13/06/2025 01:39 Top 100 Python Interview Questions and Answers | by Shirsh Shukla | Medium

Top 100 Python Interview Questions

and Answers
here we discuss questions regarding all aspects that are mostly asked
in Python Interviews

Shirsh Shukla Follow 42 min read · Apr 5, 2025

14 1

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Python is one of the most popular programming languages in the world

today. It is known for its simple and readable syntax, making it a great choice
for beginners as well as experienced developers. Python is used in many
areas of technology, including web development, data science, machine
learning, automation, artificial intelligence, game development, and more.

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Because of its wide usage, Python is a common topic in job interviews for
software developers, data analysts, machine learning engineers, and other
tech roles. Whether you’re a fresher preparing for your first job, or a
professional looking to switch careers, understanding the most common
Python interview questions can help you feel more confident and perform
better.

In this guide, we have gathered the top 100 Python interview questions and
answers, starting from the basics and moving to more advanced topics. Each
answer is written in simple words and explained clearly with examples so
that anyone can understand — even if you’re just starting your Python
journey.

Let’s dive into the questions and get ready to ace your Python interview!

1. What is Python?
Python is a popular, high-level programming language that is easy to read
and write. It was created by Guido van Rossum and released in 1991. One of
the main reasons why Python is so widely used is because of its simple
syntax that looks like English. This makes it a great choice for beginners.
Python is also versatile — you can use it for web development, data science,
artificial intelligence, machine learning, automation, scripting, and more. It
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is free to use and open-source, which means anyone can download and use
it. Big companies like Google, Instagram, and Netflix use Python in their
systems.

2. What are the key features of Python?

Python has many features that make it a popular choice among developers.
First, it is easy to learn and use. The syntax is simple, which helps beginners
write code quickly. Second, it is an interpreted language, meaning Python
executes code line by line, which makes debugging easier. Python is cross-
platform, so it works on Windows, Mac, and Linux. It also supports object-
oriented and functional programming. Another great feature is its huge
standard library — it includes many tools and modules to do different tasks
without writing everything from scratch. Python also has a large community,
so getting help and learning resources is easy.

3. What are variables in Python?

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Variables in Python are used to store information that you want to use later.
Think of a variable as a box where you can keep something, like a number or
a name. You don’t need to mention the data type when creating a variable —
Python figures it out. For example:

name = "Alice"
age = 25

Here, name stores a string and age stores an integer. You can also change the
value of a variable anytime. Variables make it easy to write flexible programs
where data can change. You just use the variable name wherever you need
that value in your code.

4. What are data types in Python?

Data types tell Python what kind of value a variable holds. For example, int

is for whole numbers, float is for decimal numbers, and str is for text.
Python also has bool for True or False values, list for a collection of items,
tuple for an unchangeable group of items, dict for key-value pairs, and set
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for unique items. These types help Python decide what kind of operations
can be done with the data. You don’t have to define the type—Python does it
automatically. Knowing data types is important to avoid errors and to use
functions correctly in your code.

5. What is a list in Python?

A list in Python is a collection of items that are ordered and changeable. Lists
are written with square brackets like this:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

You can add, remove, or change items in a list using functions like append() ,

remove() , or by using indexes like fruits[1] = "orange" . Lists can contain

different data types—numbers, strings, even other lists. They are useful
when you want to store multiple items in one variable. You can also loop
through a list using a for loop. Lists are one of the most used data structures
in Python because they are simple and powerful.

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6. What is a tuple in Python?

A tuple is similar to a list, but the key difference is that you cannot change
the items in a tuple once it is created. Tuples are immutable, which means
unchangeable. They are written with parentheses like this:

colors = ("red", "green", "blue")

You can access items in a tuple using an index like colors[0] . Tuples are
useful when you want to make sure that the data does not change. They are
also slightly faster than lists. Tuples can be used as keys in dictionaries, but
lists cannot because they are mutable. So, if you want to store fixed data,
tuples are a good choice.

7. What is a dictionary in Python?

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A dictionary in Python stores data in key-value pairs. Each key is linked to a

value, like a word and its meaning in a real dictionary. Dictionaries are
written using curly braces:

person = {"name": "Alice", "age": 30}

You can access the value by using the key: person["name"] returns "Alice" .

You can also add new key-value pairs or update existing ones. Dictionaries
are very useful when you need to store related information, like user details
or configuration settings. Keys must be unique and immutable, like strings
or numbers. Dictionaries are fast and great for looking up data by name or
key.

8. What is a set in Python?

A set in Python is a collection of unique items. It is unordered, which means
the items do not have a fixed position. Sets are written using curly braces:

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numbers = {1, 2, 3, 2}

The set automatically removes duplicates, so the output will be {1, 2, 3} .

Sets are useful when you want to remove duplicates or check for common
values between groups using operations like union, intersection, and
difference. Since sets are unordered, you cannot access items using indexes.
Sets are also faster than lists when checking if an item exists. They are
simple but powerful for handling unique data.

