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SQL for Data
Analytics
Third Edition

Harness the power of SQL to extract insights

from data

Jun Shan, Matt Goldwasser, Upom Malik, and Benjamin Johnston

SQL for Data Analytics
Third edition
Copyright © 2022 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written
permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in
critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this course to ensure the accuracy
of the information presented. However, the information contained in this course
is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the authors nor Packt
Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused
or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this course.

Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the
companies and products mentioned in this course by the appropriate use of capitals.
However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.

Authors: Jun Shan, Matt Goldwasser, Upom Malik, and Benjamin Johnston

Reviewers: Haibin Li and Bharath Kumar Bolla

Development Editor: Padma K. Mohapatra

Acquisitions Editors: Anindya Sil and Sneha Shinde

Production Editor: Shantanu Zagade

Editorial Board: Megan Carlisle, Ketan Giri, Heather Gopsill, Bridget Kenningham,
Manasa Kumar, Alex Mazonowicz, Monesh Mirpuri, Abhishek Rane,
Brendan Rodrigues, Ankita Thakur, Nitesh Thakur, and Jonathan Wray

First published: August 2019

Second edition: February 2020

Third edition: August 2022

Production reference: 1250822

ISBN: 978-1-80181-287-0

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

Livery Place, 35 Livery Street
Birmingham B3 2PB, UK
Table of Contents

Preface   i

Chapter 1: Understanding and Describing Data   1

Introduction ............................................................................................... 2
Data Analytics and Statistics ................................................................... 2
Activity 1.01: Classifying a New Dataset .................................................... 4
Types of Statistics .................................................................................... 5
Methods of Descriptive Statistics ............................................................... 6
Univariate Analysis ....................................................................................... 6
Data Frequency Distribution................................................................................6

Exercise 1.01: Creating a Histogram ........................................................... 7

Quantiles..............................................................................................................16

Exercise 1.02: Calculating the Quartiles for Add-On Sales ..................... 18

Central Tendency.................................................................................................20

Exercise 1.03: Calculating the Central Tendency of Add-On Sales ........ 22

Dispersion.............................................................................................................24

Exercise 1.04: Dispersion of Add-On Sales ............................................... 26

Bivariate Analysis ........................................................................................ 27
Scatterplots..........................................................................................................27

Linear Trend Analysis and Pearson Correlation Coefficient..........................33

Exercise 1.05: Calculating the Pearson Correlation

Coefficient for Two Variables .................................................................... 35
Interpreting and Analyzing the Correlation Coefficient ........................ 37
Time Series Data..................................................................................................40
 Activity 1.02: Exploring Dealership Sales Data ........................................ 42
Working with Missing Data ................................................................... 42
Statistical Significance Testing ............................................................. 43
Common Statistical Significance Tests ..................................................... 45
SQL and Analytics .................................................................................. 45
Summary ................................................................................................. 46

Chapter 2: The Basics of SQL for Analytics   49

Introduction ............................................................................................ 50
The World of Data .................................................................................. 51
Types of Data ............................................................................................... 52
Relational Databases and SQL ............................................................. 52
Advantages and Disadvantages of SQL Databases ................................ 54
PostgreSQL Relational Database
Management System (RDBMS) ............................................................. 55
Exercise 2.01: Running Your First SELECT Query ..................................... 58
SELECT Statement ....................................................................................... 62
The WHERE Clause ...................................................................................... 66
The AND/OR Clause .................................................................................... 67
The IN/NOT IN Clause ................................................................................. 69
ORDER BY Clause ........................................................................................ 71
The LIMIT Clause ......................................................................................... 75
IS NULL/IS NOT NULL Clause ..................................................................... 76
Exercise 2.02: Querying the salespeople Table
Using Basic Keywords in a SELECT Query ................................................ 78
Activity 2.01: Querying the customers Table
Using Basic Keywords in a SELECT Query ................................................ 81
Creating Tables ...................................................................................... 82
Creating Blank Tables ................................................................................. 82
Basic Data Types of SQL ........................................................................ 83
Numeric ....................................................................................................... 84
Character ..................................................................................................... 84
Boolean ........................................................................................................ 85
Datetime ...................................................................................................... 85
Data Structures: JSON and Arrays ....................................................... 86
Column Constraints ............................................................................... 86
Simple CREATE Statement ......................................................................... 87
Exercise 2.03: Creating a Table in SQL ...................................................... 88
Creating Tables with SELECT ..................................................................... 89
Updating Tables ..................................................................................... 91
Adding and Removing Columns ................................................................ 92
Adding New Data ........................................................................................ 93
Updating Existing Rows .............................................................................. 95
Exercise 2.04: Updating the Table to Increase
the Price of a Vehicle .................................................................................. 96
Deleting Data and Tables ........................................................................... 97
Deleting Values from a Row ...................................................................... 97
Deleting Rows from a Table ....................................................................... 98
Deleting Tables ............................................................................................ 99
Exercise 2.05: Deleting an Unnecessary Reference Table .................... 101
Activity 2.02: Creating and Modifying Tables
for Marketing Operations ........................................................................ 102
SQL and Analytics ................................................................................ 103
Summary ............................................................................................... 104
Chapter 3: SQL for Data Preparation   107

Introduction .......................................................................................... 108

Assembling Data .................................................................................. 108
Connecting Tables Using JOIN ................................................................. 109
Types of Joins ............................................................................................. 113
Inner Joins...........................................................................................................113

Outer Joins..........................................................................................................118

Cross Joins..........................................................................................................124

Exercise 3.01: Using Joins to Analyze a Sales Dealership ..................... 126

