pointing devices you use when playing account number
games, or as adaptive equipment when ● Wireless Scanners
you need an alternative to a mouse ○ These scanners use Bluetooth wireless
● Scanners technology to scan bar code data, such
○ Scanners are devices that can change as from a hospital bracelet, and
images into codes that the computer transmit it to a computer
accepts as input ● Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and Optical
○ The quality of a scanner is measured by Mark Recognition (OMR)
pixels per inch (ppi) ○ These devices use a light source to read
■ The higher the ppi number, the characters, marks, and codes
better the input image ○ The data is then converted into a digital
format
○ Banks use OCR technology to scan
checks
○ Commonly known as Scantrons, schools
and other organizations use OMR for
testing purposes
● Flat-bed Scanners ● Biometric Devices
○ These devices ○ Biometrics is a security technique using
convert printed automated methods of recognizing a
documents and person based on a physical
images into an characteristic
electronic object
that you can store
in a computer’s
memory
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USING OUTPUT DEVICES ○ Also called a data projector

● Output is data processed into a useful format. ○ Connects to a computer and projects
● Examples of output are: images onto a wall screen or other
○ Text large, flat surface
○ Spoken words ○ Small computer projectors use LCD or
○ Music Digital Light Processing (DLP)
○ Pictures technology
○ Video ■ Bounces lights off microscopic
○ Graphics mirrors on a computer chip
● Output devices display information, and include ● Printers
monitors, projectors, printers, and speakers. ○ Printers produce a paper copy, or hard
● Display Devices copy, of processing results
○ Desktop computers typically use a ○ When selecting a printer to purchase,
monitor as their display device. consider the following features:
○ Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Technology ■ Speed
■ The most popular technology ● Measured in pages per
for computer monitors minute (ppm)
■ Manipulates light with a layer of ■ Print quality
liquid crystal cells to produce an ● Measured in dots per
image inch (dpi)
■ LCD screens are lightweight, ■ Price
display images clearly, and use ● Includes the original
energy efficiently cost of the printer and
● Screen Resolution and Size what it costs for the ink
○ Display screens form images by or toner
combining pixels of color ● Inkjet Printers
○ Pixel ○ An inkjet printer is a nonimpact printer
■ Short for picture element that creates text and images by spraying
■ Is the smallest surface area that ink onto paper
can contain color on a display
device
○ Screen Resolution
■ The number of pixels displayed
on a screen
■ Determines the amount of
information that can be
displayed at one time
○ Screen resolution is expressed as the
number of horizontal pixels by the
number of vertical pixels, as in 1366 x ● Laser Printers
768 screen resolution ○ A laser printer is a nonimpact printer
○ The video card installed in your that creates text and images using the
computer determines the resolutions same technology as copier machines
○ To change the screen resolution in ○ As a light-sensitive drum resolves in the
Windows, you use the Screen printer, a laser beam etches text and
Resolution window, which is a Control images on the drum as a pattern of
Panel too electrical changes
○ The printer then coats the drum with
toner
○ As the drum revolves, it heats up and
rolls over a sheet of paper to transfer
the toner to the page
● Specialized Printers
○ Thermal Printer
■ Forms characters by heating
special heat-sensitive paper

● Projectors
○ Another type of display device
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○ Mobile Printer ● The maximum amount