9. What is the difference between list and tuple in Python?

Both lists and tuples can store multiple items, but they have some key
differences. Lists are mutable, which means you can change, add, or remove
items after the list is created. Tuples are immutable, which means you
cannot change them after they are made. Lists are written with square
brackets [ ], while tuples use parentheses ( ). Because of immutability,
tuples are faster and can be used as keys in dictionaries, while lists cannot.
Use a list when your data might change. Use a tuple when your data should
stay the same. Both are useful in different situations.
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10. How do you write comments in Python?

Comments in Python are used to explain what your code is doing. Python
ignores comments — they are just for humans reading the code. To write a
single-line comment, start the line with #:

# This is a single-line comment

You can also write multi-line comments using triple quotes:

'''
This is a
multi-line comment
'''

Good comments help others (and yourself) understand your code, especially
when it’s long or complex. They make your code more readable and easier to
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maintain. Writing clear comments is considered a good programming habit

in any language.

11. How is Python interpreted?

Python is an interpreted language, which means the code is not compiled
before running. Instead, it is executed line-by-line by the Python interpreter.
When you write Python code and run it, the interpreter reads each line,
translates it into machine language, and then executes it immediately. This is
different from compiled languages like C or Java, where the code is turned
into a complete executable file before it runs. Being interpreted makes it
easier to test and debug Python code. If there’s an error, Python will stop at
that line and show an error message. This feature is great for beginners and
for rapid development.

12. What is indentation in Python and why is it important?

3
Search
Indentation in Python refers to the spaces or tabs at the beginning of a line. Write

Unlike many other programming languages, Python uses indentation to

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define blocks of code. For example, in loops, conditionals, and functions, the
indented lines belong to the same code block. If indentation is not done
correctly, Python will raise an error and stop running. This makes Python
code more readable and clean. Here is a simple example:

if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two")

In the above code, the print statement is indented, which shows that it
belongs to the if block. Proper indentation is very important in Python
programming.

13. What are Python functions?

A function in Python is a block of reusable code that performs a specific
task. You can define your own functions using the def keyword, or you can
use built-in functions like print() , len() , and type() . Functions help you
avoid repeating code and make your programs more organized. Here's an
example of a simple function:
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def greet(name):
print("Hello, " + name)

You can call this function like greet("Alice") . Functions can take
parameters and can also return values using the return keyword. Using
functions makes your code shorter, cleaner, and easier to manage.

14. What is the difference between a function and a method in Python?

In Python, a function is a block of code that performs a task and is defined
using the def keyword. It can be used on its own, outside of any class. For
example:

def add(a, b):

return a + b

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A method, on the other hand, is a function that is associated with an object.

Methods are defined inside classes and are called using dot notation. For
example:

name = "Alice"
print(name.upper()) # upper() is a method

In simple terms, all methods are functions, but not all functions are
methods. Methods always belong to an object or class, while functions do
not.

15. What are arguments and parameters in Python functions?

Parameters are the names you define in a function when you write it.
Arguments are the actual values you pass to the function when calling it. For
example:

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def greet(name): # 'name' is a parameter

print("Hello, " + name)

greet("Alice") # "Alice" is the argument

In this case, name is a parameter, and "Alice" is the argument passed to the
function. Python also supports default arguments, keyword arguments, and
variable-length arguments. Understanding how parameters and arguments
work is important for writing flexible and reusable functions.

16. What is the use of the return statement in Python?

The return statement in Python is used in a function to send a value back to
the place where the function was called. It ends the function and passes the
result to the caller. Here's an example:

def add(a, b):

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return a + b

result = add(5, 3)
print(result) # Output: 8

In this case, the function add returns the sum of a and b, which is then
stored in the variable result . If there is no return statement, the function
will return None by default. Using return makes functions more useful
because they can provide output to be used later.

17. What is the difference between del and remove() in Python?

In Python, both del and remove() are used to delete elements, but they
operate differently and are used in different contexts.

The del statement is a language construct used to delete an item at a

specific index from a list or to delete entire variables or slices. It works
with all types of objects, including lists, dictionaries, and variables. For
example:

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nums = [1, 2, 3, 4] del nums[1] # removes the item at index 1 (value 2)

The remove() method, on the other hand, is a list method that removes
the first occurrence of a specific value from the list. It raises a
ValueError if the item is not found:

nums = [1, 2, 3, 2]
nums.remove(2) # removes the first 2

In summary, use del when you know the index or want to delete a variable.
Use remove() when you want to delete a known value from a list.

18. What is the difference between for and while loops in Python?
The for loop and while loop are both used to repeat actions, but they are
used in different situations. A for loop is best when you know in advance

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how many times you want to repeat something. It works well with lists,
strings, and ranges:

for i in range(5):
print(i)

A while loop is better when you don't know how many times you’ll repeat
and want to continue until a certain condition is false:

while i < 5:
print(i)
i += 1

So, use for when looping through known items, and use while when you
need to loop based on a condition.

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19. What is a conditional statement in Python?

Conditional statements are used to run certain blocks of code only when
specific conditions are met. Python uses if , elif , and else for this:

age = 18
if age >= 18:
print("You are an adult")
else:
print("You are a minor")

You can also use elif (short for "else if") to check multiple conditions:

if score >= 90:

print("A grade")
elif score >= 75:
print("B grade")
else:
print("C grade")

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Conditional statements help your programs make decisions and behave

differently based on input or data.