Subqueries ................................................................................................. 128
Unions ........................................................................................................ 129
Exercise 3.02: Generating an Elite Customer
Party Guest List Using UNION ................................................................. 131
Common Table Expressions .................................................................... 133
Cleaning Data ....................................................................................... 135
The CASE WHEN Function ........................................................................ 135
Exercise 3.03: Using the CASE WHEN Function
to Get Regional Lists ................................................................................. 136
The COALESCE Function ........................................................................... 139
The NULLIF Function ................................................................................ 140
The LEAST/GREATEST Functions .............................................................. 142
The Casting Function ................................................................................ 143
Transforming Data ............................................................................... 144
The DISTINCT and DISTINCT ON Functions ............................................ 144
Activity 3.01: Building a Sales Model Using SQL Techniques ............... 147
Summary ............................................................................................... 149
Chapter 4: Aggregate Functions for Data Analysis   151

Introduction .......................................................................................... 152

Aggregate Functions ............................................................................ 152
Exercise 4.01: Using Aggregate Functions to Analyze Data ................. 159
Aggregate Functions with the GROUP BY Clause ............................. 161
The GROUP BY Clause .............................................................................. 162
Multiple-Column GROUP BY .................................................................... 170
Exercise 4.02: Calculating the Cost by Product Type
Using GROUP BY ........................................................................................ 171
Grouping Sets ............................................................................................ 172
Ordered Set Aggregates ........................................................................... 174
Aggregate Functions with the HAVING Clause ................................. 176
Exercise 4.03: Calculating and Displaying Data
Using the HAVING Clause ......................................................................... 178
Using Aggregates to Clean Data and Examine Data Quality .......... 179
Finding Missing Values with GROUP BY ................................................. 179
Measuring Data Uniqueness with Aggregates ...................................... 182
Activity 4.01: Analyzing Sales Data Using Aggregate Functions .......... 183
Summary ............................................................................................... 184

Chapter 5: Window Functions for Data Analysis   187

Introduction .......................................................................................... 188

Window Functions ............................................................................... 189
The Basics of Window Functions ............................................................. 191
Exercise 5.01: Analyzing Customer Data Fill Rates over Time ............. 198
The WINDOW Keyword ............................................................................ 201
Statistics with Window Functions ...................................................... 203
Exercise 5.02: Rank Order of Hiring ........................................................ 204
Window Frame ..................................................................................... 206
Exercise 5.03: Team Lunch Motivation ................................................... 209
Activity 5.01: Analyzing Sales Using Window
Frames and Window Functions ............................................................... 212
Summary ............................................................................................... 214

Chapter 6: Importing and Exporting Data   217

Introduction .......................................................................................... 218

The COPY Command ........................................................................... 219
Running the psql Command .................................................................... 219
The COPY Statement ................................................................................ 221
\COPY with psql ......................................................................................... 224
Creating Temporary Views ...................................................................... 226
Configuring COPY and \COPY .................................................................. 228
Using COPY and \COPY to Bulk Upload Data to Your Database ......... 229
Exercise 6.01: Exporting Data to a File for Further
Processing in Excel .................................................................................... 231
Using Python with your Database ..................................................... 237
Getting Started with Python .................................................................... 237
Improving PostgreSQL Access in Python
with SQLAlchemy and pandas ................................................................. 242
What is SQLAlchemy? ............................................................................... 243
Using Python with SQLAlchemy and pandas ........................................ 244
Reading and Writing to a Database with pandas ................................. 247
Writing Data to the Database Using Python ......................................... 249
 Exercise 6.02: Reading, Visualizing, and Saving Data in Python .......... 249
Improving Python Write Speed with COPY ............................................ 256
Reading and Writing CSV Files with Python ........................................... 258
Best Practices for Importing and Exporting Data ................................. 260
Going Passwordless ............................................................................. 261
Activity 6.01: Using an External Dataset
to Discover Sales Trends .......................................................................... 262
Summary ............................................................................................... 264

Chapter 7: Analytics Using Complex Data Types   267

Introduction .......................................................................................... 268

Date and Time Data types for Analysis ............................................. 268
The DATE Data type .................................................................................. 269
Transforming Date Data types ................................................................ 272
Intervals ..................................................................................................... 275
Exercise 7.01: Analytics with Time Series Data ..................................... 277
Performing Geospatial Analysis in PostgreSQL ............................... 280
Latitude and Longitude ............................................................................ 280
Representing Latitude and Longitude in PostgreSQL .......................... 281
Exercise 7.02: Geospatial Analysis .......................................................... 284
Using Array Data types in PostgreSQL .............................................. 288
Starting with Arrays .................................................................................. 288
Exercise 7.03: Analyzing Sequences Using Arrays ................................ 292
Using JSON Data types in PostgreSQL ............................................... 295
JSONB: Pre-Parsed JSON ........................................................................... 298
Accessing Data from a JSON or JSONB Field .......................................... 298
 Leveraging the JSON Path Language for JSONB Fields ......................... 301
Creating and Modifying Data in a JSONB Field ...................................... 304
Exercise 7.04: Searching through JSONB ................................................ 305
Text Analytics Using PostgreSQL ....................................................... 309
Tokenizing Text ......................................................................................... 309
Exercise 7.05: Performing Text Analytics ............................................... 311
Performing Text Search ........................................................................... 317
Optimizing Text Search on PostgreSQL ................................................. 320
Activity 7.01: Sales Search and Analysis ................................................. 323
Summary ............................................................................................... 325

Chapter 8: Performant SQL   327

Introduction .......................................................................................... 328

The Importance of Highly Efficient SQL ............................................ 328
Database Scanning Methods .............................................................. 330
Query Planning .......................................................................................... 331
Exercise 8.01: Interpreting the Query Planner ...................................... 332
Activity 8.01: Query Planning .................................................................. 337
Index Scanning .......................................................................................... 338
The B-Tree Index ....................................................................................... 339
Exercise 8.02: Creating an Index Scan .................................................... 341
Activity 8.02: Implementing Index Scans ............................................... 347
The Hash Index .......................................................................................... 348
Exercise 8.03: Generating Several Hash Indexes
to Investigate Performance ..................................................................... 349
 Activity 8.03: Implementing Hash Indexes ............................................ 353
Effective Index Use ................................................................................... 354
Killing Queries ...................................................................................... 356
Exercise 8.04: Canceling a Long-Running Query ................................... 357
Functions and Triggers ........................................................................ 358
Function Definitions ................................................................................. 359
Exercise 8.05: Creating Functions without Arguments ........................ 361
Activity 8.04: Defining a Largest Sale Value Function ........................... 364
Exercise 8.06: Creating Functions with Arguments .............................. 365
The \df and \sf commands................................................................................367