■ A small, battery-powered of data a medium can
printer store
■ Primarily used to print from a ■ Speed
mobile computer ● Measured by access
○ Label and Postage Printer time and the data
■ Prints labels of various types transfer rate
and sizes on paper that contains ○ Access Time
adhesive on one side ■ Is the average number of
○ Plotters and Large Format milliseconds (ms) it takes a
■ Used for drawings and drafting computer to retrieve data from
output the storage device
● Audio Output Devices ○ Data Transfer Rate
○ Speakers, headphones, and earbuds are ■ Determines how much data the
other types of output devices storage device can move per
second from the storage media
to the computer
● Hard Drives
○ A hard drive is the main storage device
in a computer
○ Hard drives contain a stack of disks
○ If a peripheral device doesn’t work made of aluminum or glass that are
when you attach it to your computer, coated with magnetic iron oxide
you can use Device Manager to solve particles
the problem in the following ways:
■ Look for a yellow or red
problem icon
● If the device is listed
with a yellow warning
icon, it means
something is wrong
with the device or its
setting
● You can click the icon to
learn more about the
○ The mounting shaft in the hard drive
problem
spins a platter to a storage location so
● A red check mark
the read/write head can save or retrieve
means the device is not
data quickly, which is a method called
working at all
direct-access storage
USING STORAGE MEDIA AND DEVICES
○ The read/write heads in a hard drive
● Storage Media
use magnetic charges to retrieve and
○ Are the physical materials used to store
store data, not direct contact.
data, such as disks and DVDs
○ If the read/write heads touch the
○ Storage media are contained in a
surface of a platter, they can damage
storage device
data, which is a condition called a head
■ Equipment that records and
crash
retrieves data from storage
○ Hard Drives are the most popular for
media
storing data because of their speed,
○ Storage devices include:
capacity, and cost
■ Hard drives
○ Access time range from 6 to 11 ms
■ CD/DVD drives
○ Revolutions per minute (rpm)
■ USB flash drives
■ Refers to how fast the platters
○ The term storage technology refers to a
spin when the read/write head
storage device and the media it uses
is accessing data
○ You can compare storage media based
■ The higher the rpm, the faster
on the following characteristics:
the read/write heads can locate
■ Capacity
specific data
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○ Hard drives range from hundreds of ■ DVDs have a much higher

gigabytes to a few terabytes of storage storage capacity than CDs
● Solid-State Drives (SSD) ○ A more recent type of optical storage
○ Uses flash memory technology to store media is the Blu-ray disc (BD)
data as electrical rather than magnetic ■ Which provides more than five
charges times the storage capacity of a
○ SSDs have no moving parts, so they are traditional DVD
more durable and reliable than
mechanical hard drives
○ They consume less power, generate less
heat, and retrieve data more quickly,
making them a good alternative for
tablets and other mobile devices

● External Hard Drives

○ Is a separate, freestanding high-capacity
storage device that you attach to a
computer, usually using a USB port.
○ External hard drives can use magnetic
or solid–state technology

● Portable Drives
○ Removable drives use the same
solid-state technology as internal SSDs
do.
○ The smallest types are collectively
called memory cards
○ USB flash drives are another type of
solid-state storage media

● Optical Storage Devices

○ Uses lasers to read and write data on
plastic platters that contain a metal
layer, which reflects the laser light back
to a sensor in an optical drive.
○ Optical media such as compact discs
(CD) and DVDs are called discs
DDI_3101 - D31C | Dental Informatics
DENTAL INFORMATICS
Mr. Roy Callope | D31C

WHAT IS A CELL ADDRESS (REFERENCE)?

UNDERSTANDING SPREADSHEETS ● This is a column letter & row number combination
● What is a spreadsheet? such as A1, B2
○ A program that displays data (text & WHAT IS A NAME BOX?
numbers) in a table called a worksheet ● Displays the name of the active cell or range
PARTS OF EXCEL WHAT IS A FORMULA BAR?
● Displays the date or formula stored in the active cell
WHAT IS AN ACTIVE CELL?
● The cell in which you are currently working (normally
the cells is surrounded by a black border)
WHAT IS A FUNCTION?
● A built-in formula that is a shortcut for common
calculations such as addition and average
SAMPLE FUNCTIONS