20. What is the use of the break , continue , and pass statements in Python?

These three statements control how loops behave:

break : Stops the loop entirely and exits:

for i in range(5):
if i == 3:
break
print(i) # Prints 0, 1, 2

continue : Skips the current loop cycle and moves to the next one:

for i in range(5):
if i == 3:

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continue
print(i) # Skips 3

pass : Does nothing. It’s used as a placeholder where code is needed later:

for i in range(5):
pass # To be implemented later

These are useful for controlling loops more precisely based on your
program’s needs.

21. What are Python lists and how do you use them?
A list in Python is a collection of items that can hold different types of values
like numbers, strings, or even other lists. Lists are ordered and changeable,
meaning you can update, add, or remove items. You define a list using
square brackets:

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fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

You can access list items by index, like fruits[0] which gives "apple" . You

can also change values, like fruits[1] = "orange" . Python lists have many
useful functions like append() to add an item, remove() to delete an item,
and sort() to sort the list. Lists are one of the most used data types in
Python.

22. What is the difference between a list and a tuple in Python?

Both lists and tuples are used to store multiple items, but the main
difference is that lists are mutable (changeable), while tuples are immutable
(cannot be changed). You create a list with square brackets [] , and a tuple
with parentheses () :

my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)

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You can change my_list[0] = 10 , but you cannot change my_tuple[0] . Tuples

are faster and take up less memory than lists. Use tuples when your data
should not change, such as coordinates or fixed settings. Lists are better
when you need to update, sort, or modify the data.

23. What are Python dictionaries and how are they used?
A dictionary in Python is a collection of key-value pairs. Each key is unique
and maps to a value. You create a dictionary using curly braces {} :

person = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}

You can access values using keys, like person["name"] which gives "Alice" .

You can also add or update values, like person["age"] = 30 . Dictionaries are
useful when you want to store and retrieve data using names or identifiers
instead of positions. Some helpful functions include keys() , values() , and

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items() . They are powerful for storing structured data, like JSON responses
or configuration settings.

24. What are Python sets and what are they used for?
A set is a collection of unique items. It is unordered, so the items do not have
a fixed position and cannot be accessed by index. Sets are defined using
curly braces {} :

my_set = {1, 2, 3}

If you try to add a duplicate, it will be ignored. Sets are useful for checking
membership and removing duplicates. You can use add() to insert elements
and remove() to delete them. Python also supports set operations like union
( | ), intersection ( & ), and difference ( - ). Sets are great when you need fast
lookups or want to ensure no duplicates exist.

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25. How do you create a class in Python?

A class in Python is a blueprint for creating objects. It defines the structure
and behavior (methods and variables) of an object. You create a class using
the class keyword:

class Person:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name

def greet(self):
print("Hello, my name is " + self.name)

The __init__ method is the constructor and runs when a new object is
created. You can create an object like p1 = Person("Alice") and call its
method using p1.greet() . Classes help in object-oriented programming and
allow you to create reusable code.

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26. What is an object in Python?

An object in Python is an instance of a class. When you create a class, you’re
just defining the structure. But when you create an object using that class,
you get a working version with real values. For example:

class Dog:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name

dog1 = Dog("Buddy")

Here, dog1 is an object of the Dog class. It has its own copy of data and can
use class methods. In Python, almost everything is an object—strings, lists,
functions, and even classes. Objects make code modular, reusable, and
organized.

27. What is inheritance in Python?

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Inheritance in Python allows one class (called a child or subclass) to get

features from another class (called a parent or base class). It helps in reusing
code and building relationships between classes. Here’s a basic example:

class Animal:
def speak(self):
print("Animal speaks")

class Dog(Animal):
def bark(self):
print("Dog barks")
d = Dog()
d.speak()
d.bark()

In this example, the Dog class inherits from Animal , so it can use the speak()

method. Inheritance supports code reuse and helps organize code better
when working with related classes.

28. What is polymorphism in Python?

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Polymorphism means “many forms”. In Python, polymorphism allows

different classes to have methods with the same name, but different
behavior. For example, if two classes have a method named speak() , you can
call speak() on any object, and it will behave according to its class:

class Dog:
def speak(self):
return "Bark"

class Cat:
def speak(self):
return "Meow"

animals = [Dog(), Cat()]

for animal in animals:
print(animal.speak())

Each object knows how to perform its version of the method. Polymorphism
makes code flexible and helps when writing functions that can work with
multiple types of objects.

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29. What is encapsulation in Python?

Encapsulation is a concept in object-oriented programming that hides the
internal details of a class and protects data from outside access. In Python,
we use private variables (with a single or double underscore _ or __ ) to
indicate that they should not be accessed directly:

class Person:
def __init__(self, name):
self.__name = name # private variable

def get_name(self):
return self.__name

In this example, __name is private. We access it using the get_name() method.

Encapsulation helps keep your data safe, and only allows access through
defined methods, making your code more secure and easier to maintain.

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30. What is abstraction in Python?

Abstraction means showing only the essential features and hiding the
unnecessary details. It helps reduce complexity and allows you to focus on
what an object does, not how it does it. In Python, abstraction is often
implemented using abstract classes and methods from the abc module:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def make_sound(self):
pass

class Dog(Animal):
def make_sound(self):
print("Bark")

Here, Animal is an abstract class, and make_sound() must be implemented in

any child class. Abstraction helps in designing clean interfaces and focusing
on high-level functionality.