Activity 8.05: Creating Functions with Arguments ................................ 368

Triggers ...................................................................................................... 369
Exercise 8.07: Creating Triggers to Update Fields ................................. 372
Activity 8.06: Creating a Trigger to Track Average Purchases ............. 379
Summary ............................................................................................... 380

Chapter 9: Using SQL to Uncover the Truth:

A Case Study   383

Introduction .......................................................................................... 384

Case Study ............................................................................................ 384
The Scientific Method ............................................................................... 384
Exercise 9.01: Preliminary Data Collection
Using SQL Techniques .............................................................................. 385
Exercise 9.02: Extracting the Sales Information .................................... 389
Activity 9.01: Quantifying the Sales Drop .............................................. 396
 Exercise 9.03: Launch Timing Analysis ................................................... 398
Activity 9.02: Analyzing the Difference in the
Sales Price Hypothesis ............................................................................. 408
Exercise 9.04: Analyzing Sales Growth by Email Opening Rate ........... 411
Exercise 9.05: Analyzing the Performance
of the Email Marketing Campaign .......................................................... 422
Conclusions ................................................................................................ 427
In-Field Testing .......................................................................................... 428
Summary ............................................................................................... 429

Appendix   431

Index   489
Preface
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
“But how is this?” said Hastings, “I see no houses but this one built
by Mr. Astor that are higher than three stories; it is the case
throughout the city, stores and all.”
“Since the two great fires of 1835 and 1842, the corporation forbid
the building of any house or store above a certain height. Those
tremendous fires, as I observed, brought people to their senses, and
they now see the folly of it.
“The ceilings are not so high as formerly; more regard is shown to
comfort. Why the old Recorder of Self-Inflicted Miseries states, that
men were so indifferent about the conveniences and comforts of life,
that they would sometimes raise the ceilings to the great height of
fourteen and fifteen feet! Nay, that they did so in despite of their
wives’ health, never considering how hard it bore on the lungs of
those who were affected with asthma or other visceral complaints.
Heavens and earth! how little the ease and pleasure of women were
consulted in your day.”
“Yes, that appears all very true,” said Hastings, “but you must
likewise recollect that these very women were quite as eager as
their husbands to live in houses having such high flights of stairs.”
“Poor things,” exclaimed Edgar, “to think of their being trained to like
and desire a thing that bore so hard on them. Only consider what a
loss of time and breath it must be to go up and down forty or fifty
times a day, for your nurseries were, it seems, generally in the third
story. We love our wives too well now to pitch our houses so high up
in the air. The Philadelphians had far more humanity, more
consideration; they always built a range of rooms in the rear of the
main building, and this was a great saving of time and health.”
“Where, at length, did they build the custom house?” said Hastings;
“I think there was a difficulty in choosing a suitable spot for it.”
“Oh, I recollect,” said Edgar. “Why they did at length decide, and one
was built in Pine street; but that has crumbled away long since. You
know that we have no necessity for a custom house now, as all
foreign goods come free of duty. This direct tax includes all the
expenses of the general and state governments, and it operates so
beautifully that the rich man now bears his full proportion towards
the support of the whole as the poor man does. This was not the
case in your day. Only think how unequally it bore on the labourer
who had to buy foreign articles, such as tea, and sugar, and coffee,
for a wife and six or eight children, and to do all this with his wealth,
which was the labour of his hands. The rich man did not contribute
the thousandth part of his proportion towards paying for foreign
goods, nor was he taxed according to his revenue for the support of
government. The direct tax includes the poor man’s wealth, which is
his labour, and the rich man’s wealth, which is his property.”
“But have the merchants no mart—no exchange? According to the
map you showed me of the two great fires, the first exchange was
burnt.”
“Yes, the merchants have a noble exchange. Did you not see that
immense building on State street, surrounded by an area? After the
first great fire they purchased—that is, a company purchased—the
whole block that included State street in front, Pearl street in the
rear, and Whitehall street at the lower end. All mercantile business is
transacted there, the principal post office and the exchange are
there now; the whole go under the general name of Mart—the City
Mart.”
“Is it not inconvenient to have the post office so far from the centre
of business?—it was a vexed question in my day,” said Hastings.
“You must recollect that even then, central as the post office was,
there were many sub-post offices. If men in your day were
regardless of the many unnecessary steps that their wives were
obliged to take, they were very careful of sparing themselves. We
adopt the plan now of having two sets of post men or letter carriers;
one set pass through the streets at a certain hour to receive letters,
their coming being announced by the chiming of a few bells at their
cars, and the other set delivering letters. They both ride in cars, for
now that no letter, far or near, pays more than two cents postage—
which money is to pay the letter carriers themselves—the number of
letters is so great that cars are really necessary. All the expense of
the post office department is defrayed from the income or revenue
of the direct tax—and hence the man of business pays his just
proportion too. It was a wise thing, therefore, to establish all the
mercantile offices near the Battery; they knew that the time was
coming when New York and Brooklyn would be as one city.”
“One city!” exclaimed Hastings; “how can that be? If connected by
bridges, how can the ships pass up the East river?”
“You forget that our vessels have no masts; they pass under the
bridges here as they do in the Delaware.”
“Oh, true, I had forgotten; but my head is so confused with all the
wonders that I see and hear, that you must excuse my mistakes. The
old theatre stood there, but it has disappeared, I suppose. It was
called the Park Theatre. How are the play houses conducted now? is
there only one or two good actors now among a whole company?”