IF ()
SUM ()
VLOOKUP ()
USES OF SPREADSHEET
● Prepare budgets WHAT IS A FUNCTION?
● Financial statements ● Instruct the computer as to what mathematical
● Inventory management operations to perform
● Create charts OPERATION SYMBOLS
WHAT IS A WORKSHEET?
● A grid with columns & rows; the term worksheet is Addition (+)
used interchangeably with spreadsheet Subtraction (-)
WHAT IS A CELL? Multiplication (*)
● The intersection of a row and columns Division (/)
WHAT 3 THINGS CAN YOU TYPE INTO A CELL?
HOW DO YOU KEY A FORMULA?
LABEL Words or letters ● You combine numbers, cell addresses (references),
VALUE Number operation symbols and/or functions
FORMULA Statement that perform a a ● Ex: = 4 + 5; = B1*B2
calculations ORDER OF OPERATIONS

WHAT ARE CELL RANGE? Completes formula in this order:

1. Parentheses
● A group of cells that are closely together
2. Exponents
WHAT ARE COLUMNS? 3. Multiplication
● Vertical arrangements of cells; identified by letters 4. Division
WHAT ARE ROWS? 5. Addition
● Horizontal arrangement of cells; by numbers 6. Subtraction
WHAT IS A WORKSHEET TAB?
● A tab that identifies each open worksheet in a
spreadsheet program located in the lower left corner
of the screen
EXCEL 2003 VS EXCEL 2007
WHAT IS A COLUMN WIDTH TOOL?
256 COLUMNS 16,384 COLUMNS ● Tool that changes the width of the columns on a
65, 536 ROWS 1,048,576 ROWS spreadsheet
WHAT IS A ROW HEIGHT TOOL?
DENTAL INFORMATICS
Mr. Roy Callope | D31C

● Tool that changes the height of rows on a ● You can also use the vertical scroll bar or the
spreadsheet keyboard to navigate through slides in a presentation
WHAT IS THE FILL HANDLE TOOL?
● Used to copy date & formulas to another cell; and
create a series
WHAT IS AN AUTO SUM TOOL?
● Automatically creates a formula to ass a series of
numbers in a spreadsheet
WHAT IS A CHART
● Graphic representations used to compare & contrast
CHANGING THE SLIDE VIEW
worksheet data
● Powerpoint offers five different ways to view your
WHAT IS SORTING?
presentation:
● Organizing or rearranging data in either ascending or ○ Normal view
descending order ○ Outline view
DEFINITIONS ○ Slide sorter view
○ Notes pages view
Sort Ascending Arranges record from A to Z or ○ Reading view
smallest to largest
Sort Descending Arranges record from Z ro A or
largest to smallest

IDENTIFYING THE PARTS OF THE POWERPOINT SCREEN

● In powerpoint, the document file is called a
presentation
● A presentation is a collection of individual slides for
an onscreen display of information and graphics
● A slide is a single page of a presentation
● The slides tab shows a thumbnail for each slide in
the presentation file MANAGING SLIDES
● The slide pane in the presentation window contains ● You can easily manage slides in normal view and in
the slide content slide sorter view
PARTS OF A PPT ● You can use the cut, copy, and paste commands to
copy or move slides
● You can change the order of slides by using
drag-and-drop editing as well as by using the
cut-and-paste method
CREATING A NEW PRESENTATION
● You can create a new, blank presentation and apply
preformatted colors, style, and layouts.
● Powerpoint provides several presentation templates
that already contain formatted content that you can
NAVIGATING THROUGH A PRESENTATION modify to customize the presentation.
● You can move to a different slide in the presentation ● You can also open an existing presentation, save it
by using the keyboard or by clicking the thumbnail with a new filename, and then add and delete slides
on the slides tab. and edit the existing slide.
● Keep in mind a few basic principles for effective
design:
○ Do not overload a slide with too much
content
○ Select only one or two fonts that are easy to
read
DENTAL INFORMATICS
Mr. Roy Callope | D31C