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31. What is the difference between *args and **kwargs in Python?

*args allows a function to accept any number of positional arguments,

packed as a tuple.

**kwargs allows a function to accept any number of keyword arguments,

packed as a dictionary.

Example:

def demo(*args, **kwargs):

print(args)
print(kwargs)

demo(1, 2, a=3, b=4)

These are useful for creating flexible functions, wrappers, and decorators.

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32. What is the if __name__ == "__main__" statement used for?

The if __name__ == "__main__" statement is used to control the execution of

code in Python scripts. When a Python file is run directly, the special built-in
variable __name__ is set to "__main__" . However, when that file is imported as
a module into another script, __name__ is set to the module's name instead.

This allows developers to write code that acts differently depending on

whether it’s run directly or imported. It’s commonly used to encapsulate the
script’s entry point:

def main():
print("Running as a script")

if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

This is particularly useful in larger applications and during unit testing, as it

allows for better organization and reuse of code.

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33. What is a defaultdict in Python?

A defaultdict is a subclass of the built-in dict class that provides a default

value for non-existent keys. This prevents KeyError exceptions and is
particularly useful when counting items or grouping data.

It requires a factory function to specify the default value:

from collections import defaultdict

dd = defaultdict(int)
dd["apple"] += 1 # no error even though "apple" didn't exist

This is much cleaner than checking for key existence manually using get()

or if statements. Common factories include int , list , and set .

34. What is list comprehension in Python?

List comprehension is a concise way to create lists in Python. Instead of
using loops, you can use a single line of code. It improves readability and
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performance. Here’s a basic example:

squares = [x*x for x in range(5)]

This creates a list [0, 1, 4, 9, 16] . You can also add conditions:

even = [x for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0]

List comprehensions are useful when you want to transform or filter data
quickly. They make your code shorter, cleaner, and easier to understand than
using a full for loop.

35. What is a higher-order function in Python?

A higher-order function is any function that either accepts another function
as an argument, or returns a function as its result. Python supports higher-
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order functions natively, which makes it a flexible language for functional-

style programming.

Examples of built-in higher-order functions in Python include map() ,

filter() , and sorted() .

Example:

def apply_twice(func, value):

return func(func(value))

def square(x):
return x * x
print(apply_twice(square, 2)) # Output: 16

Higher-order functions promote reusability and abstraction, allowing more

expressive and concise code.

36. How does Python handle memory management?

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Python manages memory automatically using a system called garbage

collection. This system keeps track of all objects and frees up memory that is
no longer being used. Python also uses reference counting — each object
keeps a count of how many references point to it. When that count reaches
zero, the memory is released. Python’s memory management is done by the
Python memory manager, and it includes private heap space where all
objects and data structures are stored. As a developer, you don’t usually need
to manage memory directly, but understanding how it works can help write
better, more efficient code.

37. What is multiple inheritance in Python?

Multiple inheritance is when a class inherits from more than one parent
class. Python fully supports this, which allows a class to combine
functionality from multiple sources.

Example:

class A:
def greet(self):

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print("Hello from A")

class B:
def greet(self):
print("Hello from B")
class C(A, B):
pass
c = C()
c.greet() # Uses A's method due to MRO

While powerful, multiple inheritance can make the class hierarchy hard to
manage, so it should be used with care. The super() function and MRO help
mitigate the complexity.

38. What is a package in Python?

A package in Python is a collection of modules organized in directories. It
allows you to group related modules together. A package is a folder that
contains an __init__.py file, which tells Python that the folder should be
treated as a package. Example structure:

mypackage/
│
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├── __init__.py
├── module1.py
└── module2.py

You can import modules from the package using dot notation:

from mypackage import module1

Packages help in organizing large applications and reusing code across

projects. Python also has many third-party packages that can be installed
using tools like pip .

39. What is the purpose of __init__.py in Python packages?

The __init__.py file in Python marks a directory as a package so that its

modules can be imported. Without this file, Python won’t recognize the
folder as a package in older versions (though in modern Python, it’s
optional). This file can be empty or contain initialization code for the

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package. For example, you might import key modules or define variables
inside it:

# __init__.py
from .module1 import function1

With this, users can simply do from package import function1 instead of
importing the whole module. It helps organize imports and controls how
packages behave during import.

40. How do you handle exceptions in Python?

In Python, you handle errors and exceptions using try , except , and
optionally finally . This allows your program to continue running even if
something goes wrong. Here's an example:

try:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

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result = 10 / num
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero!")
except ValueError:
print("Please enter a valid number.")
finally:
print("This always runs.")

The try block runs the risky code. If there’s an error, Python checks for a
matching except block. The finally block always runs, whether an error
occurred or not. Exception handling makes your programs more robust and
user-friendly.

41. What is the difference between break , continue , and pass in Python?

In Python, break , continue , and pass are control flow statements, but each
one serves a different purpose.

break : It is used to exit a loop completely, even if the loop condition is

still true. Once break is encountered, the loop stops running.