“Well, that question really does amuse me. I dare say that the
people of your day were as much astonished at reading the accounts
handed down to them of the fight of gladiators before an audience,
as we are at your setting out evening after evening to hear the great
poets travestied. If we could be transported back to your time, how
disgusted we should be to spend four hours in listening to rant and
ignorance. All our actors now, are men and women of education,
such as the Placides, the Wallacks, the Kembles, the Keans, of your
day. I assure you, we would not put up with inferior talent in our
cities. It is a rich treat now to listen to one of Shakspeare’s plays, for
every man and woman is perfect in the part. The whole theatrical
corps is held in as much esteem, and make a part of our society, as
those of any other profession do. The worthless and the dissolute
are more scrupulously rejected by that body than they are from the
body of lawyers or doctors; in fact it is no more extraordinary now,
than it was in your day to see a worthless lawyer, or merchant, or
physician, and to see him tolerated in society too, if he happen to be
rich. But there is no set of people more worthy of our friendship and
esteem than the players. A great change, to be sure, took place in
their character, as soon as they had reaped the benefit of a college
education. I presume you know that there is a college now for the
education of public actors?”
“Is it possible?” said Hastings; “then I can easily imagine the
improvements you speak of; for with the exception of the few—the
stars, as they were called—there was but little education among
them.”
“Here it is that elocution is taught, and here all public speakers take
lessons,” said Edgar; “you may readily imagine what an effect such
an institution would have on those who intended to become actors.
In your day, out of the whole theatrical corps of one city, not more
than six or seven, perhaps, could tell the meaning of the words they
used in speaking, to say nothing of the sense of the author. There is
no more prejudice now against play-acting than there is against
farming. The old Recorder states, that, before our revolution, the
farmers were of a more inferior race, and went as little into polite
society as the mechanics did. Even so far back as your time a farmer
was something of a gentleman, and why an actor should not be a
gentleman is to us incomprehensible. One of the principal causes of
this change of personal feeling towards actors has arisen from our
having expunged all the low and indelicate passages from the early
plays. Shakspeare wrote as the times then were, but his works did
not depend on a few coarse and vulgar passages for their popularity
and immortality; they could bear to be taken out, as you will
perceive, for the space they occupied is not now known; the
adjoining sentence closed over them, as it were, and they are
forgotten. There were but few erasures to be made in the writings of
Sir Walter Scott; the times were beginning to loathe coarse and
indelicate allusions in your day, and, indeed, we may thank the other
sex for this great improvement. They never disgraced their pages
with sentences and expressions which would excite a blush. Look at
the purity of such writers as Miss Burney, Mrs. Radcliffe, Miss
Edgeworth, Miss Austin, Madame Cotton, and others of their day in
Europe,—it is to woman’s influence that we owe so much. See what
is done by them now; why they have fairly routed and scouted out
that vile, disgraceful, barbarous practice which was even prevalent in
your time—that of beating and bruising the tender flesh of their
children.”
“I am truly rejoiced at that,” said Hastings, “but I hope they
extended their influence to the schools likewise—I mean the
common schools; for, in my day in the grammar school of a college,
a man who should bruise a child’s flesh by beating or whipping him
would have been kicked out of society.”
“Why, I thought that boys were whipped in the grammar schools
also. In the year 1836, it appears to me, that I remember to have
read of the dismissal of some professor for injuring one of the boys
by flogging him severely.”
“I do not recollect it; but you say 1836—alas! I was unconscious
then. It was the remains of barbarism; how a teacher could get
roused to such height of passion as to make him desire to bruise a
child’s flesh, I cannot conceive—when the only crime of the poor
little sufferer was either an unwillingness or an inability to recite his
lessons. I can imagine that a man, when drunk, might bruise a
child’s flesh in such a shocking manner as that the blood would
settle under the skin, because liquor always brutalizes. Is
drunkenness as prevalent now as formerly?”
“Oh no, none but the lowest of the people drink to excess now, and
they have to get drunk on cider and wine, for spirituous liquors have
been prohibited by law for upwards of two hundred years. A law was
passed in the year 1901, granting a divorce to any woman whose
husband was proved to be a drunkard. This had a good effect, for a
drunkard knew that if he was abandoned by his wife he must perish;
so it actually reclaimed many drunkards at the time, and had a
salutary effect afterwards. Besides this punishment, if a single man,
or a bachelor, as he is called, was found drunk three times, he was
put in the workhouse and obliged to have his head shaved, and to
work at some trade. It is a very rare thing to see a drunkard now.
But what are you looking for?”
“I thought I might see a cigar box about—not that I ever smoke”—
“A what?—a cigar? Oh yes, I know—little things made of tobacco
leaves; but you have to learn that there is not a tobacco plantation
in the world now. That is one of the most extraordinary parts of your
history: that well educated men could keep a pungent and bitter
mass of leaves in their mouth for the pleasure of seeing a stream of
yellow water running out of it, is the most incomprehensible mystery
to me; and then, to push the dust of these leaves up their nostrils,
which I find by the old Recorder that they did, for the mere pleasure
of hearing the noise that was made by their noses! The old Recorder
called their pocket handkerchiefs flags of abomination.”
Hastings thought it was not worth while to convince the young man
that the disgusting practice was not adopted for such purposes as he
mentioned. In fact his melancholy had greatly increased since their
arrival in this city, and he determined to beg his young friend to
return the next day to their home, and to remain quiet for another
year, to see if time could reconcile him to his strange fate. He took
pleasure in rambling through the city hall, and the park, which
remained still of the same shape, and he was pleased likewise to see
that many of the streets at right angles with Broadway were more
than twice the width that they were in 1835. For instance, all the
streets from Wall street up to the Park were as wide as Broadway,
and they were opened on the other side quite down to the Hudson.
“Yes,” said Edgar, “it was the great fire of 1842 which made this
salutary change; but here is a neat building—you had nothing of this
kind in your time. This is a house where the daughters of the poor