○ Use numbered lists to show the steps in a EDITING SLIDES

precise way or to show dates that should be ● When you add and edit text, the contents that are
examined in order. displayed on the outline tab are automatically
○ Use bullets to present lists of information updated
● Limit the number of special features on a single slide ● You can change the slides layout to accommodate
● Use graphic or charts only to to highlight relevant the text you want to add
information ● You can move ant placeholder and rearrange the
● Keep charts and tables simple and easy to read elements of a slide
● Add elements such as a company name for ● Changing the color of the text or changing the font
consistency from slide to slide style can add emphasis to the slide content
● Slide layout refers to the arrangement of WORKING WITH SLIDE MASTERS
placeholders on the slide
● A slide master is the main slide that restores
● You can choose from several different slide layouts
information about the theme and layouts of the
presentation
● When you update one or more elements, the edits
will be reflected on all the slides in the presentation

● To include a company name in a footer on all slides,

you need to create a footer in normal view using the
● Placeholders provide placement guides for adding header and footer dialog box
text or objects
● As you enter in a placeholder, powerpoint
automatically checks for misspelled words

PREVIEWING AND SHOWING A PRESENTATION

APPLYING A THEME ● To advance to the next slide show view, you can click
● A theme specifies a color scheme, fonts, and effects the left mouse button, press enter, or press the
● Each theme has a specific look and feel spacebar. You can also use the arrows keys to the
● You can apple a different theme at any time to page up and page down keys.
change the look of your presentation ● The slide show tab on the ribbon has more options

● Powerpoint offers fours variants for each theme, HIDING SLIDES AND CUSTOMIZING A PRESENTATION
which provide predefined sets of theme colors ● If your presentation time is cut, you may need to skip
● If the variants do not meet your needs, you can some slides in you presentation
choose from a palette of theme colors ● You can create a custom slide show by selecting only
● You can also change the set of theme fonts those slides you want to include
DENTAL INFORMATICS
Mr. Roy Callope | D31C

INSERTING AND FORMATTING GRAPHICS

● Graphics can help your audience remember your
message
● Graphics include shape, clip art, pictures, wordare,
smartart, graphics, tables, and charts ● Adding tables, charts, and text boxes to slides
● Use graphics only when they illustrate relevant ○ You can add tables and simple charts to
points in a presentation illustrate numerical data or trends
● Adding pictures to a slide ○ Placeholders make it easy to create a table
○ You can insert clip art and photographs
or chart using feature in words and excel
from a gallery of online clip art files
provided by microsoft at office.com ○ You can add additional text to slides by
○ You can also insert a picture from a file, inserting a text box and you can add styles,
such as digital photograph or a scanned border and shape fills to text boxes to add
image emphasis
○ You can access pictures you have saved on CREATING HYPERLINK
your computer, skydrive, facebook, flickr,
● In powerpoint, you can create hyperlinks to slides in
and other sites
the same presentation, slides in another
○ Content placeholders simplify the task of
presentation, an e-mail address, a web pages, or
inserting graphics
another file
○ When you insert a graphic using a graphic
● You can create the hyperlink from text on a slide or
button placeholder, the graphic replaces the
from a graphic object on a slide
placeholder
● Hyperlinks are only functional on slideshow view

FORMATTING SLIDE TRANSITION

● Adding wordart, shapes,and smartart graphics to a ● Slide transition are settings that control how a slide
slide is introduced as you move from one slide to another
○ You can create WordArt objects and draw slide in slideshow view
● The transition you add between the slide add
objects using the same drawing tools that
interest and help keep the attention of your
you learned to use in Word. audience focused on the presentation
○ You can resize and reposition text boxes and ● You can apply the transition setting to a single slide
shapes, and you can apply formatting or to all the slides the presentation
options.
DENTAL INFORMATICS
Mr. Roy Callope | D31C