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for i in range(5):
if i == 3:
break
print(i)

continue : It skips the current iteration and moves to the next one without
stopping the loop.

for i in range(5):
if i == 3:
continue
print(i)

pass : It does nothing and is used as a placeholder where code is required

syntactically but no action is needed.

for i in range(5):
if i == 3:

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pass
print(i)

These are useful for controlling how loops and conditionals behave during
execution.

42. What are Python decorators?

A decorator in Python is a function that takes another function as input and
adds extra functionality to it, without changing its original structure. It is
often used to modify the behavior of a function or method dynamically.

def decorator(func):
def wrapper():
print("Before function call")
func()
print("After function call")
return wrapper

@decorator
def greet():
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print("Hello!")
greet()

Here, @decorator wraps the greet() function and adds extra code before and
after it. Decorators are used often in logging, authentication, timing, and
access control. They help you write cleaner, reusable, and more readable
code.

43. What is a Counter in Python?

Counter is a class from the collections module that helps count occurrences
of elements in an iterable. It returns a dictionary-like object where elements
are stored as keys and counts as values.

Example:

from collections import Counter

c = Counter("banana")
print(c) # Counter({'a': 3, 'n': 2, 'b': 1})

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It supports most dictionary operations and provides extra methods like

.most_common() and .elements() for retrieving data in specific formats. It is
extremely useful for statistics, frequency analysis, and text processing.

44. What are closures in Python?

Closures are functions that remember the values of variables from their
enclosing lexical scope even after that scope has finished executing. In other
words, a closure allows a function to access variables from an outer function
that has already returned.

Here’s a simple example:

def outer(msg):
def inner():
print(msg)
return inner

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greet = outer("Hello")
greet() # prints "Hello"

In the above code, the function inner() forms a closure—it remembers the
variable msg from its enclosing function outer() . Closures are useful for
building function factories, decorators, and keeping state in a clean and
elegant way.

45. What are *args and kwargs in Python?

In Python, *args and **kwargs are used in function definitions to allow the
function to accept a variable number of arguments.

*args collects extra positional arguments into a tuple.

**kwargs collects extra keyword arguments into a dictionary.

def example(*args, **kwargs):

print(args)

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print(kwargs)

example(1, 2, 3, name="Alice", age=25)

This would print:

(1, 2, 3)
{'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25}

These features make your functions flexible and reusable. You can call them
with different numbers of parameters without changing the function
definition.

46. What is the LEGB rule in Python?

LEGB stands for Local → Enclosing → Global → Built-in, and it defines the
order in which Python searches for variables:

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1. Local: Names inside the current function.

2. Enclosing: Names in outer (but not global) functions if nested.

3. Global: Names defined at the top-level of a script or module.

4. Built-in: Python’s predefined names like len() or str .

Example:

x = "global"
def outer():
x = "enclosing"
def inner():
x = "local"
print(x)
inner()
outer() # prints "local"

Understanding LEGB is crucial for working with nested functions, closures,

and scoping bugs.

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47. How can you handle file operations in Python?

Python provides easy ways to work with files using built-in functions like
open() , read() , write() , and close() . Here's a simple example of reading a
file:

with open("example.txt", "r") as file:

content = file.read()
print(content)

The with statement automatically closes the file. You can also write to a file:

with open("example.txt", "w") as file:

file.write("Hello, Python!")

Use modes like "r" for reading, "w" for writing, and "a" for appending. File
operations are useful for data storage, configuration, and logging in
applications.

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48. What are Python’s built-in data types?

Python has several built-in data types that are categorized into different
groups:

Numeric types: int , float , complex

Sequence types: list , tuple , range

Text type: str

Set types: set , frozenset

Mapping type: dict

Boolean type: bool

Binary types: bytes , bytearray , memoryview

Each type serves different purposes. For example, use int for whole
numbers, str for text, list for ordered groups, and dict for key-value
pairs. Understanding data types helps you store and manipulate data
correctly in your programs.

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49. What is the difference between mutable and immutable types in

Python?
Mutable types can be changed after creation. Examples include list , dict ,

and set . You can add, remove, or change elements in these types.

Immutable types cannot be changed once created. Examples include int ,

float , str , and tuple . If you try to modify them, Python creates a new
object instead.

x = "hello"
x = x + " world" # Creates a new string

Knowing which types are mutable and which are not helps you avoid bugs,
especially when passing variables into functions. It also affects performance
and how memory is managed.

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50. How do you define and use a function in Python?

To define a function in Python, you use the def keyword followed by the
function name and parentheses. You can pass arguments into the function
and return values using the return statement.

def greet(name):
return f"Hello, {name}!"

message = greet("Alice")
print(message)

Functions make your code reusable and organized. Instead of repeating the
same logic, you put it in a function and call it whenever needed. You can also
have default arguments, variable-length arguments, and even functions
inside functions.

51. What is a Python metaclass?

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In Python, a metaclass is a class of a class — it defines how classes behave.

While classes define how objects behave, metaclasses define how classes
themselves are created.

By default, all classes in Python are instances of type , the default metaclass.
However, you can define custom metaclasses by inheriting from type , and
use them to automatically modify class attributes or behavior at the time of
class creation.

Use cases include:

Enforcing coding conventions (e.g., attribute naming rules)

Automatically registering classes

Singleton pattern implementations

Although powerful, metaclasses are an advanced feature and should be used

with care to avoid unnecessary complexity.