are taught to sew and cut out wearing apparel. I suppose you know
that there are no men tailors now.”
“What, do women take measure?”
“Oh no, men are the measurers, but women cut out and sew. It is of
great advantage to poor women that they can cut out and make
their husbands’ and children’s clothes. The old Recorder states that
women—poor women—in the year 1836, were scarcely able to cut
out their own clothes. But just about that date, a lady of this city
suggested the plan of establishing an institution of this kind, and it
was adopted. Some benevolent men built the house and left ample
funds for the maintenance of a certain number of poor girls, with a
good salary for those who superintend it. And here is another house:
this is for the education of those girls whose parents have seen
better days. Here they are taught accounts and book-keeping—
which, however, in our day is not so complicated as it was, for there
is no credit given for any thing. In short these girls are instructed in
all that relates to the disposal of money; our women now
comprehend what is meant by stocks, and dividends, and loans, and
tracts, and bonds, and mortgages.”
“Do women still get the third of their husband’s estate after their
husband’s death?”
“Their thirds? I don’t know what you mean—Oh, I recollect; yes, in
your day it was the practice to curtail a woman’s income after her
husband’s death. A man never then considered a woman as equal to
himself; but, while he lived, he let her enjoy the whole of his income
equally with himself, because he could not do otherwise and enjoy
his money; but when he died, or rather, when about making his will,
he found out that she was but a poor creature after all, and that a
very little of what he had to leave would suffice for her. Nay, the old
Recorder says that there have been rich men who ordered the very
house in which they lived, and which had been built for their wives’
comfort, during their life time, to be sold, and who thus compelled
their wives to live in mean, pitiful houses, or go to lodgings.”
“Yes,” said Hastings,—quite ashamed of his own times,—“but then
you know the husband was fearful that his wife would marry again,
and all their property would go to strangers.”
“Well, why should not women have the same privileges as men? Do
you not think that a woman had the same fears? A man married
again and gave his money to strangers—did he not? The fact is, we
consider that a woman has the same feelings as we have ourselves
—a thing you never once thought of—and now the property that is
made during marriage is as much the woman’s as the man’s; they
are partners in health and in sickness, in joy and in sorrow—they
enjoy every thing in common while they live together, and why a
woman, merely on account of her being more helpless, should be
cut off from affluence because she survives her husband, is more
than we of this century can tell. Why should not children wait for the
property till after her death, as they would for their father’s death? It
was a relic of barbarism, but it has passed away with wars and
bloodshed. We educate our women now, and they are as capable of
taking care of property as we are ourselves. They are our trustees,
far better than the trustees you had amongst you in your day—they
seldom could find it in their hearts to allow a widow even her poor
income. I suppose they thought that a creature so pitifully used by
her husband was not worth bestowing their honesty upon.”
“But the women in my day,” said Hastings, “seemed to approve of
this treatment: in fact, I have known many very sensible women
who thought it right that a man should not leave his wife the whole
of his income after his death. But they were beginning to have their
eyes opened, for I recollect that the subject was being discussed in
1835.”
“Yes, you can train a mind to acquiesce in any absurd doctrine, and
the truth is, that as women were then educated, they were, for the
most part, unfit to have the command of a large estate. But I cannot
find that the children were eventually benefited by it; for young men
and women, coming into possession of their father’s estate at the
early age of twenty-one, possessed no more business talent than
their mother; nor had they even as much prudence and judgment in
the management of money matters, as she had. Men seldom
thought of this, but generally directed their executors to divide the
property among the children as soon as they became of age—utterly
regardless of the injustice they were doing their wives, and of the
oath which they took when they married—that is, if they married
according to the forms of the Episcopal church. In that service, a
man binds himself by a solemn oath ‘to endow his wife with all his
worldly goods.’ If he swears to endow her with all, how can he in
safety to his soul, will these worldly goods away from her. We
consider the practice of depriving a woman of the right to the whole
of her husband’s property after his death, as a monstrous act of
injustice, and the laws are now peremptory on this subject.”
“I am certain you are right,” said Hastings, “and you have improved
more rapidly in this particular, during a period of three hundred
years, than was done by my ancestors in two thousand years before,
I can understand now, how it happens, that children have the same
respect for their mother, that they only felt for their father in my
time. The custom, or laws, being altogether in favour of equality of
rights between the parents, the children do not repine when they
find that they stand in the same relation of dependence to their
mother, that they did to their father; and why this should not be, is
incomprehensible to me now, but I never reflected on it before.”
“Yes, there are fewer estates squandered away in consequence of
this, and society is all the better for it. Then to this is added the
great improvement in the business education of women. All the retail
and detail of mercantile operations are conducted by them. You had
some notion of this in your time; for, in Philadelphia, although
women were generally only employed to make sales behind the
counter, yet some were now and then seen at the head of the
establishment. Before our separation from Great Britain, the
business of farming was also at a low ebb, and a farmer was but a
mean person in public estimation. He ranks now amongst the
highest of our business men; and in fact, he is equal to any man
whether in business or not, and this is the case with female
merchants. Even in 1836, a woman who undertook the business of a
retail shop, managing the whole concern herself, although greatly
respected, she never took her rank amongst the first classes of
society. This arose, first, from want of education, and, secondly,
from her having lived amongst an inferior set of people. But when
women were trained to the comprehension of mercantile operations,
and were taught how to dispose of money, their whole character
underwent a change, and with this accession of business talent,
came the respect from men for those who had a capacity for the
conducting of business affairs. Only think what an advantage this is
to our children; why our mothers and wives are the first teachers,
they give us sound views from the very commencement, and our