FORMATTING ANIMATIONS
● When you add animation, you add special visual or
sound effects to text or an object
● Without animation, text and object automatically
appear all at once when a slide is opened in
slideshow view ADDING AUDIO AND VIDEO TO A PRESENTATION
● When you format animations for the text boxes and ● You can use sound and video at any point in a
graphics, you can control how and when the text and presentation to add emphasis or set the mood for
graphics appear on each slide the audience
● Applying animations ● Inserting video and audio clips
○ Powerpoint provides many built-in ○ Powerpoint supports many video and audio
animations for four types of effects: file formats
■ Entrance effects controls how the ○ You can insert audio files from offic.com,
object enters onto a slide your computer, or another source such as a
■ Emphasis effects draw attention to flash drive, a network connection, or the
an object that is already visible on cloud
the slide ● Inserting audio and video clips
■ Exit effect control how an object
leaves the slide
■ Motion paths enable you to create
a path for the object to follow in
the slide

DISTRIBUTING PRESENTATIONS
● The primary way to distribute a presentation is to
project the slideshow before an audience
● You can provide hard copies of slides, handouts, the
presentation outline, and speaker notes
● You can distribute electronic copies of the
presentation
● You can share a presentation via email or web pages,
or over networks
● Printing handouts and speaker notes
● Rearranging, changing and customizing animations ○ You can print individual slides, the
○ You can rearrange the order of animations, presentation outlines, and speaker notes
remove an animation, or change an existing ○ You can prepare handouts by formatting the
animation slides in the various page layouts available
○ An object can have one or more animations in word documents.
○ You can customize the animations by ● Preparing presentations for electronic distribution
modifying the timing of the effects ○ To distribute electronic copies of a
presentation, you must be connected to a
network or the internet, and you must have
sufficient bandwidth for transferring the
electronic files
DENTAL INFORMATICS
Mr. Roy Callope | D31C

○ You can save presentations in PDF and XPS

○ In slide show view, the slides are
formats; readers can see the slides, but they
displayed full screen, and you can move
cannot edit them
through the presentation using the
○ You can share a presentation in the Cloud,
mouse or keyboard
or present the slides online using Office ○ You can add annotations to slides and
Presentation Service. highlight text when showing slides in
○ You can distribute a presentation by slideshow view
publishing the slides to a document ○ You can create a custom slideshow so
management server or to a document that only designated slides are displayed
workspace. in slideshow view
○ Graphics help to clarify the message of
Summary: your presentation. Graphic can help your
● In this lesson, you learned: audience remember you message, and
○ In addition to using the slide and outline powerpoint makes it easy for you to add
tabs to move to a different slide, you can graphics to a slide
use the scroll bar, mouse, or keyboard to ○ You can create word art, shapes, and
navigate through a presentation in smartart graphics to add visual effects to
normal view slides
○ You work in either normal view or slide ○ You can easily reposition and resize
sorter view as you create and edit your graphics and text boxes on slides, and
presentation. You use a slide show view you can also format the object with
when you present the show to an border and shading.
audience. ○ Placeholder make it easy to create a table
○ You can use the cut, copy, and paste or chart to illustrate numerical date or
command to delta, move, or copy in tends
presentation. You can also easily ○ You can add hyperlink to text and
rearrange the order of slides using graphics so you can link slides to other
drag-and-drop editing. slides, other documents, or web pages.
○ To create an effective presentation, the ○ The slide transition affects how each new
design features for layouts and formats slide appears. You can apply transition
should emphasize the content without setting to a single slide or to all the slides
overwhelming it. For example, use the in the presentation
same fonts for the same features in all
slides for a consistent appearance, and
limit the number of special features on a
single slide.
○ The slide theme automatically formats
slides with color schemes, font styles,
and effects. A theme ensures that all
slides in a presentation have a consistent
look. You can apply a theme at any time
without affecting the underlying content
of the slides.
○ You can change the slides layout even
when the slide contains content, and you
can modify the slide layout by resizing
and repositioning the placeholders
○ You can add elements such as a company
logo to the slide master so the elements
appear consistently on all slides you can
create a footer to display a company
name or date on one or all slides in the
presentation