52. What is duck punching (monkey patching) in Python?

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Monkey patching (or duck punching) is the practice of changing or

extending the behavior of libraries, classes, or modules at runtime.

Example:

import math
math.sqrt = lambda x: "No square roots allowed"
print(math.sqrt(9)) # Outputs: No square roots allowed

This can be useful for testing or hotfixes but is generally discouraged in

production code because it can lead to unpredictable behavior and
maintenance challenges.

53. What is a lambda function in Python?

A lambda function is a small anonymous function in Python. It’s used when
you need a simple function for a short period and don’t want to formally
define it using def . Lambda functions can take any number of arguments
but only contain one expression.
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Basic syntax:

lambda arguments: expression

Example:

add = lambda x, y: x + y
print(add(3, 5)) # Output: 8

Lambdas are useful in places where a quick function is needed, like with
map() , filter() , and sorted() .

nums = [5, 2, 9]
sorted_nums = sorted(nums, key=lambda x: -x)

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Although powerful, for complex operations, using regular functions is more

readable.

54. What is method resolution order (MRO) in Python?

MRO is the order in which Python looks for methods in a class hierarchy. It
determines which method gets called when multiple inheritance is involved.
Python uses the C3 linearization algorithm to compute this order.

You can view a class’s MRO using:

print(ClassName.__mro__)

class A: pass
class B(A): pass
class C(A): pass
class D(B, C): pass

print(D.__mro__)

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This is especially useful in understanding complex inheritance and avoiding

bugs due to unexpected method overrides.

55. What is exception handling in Python?

Exception handling is used in Python to catch and respond to errors that
occur during program execution. Instead of crashing the program, you can
handle the error gracefully using try , except , else , and finally blocks.

Here’s how it works:

try:
result = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("You can't divide by zero!")
else:
print("No errors occurred.")
finally:
print("This will always run.")

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try block contains code that might raise an error.

except block handles the error.

else runs if no error occurs.

finally always runs, useful for cleanup.

Using exceptions helps in building robust applications that can recover from
unexpected situations.

56. What are Python’s magic methods?

Magic methods in Python are special methods with double underscores at
the beginning and end of their names. They’re also known as dunder
methods. Python uses these methods to perform operator overloading and
other behaviors internally.

Some common magic methods are:

__init__ : Constructor, called when an object is created.

__str__ : Returns a string representation of the object.

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__len__ : Returns the length using len() .

__add__ : Defines behavior for +.

Example:

class Book:
def __init__(self, title):
self.title = title

def __str__(self):
return f"Book: {self.title}"
book = Book("Python 101")
print(book) # Output: Book: Python 101

Magic methods make classes act like built-in types, improving readability
and flexibility.

57. What is the difference between is and == in Python?

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In Python:

== checks if values of two variables are equal.

is checks if two variables point to the same object in memory.

Example:

a = [1, 2, 3]
b = [1, 2, 3]

print(a == b) # True, because contents are same

print(a is b) # False, because they are two different objects

is is often used when comparing objects like None :

if my_var is None:
print("Value is None")

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Use == for equality of content and is when you care about identity, such as
comparing singletons or cached objects.

58. What is the difference between a tuple and a list in Python?

Both tuples and lists are used to store multiple items, but:

List is mutable: you can add, remove, or change items.

Tuple is immutable: once created, it cannot be changed.

my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)

Lists are defined with square brackets [] , and tuples with parentheses () .

Lists are commonly used when data needs to change during runtime, while
tuples are ideal for fixed data or when you want to ensure the data stays

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unchanged. Also, because tuples are immutable, they can be used as

dictionary keys, unlike lists.

59. What is duck typing in Python?

Duck typing is a concept from dynamic typing. In Python, it means that the
type or class of an object is less important than the methods or operations it
supports. The idea is: “If it walks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it’s a duck.”

Example:

class Duck:
def quack(self):
print("Quack!")

class Person:
def quack(self):
print("I can quack too!")
def make_quack(thing):
thing.quack()

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make_quack(Duck())
make_quack(Person())

Even though Duck and Person are different classes, both can be passed
because they have a quack() method. This flexibility makes Python code
more reusable and simple.

60. How is memory managed in Python?

Python uses a combination of reference counting and a garbage collector to
manage memory.

Each object has a reference count: when the count reaches zero, it is
deleted.

Python also uses a garbage collector to handle circular references, where

two objects refer to each other but are no longer used.

You don’t usually need to manage memory manually. Python handles it for
you. But you can still check or influence it using the gc module:

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import gc
gc.collect()

Also, memory is allocated in private heaps managed by the Python

interpreter. Efficient memory handling is part of Python’s design to help
developers focus on logic instead of low-level resource management.

61. What is the purpose of the gc module in Python?

The gc (garbage collection) module provides access to Python's automatic

memory management. It allows you to manually trigger garbage collection,
monitor objects that aren’t being collected, and control collection
thresholds.

For example:

import gc

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gc.collect() # Manually triggers garbage collection

It’s particularly useful when dealing with circular references — where two
objects refer to each other, preventing their reference count from dropping
to zero. The gc module helps identify and clean these unreachable objects.