clerkship begins from the time we can comprehend the distinction of
right and wrong.”
“Did not our infant schools give a great impulse to this improvement
in the condition of women, and to the improvement in morals, and
were not women mainly instrumental in fostering these schools?”
“Yes, that they were; it was chiefly through the influence of their
pen and active benevolence, that the scheme arrived at perfection.
In these infant schools a child was early taught the mystery of its
relation to society; all its good dispositions and propensities were
encouraged and developed, and its vicious ones were repressed. The
world owes much to the blessed influence of infant schools, and the
lower orders were the first to be humanized by them. But I need not
dwell on this particular. I shall only point to the improvement in the
morals of our people at this day, to convince you that it is owing
altogether to the benign influence of women. As soon as they took
their rank as an equal to man, equal as to property I mean, for they
had no other right to desire; there was no longer any struggle, it
became their ambition to show how long the world had been
benighted by thus keeping them in a degraded state. I say degraded
state, for surely it argued in them imbecility or incapacity of some
kind, and to great extent, too, when a man appointed executors and
trustees to his estate whilst his wife was living. It showed one of
three things—that he never considered her as having equal rights
with himself; or, that he thought her incompetent to take charge of
his property—or, that the customs and laws of the land had so
warped his judgment, that he only did as he saw others do, without
considering whether these laws and customs were right or wrong.
But if you only look back you will perceive, that in every benevolent
scheme, in every plan for meliorating the condition of the poor, and
improving their morals, it was women’s influence that promoted and
fostered it. It is to that healthy influence, that we owe our present
prosperity and happiness—and it is an influence which I hope may
forever continue.”
It was not to such a man as Hastings that Edgar need have spoken
so earnestly; he only wanted to have a subject fairly before him to
comprehend it in all its bearings. He rejoiced that women were now
equal to men in all that they ever considered as their rights; and he
rejoiced likewise that the proper distinction was rigidly observed
between the sexes—that as men no longer encroached on their
rights, they, in return, kept within the limits assigned them by the
Creator. As a man and a Christian, he was glad that this change had
taken place; and it was a melancholy satisfaction to feel that with
these views, if it had been permitted him to continue with his wife,
he should have put her on an equality with himself.
The moment his wife and child appeared to his mental vision, he
became indifferent to what was passing around him; Edgar,
perceiving that he was buried in his own thoughts, proposed that
they should return home immediately, and they accordingly passed
down Broadway to the Battery, from which place they intended to
take a boat. They reached the wharf—a ship had just arrived from
the Cape of Good Hope, with a fine cargo. The captain and crew of
which were black.
——“That is true,” said Hastings, “I have seen very few negroes;
what has become of them. The question of slavery was a very
painful one in my time, and much of evil was apprehended in
consequence of a premature attempt to hasten their emancipation. I
dread to hear how it eventuated.”
“You have nothing to fear on that score,” said Edgar, “for the whole
thing was arranged most satisfactorily to all parties. The government
was rich in resources, and rich in land; they sold the land, and with
the money thus obtained, and a certain portion of the surplus
revenue in the course of ten years, they not only indemnified the
slaveholders for their loss of property, but actually transplanted the
whole of the negro population to Liberia, and to other healthy
colonies. The southern planters soon found that their lands could be
as easily cultivated by the labour of white men, as by the negroes.”
“But a great number remained, I presume, for it would not have
been humane to force those to go who preferred to stay.”
“All that chose to settle in this country were at liberty to do so, and
their rights and privileges were respected; but in the course of
twenty or thirty years, their descendants gradually went over to their
own people, who by this time, had firmly established themselves.”
“Did those that remained, ever intermarry with the white population,
and were they ever admitted into society?”
“As soon as they became free, as soon as their bodies were
unshackled, their minds became enlightened, and as their education
advanced, they learned to appreciate themselves properly. They saw
no advantage in intermarrying with the whites; on the contrary, they
learned, by close investigation, that the negro race becomes extinct
in the fourth remove, when marriages took place between the two
colours. It seemed to be their pride to keep themselves a distinct
people, and to show the world that their organization allowed of the
highest grade of mental culture. They seemed utterly indifferent
likewise about mixing in the society of white men, for their object
and sole aim was to become independent. Many of their
descendants left the United States with handsome fortunes. You
could not insult a black man more highly than to talk of their
intermarrying with the whites—they scorn it much more than the
whites did in your time.”
“How do they treat the white people that trade with them in their
own country?”
“How? why as Christians—to their praise be it said, they never
retaliated. The few excesses they committed whilst they were
degraded by slavery, was entirely owing to a misdirection of their
energies; but the moment the white man gave up his right over
them, that moment all malignant and hostile feelings disappeared.
The name of negro is no longer a term of reproach, he is proud of it;
and he smiles when he reads in the history of their servitude, how
indignant the blacks were at being called by that title. They are a
prosperous and happy people, respected by all nations, for their
trade extends over the whole world. They would never have arrived
at their present happy condition if they had sought to obtain their
freedom by force; but by waiting a few years—for the best men of
their colour saw that the spirit of the times indicated that their day
of freedom was near—they were released from bondage with the aid
and good wishes of the whole country. It showed their strong good
sense in waiting for the turn of the tide in their favour; it proved that
they had forethought, and deserved our sympathies.”
“I am glad of all this,” said Hastings—“and the Indians—what has
become of them, are they still a distinct people?”
“I am sorry you ask that question,—for it is one on which I do not
like to converse—but
 ‘The Indians have departed—gone is their hunting ground,
And the twanging of their bow-string is a forgotten sound.
Where dwelleth yesterday—and where is echo’s cell?
Where hath the rainbow vanished—there doth the Indian dwell!’