62. What are Python iterators?

An iterator in Python is an object that allows you to loop over its elements,
one at a time. It must implement the __iter__() and __next__() methods.
You can get an iterator from any iterable (like lists, tuples, sets) using the
iter() function. Then, you use next() to get the next item.

Example:

my_list = [10, 20, 30]

it = iter(my_list)
print(next(it)) # 10
print(next(it)) # 20

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When there are no more items, next() raises a StopIteration error. Iterators
are memory-efficient because they don’t store the whole sequence in
memory, which is helpful for large datasets or file reading.

63. What is the difference between deepcopy() and copy() ?

In Python, copy() and deepcopy() both come from the copy module and are
used to duplicate objects, but they behave differently:

copy.copy() creates a shallow copy of an object. It copies the outer

object, but not the nested objects inside it. So changes to inner objects
affect both copies.

copy.deepcopy() creates a completely independent clone, including all

nested objects. Changes to one object do not affect the other.

Example:

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import copy

original = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]

shallow = copy.copy(original)
deep = copy.deepcopy(original)
original[0][0] = 99
print(shallow[0][0]) # 99 (affected)
print(deep[0][0]) # 1 (not affected)

Use deepcopy() when you need a completely separate object structure.

64. What is slicing in Python?

Slicing in Python lets you extract a portion of a list, string, or tuple using a
range of indexes. The basic syntax is object[start:stop:step] .

Example:

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my_list = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print(my_list[1:4]) # [1, 2, 3]
print(my_list[::2]) # [0, 2, 4]
print(my_list[::-1]) # [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]

start is the index to begin from (inclusive),

stop is where to end (exclusive)

step tells how many items to skip.

Slicing is powerful for reversing sequences, picking even-indexed items, or

extracting parts of text. It works with strings too:

text = "Python"
print(text[1:4]) # "yth"

65. What is the difference between append() and extend() in lists?

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Both append() and extend() are used to add elements to a list, but they do it
differently:

append() adds a single element to the end of the list, even if it’s another
list.

extend() takes an iterable and adds each element from it to the list.

Example:

a = [1, 2]
a.append([3, 4])
print(a) # [1, 2, [3, 4]]

b = [1, 2]
b.extend([3, 4])
print(b) # [1, 2, 3, 4]

So, append() adds the whole object, while extend() breaks it apart and adds
each item individually. Use append() when you want to keep an item
together; use extend() when you want to expand the list.

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66. What is the purpose of enumerate() in Python?

The enumerate() function is used when you need both the index and value
while looping over an iterable. It adds a counter to the iterable and returns it
as an enumerate object, which you can convert into a list or use in a loop.

Example:

fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

for index, fruit in enumerate(fruits):
print(index, fruit)

Output:

0 apple
1 banana
2 cherry

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This is much cleaner than using range(len(fruits)) . You can also start the
index at a custom number by using enumerate(fruits, start=1) . It’s helpful
when you’re processing lists, keeping track of positions, or labeling items in
a report or UI.

67. What is the difference between filter() , map() , and reduce() ?

All three are functional programming tools in Python:

map() applies a function to every item in an iterable and returns a new

iterable.

filter() applies a function that returns True or False , and only keeps
items where the function returns True .

reduce() repeatedly applies a function to accumulate a result (from

functools module).

Example:

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from functools import reduce

nums = [1, 2, 3, 4]
print(list(map(lambda x: x * 2, nums))) # [2, 4, 6, 8]
print(list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, nums))) # [2, 4]
print(reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, nums)) # 10

map() transforms data, filter() selects data, and reduce() combines data.
They help write clean, short code for data processing.

68. What is the use of zip() in Python?

The zip() function is used to combine two or more iterables into a single
iterable of tuples, where the i-th tuple contains the i-th element from each
iterable. It stops at the shortest input length.

Example:

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names = ['Alice', 'Bob']

scores = [85, 90]
zipped = zip(names, scores)
print(list(zipped)) # [('Alice', 85), ('Bob', 90)]

It’s great for looping over multiple lists at once:

for name, score in zip(names, scores):

print(f"{name} scored {score}")

If the input lists are of unequal length, the extra items are ignored. You can
also unzip using zip(*zipped_data) .

69. What is *args and **kwargs in Python?

In Python:

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*args lets you pass a variable number of positional arguments to a

function.

**kwargs lets you pass a variable number of keyword arguments (as a

dictionary).

Example:

def demo(*args, **kwargs):

print("Args:", args)
print("Kwargs:", kwargs)

demo(1, 2, 3, a=4, b=5)

Output:

Args: (1, 2, 3)
Kwargs: {'a': 4, 'b': 5}

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These are useful when writing flexible functions that can accept any number
of inputs. It helps when wrapping other functions or when you don’t know in
advance how many parameters might be passed.

70. What is recursion in Python?

Recursion is when a function calls itself to solve a smaller part of a problem
until it reaches a base case. It’s commonly used in problems like calculating
factorials, Fibonacci numbers, and tree traversals.

Example:

def factorial(n):
if n == 0:
return 1
return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # 120

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Every recursive function must have a base case to prevent infinite recursion.
Python limits recursion depth by default (about 1000 calls). You can check it
using sys.getrecursionlimit() .