“When our own minds were sufficiently enlightened, when our

hearts were sufficiently inspired by the humane principles of the
Christian religion, we emancipated the blacks. What demon closed
up the springs of tender mercy when Indian rights were in question I
know not?—but I must not speak of it!”
They now proceeded homewards, and in three hours—for they
travelled slowly, that they might the better converse,—they came in
sight of the low, stone farm-house, in which poor Hastings had taken
his nap of three hundred years. They alighted from the car, and as
he wished to indulge himself in taking one more look at the interior
—for the building was soon to be removed—his young relative left
him to apprize his family of their arrival. After casting a glance at
Edgar, he entered the house, and seating himself mechanically in the
old arm chair, he leaned his head back in mournful reverie. Thoughts
innumerable, and of every variety chased each other through his
troubled brain; his early youth, his political career, his wife and child,
all that they had ever been to him, his excellent father, Valentine
Harley, and all their tender relationship, mingled confusedly with the
events that had occurred since his long sleep—copyrights—mad
dogs—bursting of steam boilers—the two great fires in New-York—
direct tax—no duties—post-offices—the improved condition of
clergymen—no more wars—no bruising of children’s flesh—women’s
rights—Astor’s hotel—New-York Mart in State-street—Negro
emancipation—all passed in rapid review, whilst his perplexities to
know what became of the Indians were mixed with the rest, and ran
through the whole scene. At the same time that all this was
galloping through his feverish brain, he caught a glance of his young
relative, and in his troubled imagination, it appeared that it was not
the Edgar Hastings who had of late been his kind companion, but his
own son. He was conscious that this was only a trick of the fancy,
and arose from his looking so earnestly at the young man as he left
him at the door of the house; but it was a pleasant fancy, and he
indulged in it, till a sudden crash or noise of some kind jarred the
windows and aroused him. He was sensible that footsteps
approached, and he concluded it was his young friend who had
returned to conduct him home.
“Edgar—Edgar Hastings—my son is it thou—didst thou not hear the
cannon of the Black Hawk—hast thou been sleeping?”
“Amazement! Was that the voice of his father—was this the good
Valentine Harley that now assisted him to rise—and who were those
approaching him—was it his darling wife, and was that smiling boy
his own son, his little Edgar!”
“You have been asleep, I find, my dear husband,” said the gentle
Ophelia, “and a happy sleep it has been for me, for us all. See, here
is a letter which makes it unnecessary for you to leave home.”
“And is this reality?—do I indeed hold thee to my heart once more,
my Ophelia—oh, my father, what a dream!”
 THE SURPRISE.

Nothing injures a man’s prospects in life more than a bad name. My

father, an honest, good man, never could rise above it, it depressed
him to his dying day. His name was Pan, and no one ever spoke to
him without some small joke, a thing which my father’s sensitiveness
could not bear. He was a gardener and sent the finest of vegetables
to market, striving to excel all others—I presume that my taste for
horticulture arose from this circumstance.
Adjoining our garden was one that belonged to a man by the name
of Patrick O’Brien; he likewise raised fruits and vegetables for sale,
and there was a constant strife between him and my father as to
who should get the pre-eminence; but it so happened that, although
my father had the greatest abundance of large and fine specimens,
yet Patrick O’Brien had the largest for the monthly exhibitions. My
father was not of a jealous nature, yet he did envy his friend’s
success; and there is no knowing whether a breach might not have
been made in their long tried friendship but for my excellent mother.
She always begged my father to try and try again; and, above all, to
try for the yearly fair.
My father did persevere, and to his great joy, he got three
premiums.
“I cannot tell how it has happened, wife,” said he, “I have certainly
acquired the premiums, but O’Brien’s tulips were, to my notion, far
more beautiful than mine; and you yourself saw how much larger his
salad was; and then the early strawberries—I had the greatest
quantity, but his were the largest.”
My mother certainly was glad that my father’s spirit was elated, but
she was of a timid, nervous temperament, and she could not bear
excitement of any kind. She therefore trembled very much whilst he
stood talking to her, nor was she the less agitated when Patrick
O’Brien entered the room.
“Right glad am I, neighbour Pan, that you have the three prizes this
day,” said honest Patrick, “and you must try your luck again, for
there’s to be a great prize given next year. Early peas, my boy.
Arrah, but won’t I try for them; and you have a fine warm spot for
them too. But, mistress Pan, for what are you not wishing your
husband joy this bright day, seeing he has what he so long wished
for?”
“Mr. O’Brien,” said my mother, the next day, “it must not be done
again; my husband will find it out, and he will die of vexation. Pray
discourage him from making the attempt next spring, for he will not
bear a disappointment so well then as he has hitherto done. Did no
one see you put the large strawberries in his dish?”
“No, never a creature, and I’m wondering you’ll mention a thing to
me that I have almost forgotten. I was frightful, though, about the
Parrot tulip, for one of the gentlemen would keep talking about it,
and I had to keep saying, ‘It’s not a Parrot, your honour, it’s a
Bijou.’”
The fact was, that this kind hearted creature could not bear to see
my father so crest-fallen, and he determined, as he had borne off so
many premiums, to let his friend share the pleasure with him. He
slily put three of his finest tulips in the bunch belonging to my father,
and, one by one, he put a dozen of his largest strawberries on the
dish. He told all this to my poor mother, for which he was very sorry,
seeing that it troubled her tender conscience; but, as her husband
was not to know of the trick, she endeavoured to forget it also. “And
you, too, poor Patrick,” said she, “you feel badly at not getting the
prizes; you have had them so long that it must be hard for you to
lose them now—and particularly when, by rights, you should have
them.”
“Oh, honey, never you mind me; I care more to name your little
baby, when it comes; and if you’ll let it be called Patrick, why I have
a little matter of money which shall all be his; and we will make the
boy a great scholar. I’ll bring him up like a gentleman.”
I was born on St. Patrick’s day; a double reason, as the poor
Irishman said, for getting the name; but my mother cared little
about that; all she thought of was leaving me to the mercy of
heartless strangers. She was in very delicate health, and just lived
long enough to hear me call her mother. Her death was a severe
blow to my father and my poor godfather, for she was the
peacemaker in their little disputes, and the consoler in all their little
troubles and miscarriages, of which a gardener, you know, has many.
In less than three months I lost my father also; and thus I became
entirely thrown on the care of this good and honest Irishman.
As my father was liberal and spirited, it cannot be supposed that he
had, in a few short years, made much money; when his effects were
sold, and every thing converted into money, there only remained
about five hundred dollars. A far greater sum, as Patrick said, than
he expected to realize; but nothing at all equal to what was
necessary. He was a very sanguine creature, and always had a hope
that the next year would do wonders; so putting the money thus
obtained from my father’s effects into safe hands, he determined on
providing for me himself.
Never was there a father so proud of a child as Patrick was of his
little godson; and never did a child fare better, for three years, than I
did. He dressed me in the finest clothes; and I was never without a
lap full of toys; in fact, he could not resist my entreaties for more
when we passed a toy shop. He often neglected his work to take me
either a riding or walking with him; and even when toiling in the
garden, he was uneasy unless I was running around him. But, alas,
this state of things was not to last long; he missed my father’s
excellent example and my mother’s gentle hints, so he went on as if
his income was never to be diminished, and as if he had thousands
at his command.
Like all weak people, the moment his affairs became embarrassed,
he gave up all endeavours at retrieving them; he ended by
neglecting every thing; and when my nurse presented the quarterly
account for my board, poor Patrick had to sell a valuable watch to
meet the demand. My little property was in the Savings Bank, and,
hitherto, untouched; but much as it was against his inclination—and,
oh, how sore a thing it was—he was compelled to take up the year’s
interest, which he fondly hoped to leave with the principal, to pay
the woman for my next quarter.
Thus it went from bad to worse, until it came to utter ruin; and
Patrick had sunk so low in public esteem, that he could not obtain
even the ordinary wages of a common gardener. He seemed to have
lost his skill with his pride, and all was aggravated by the thought of
being unable to provide for me as he once intended to do. He used
to hug me to him and weep over me, calling on my father, but most
frequently on my mother, to scorn him and hate him for breaking his
promise, which was to educate me, and give me a gentlemanly
trade. He was so true to his trust, however, that he never would
touch my little patrimony; he only grieved too much, as I observed,
at having to draw upon the interest, little as it was. But five shillings
a week was not a sum sufficient to satisfy my nurse. She had taken
care of me for three years, and had been well paid by my godfather,
who likewise made her several valuable presents; but when it came
to the shillings, she at once told Patrick, who was thunderstruck at
her hardness of heart, that he must get another place for the little
spoilt boy; that she found him so troublesome she could keep him
no longer.
I shall not tell of the change that came over me, nor the resistance I
made to every new face, for I was turned over to a dozen strangers
in the course of a year. Nor shall I tell of poor Patrick’s misery at
seeing my altered looks and spirits. He rallied a little and went in a
gentleman’s service as under gardener, that he might not only be
near me, but comfort my little heart, which was breaking with ill
usage and neglect. Small as the sum was, which Patrick gave for my
board, there were miserable creatures who offered to take me for
less, so that one woman, with whom I lived, actually farmed me out,
keeping two shillings a week out of the scanty allowance. No one
can have an idea how poor little orphans are abused when there are
no kind friends to interest themselves for them.
I was a very unprepossessing child, neither good looking nor
pleasant tempered; not that I was really ill-tempered, but that ill
usage had stupified me. I never entered into play with the children
of my own age, nor did I seek the amusements that were even
within my reach. I loved to be alone, to lie under a tree near a
brook, listening to the babbling and murmuring of the waters, and
fancying that I heard my mother talking to me. Little as I was, I
used to frame long conversations with her, and they had the effect
of soothing me. Her gentle spirit was for ever present, and
constantly encouraging me to bear all, and suffer in silence, and that
when I was a man I should be rewarded. I bless the good Irishman’s
memory for having so early and so constantly spoken of my parents;
particularly of my mother.
A man finds he cannot make his way in the world without honesty
and industry, so that, although his father’s example may do much,
he has to depend upon his own exertions; he must work, he must be
honest, or he cannot attain to any enviable rank. But the tender
soothings of a mother, her sympathy, her devotedness, her forgiving
temper—all this sinks deep in a child’s heart; and let him wander
ever so wide, let him err or let him lead a life of virtue, the
remembrance of all this comes like a holy calm over his heart, and
he weeps that he has offended her, or he rejoices that he has
listened to her disinterested, gentle admonition.
When I reached the age of eight years I was taught to read, and the
eagerness with which I proceeded, mastering every difficulty, and
overcoming every impediment from cold, hunger and chilblain, might
have shown to an observer how suitable this occupation was to my
character. Poor Patrick used to boast of my acquirements to every
one who would listen; and every fresh book that I read through,
gave him visions of my future glory.
No one can tell how the poor fellow pinched himself to give me this
scanty education, but hard necessity had taught me to think; I was
compelled to make use of my judgment, young as I was; and,
knowing that he had the sum of five hundred dollars in his
possession, for my use, I tried to prevail on him to draw out a fifth
part of it for the purpose of paying a better board, and getting me a
better teacher. If any one could have seen this poor man as I saw
him at that time, thin, bowed down by poverty and neglect, ragged
and with scarcely a home, they would have wondered that his
honesty could have held out as it did when he had what might be
considered as so large a sum within his power. He not only did not
touch a penny himself, but he would not take a cent of it from the
principal. He distrusted his own judgment, and he distrusted mine,
for I was such a mere child; yet his anxiety to give me an education
was still uppermost, and he wavered for a long time about adopting
the only means of accomplishing it.
He had been digging post holes, one day, for a gentleman, and
when his task was finished, he began to speak of the books which
he saw lying about—it was a printing office—and, as was most
natural to him, he spoke of me. He told the printer of his anxieties
and his desire that I should have a good education, and finally he
spoke of my proposal respecting the money. The printer told Patrick,
that it was very good advice, and he had better take it; for if his
object was to educate me, there was no other way but this of
effecting it, unless he sent me to a charity school. The blood
mounted in the poor fellow’s cheeks at this suggestion, and he told
me that he had great difficulty in commanding his temper, but his
love for me conquered.
As soon as he could swallow the affront—an affront, he said, to my
father, and to my angel of a mother; for he, too, never separated my
feelings from their’s—he begged the printer to let him bring me
there and see how far I had advanced in my learning; but the man
did not seem disposed to grant this favour. Bring the boy to me one
year from this, and then I shall be better able to judge, said he;
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