Recursion makes some problems easier to solve, though it may use more
memory than loops.

71. What is a Python module?

A Python module is a file containing Python code, usually saved with a .py

extension. Modules help organize and reuse code across multiple programs.
You can define functions, variables, and classes inside a module and then
import them into other files using the import statement.

For example, if you create a file math_utils.py with a function:

def add(a, b):

return a + b

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You can use it in another file like this:

import math_utils
print(math_utils.add(2, 3))

Python has many built-in modules like math , random , and datetime . You can
also create your own custom modules to keep your code clean, organized,
and maintainable, especially in large projects.

72. What are weak references in Python?

Weak references allow Python to refer to an object without increasing its
reference count. This means the object can still be garbage-collected, which
is useful when managing caches or graphs where circular references can
occur.

Python provides weakref module:

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import weakref

class MyClass:
pass
obj = MyClass()
r = weakref.ref(obj)
print(r()) # Returns the object
del obj
print(r()) # Returns None (object is collected)

This mechanism helps avoid memory leaks in large or long-running

applications.

73. What is the super() function in Python?

The super() function returns a proxy object that delegates method calls to a
parent or sibling class. It’s commonly used in class constructors ( __init__ )
to ensure proper initialization in inheritance chains.

Example:

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class Parent:
def __init__(self):
print("Parent initialized")

class Child(Parent):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
print("Child initialized")
c = Child()

Using super() helps support maintainable, extensible code and is critical in

multiple inheritance where calling the correct parent method matters.

74. What is the purpose of __init__.py ?

The __init__.py file is used to mark a directory as a Python package.

Without it, Python doesn’t recognize the folder as part of the package
system. Even if it's empty, it’s still needed (especially in older Python
versions).

For example, in this structure:

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my_package/
__init__.py
module1.py

You can now do:

from my_package import module1

Besides identifying packages, __init__.py can also run initialization code or

expose specific classes/functions when the package is imported. For
instance, you can import functions from other modules inside __init__.py ,

making them accessible directly from the package. It helps organize your
project structure for modular and maintainable code.

75. What is collections.deque and why is it better than a list for some use
cases?

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collections.deque (double-ended queue) is a part of Python’s standard

collections module. It is a specialized list-like container optimized for fast
appends and pops from both ends.

While Python lists are efficient for append and pop operations at the end,
they are slow when inserting or deleting items at the beginning because all
elements must be shifted.

deque solves this by using a doubly linked list internally, allowing O(1)
operations on both ends:

from collections import deque

dq = deque([1, 2, 3])
dq.appendleft(0) # fast insert at the beginning
dq.pop() # fast removal from end

It is ideal for queue and stack implementations, sliding windows, and

breadth-first searches.

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76. What are namedtuple s and why are they useful?

A namedtuple is a factory function in the collections module that returns a

subclass of tuple with named fields. This makes your code more readable
and self-documenting, while still being as memory-efficient as a regular
tuple.

Example:

from collections import namedtuple

Point = namedtuple("Point", ["x", "y"])
p = Point(1, 2)
print(p.x, p.y) # Access by name instead of index

Use namedtuple when you need immutable data structures with readable
fields—ideal for data modeling, configuration, and return values.

77. What are Python comprehensions?

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Python comprehensions are a concise way to create lists, sets, or

dictionaries using a single line of code. They are often used as a more
readable alternative to loops.

Example of list comprehension:

squares = [x*x for x in range(5)]

This creates [0, 1, 4, 9, 16] . Similarly, you can use:

Set comprehension: {x*x for x in range(5)}

Dict comprehension: {x: x*x for x in range(5)}

You can also add conditions:

even_squares = [x*x for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0]

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Comprehensions make the code cleaner and easier to read compared to

using traditional loops, especially when the operation is simple and directly
maps from input to output.

78. What is the difference between @staticmethod and @classmethod in

Python?
Both @staticmethod and @classmethod are decorators in Python, but they
serve different purposes. A @staticmethod is a function within a class that
does not access instance ( self ) or class ( cls ) variables. It is used when the
logic relates to the class but doesn’t need its state. A @classmethod , on the
other hand, takes the class itself as the first parameter ( cls ) and can modify
class-level data. It’s useful for alternative constructors or utility functions
that operate on class variables. Use @staticmethod for general utility
functions, and @classmethod when you need access to class properties.

79. What are Python annotations?

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Python annotations are a way to add type hints to function parameters and
return types. Introduced in PEP 484, they help improve code readability,
allow static type checkers like mypy to analyze your code, and assist with IDE
autocompletion.

Annotations do not affect runtime behavior by default; they are just

metadata. For example:

def greet(name: str) -> str:

return f"Hello, {name}"

Here, name is expected to be a string, and the function returns a string. You
can also access annotations using the __annotations__ attribute.

While annotations are optional, they are increasingly used in production

code for documentation, validation, and tooling support.

80. What are type hints and why are they useful in Python?
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Type hints (also called type annotations) allow developers to specify the
expected data types of function parameters and return values. Introduced in
Python 3.5 via PEP 484, they don’t change how code runs but help with
readability, autocompletion, and static type checking.

Example:

def add(a: int, b: int) -> int:

return a + b

Tools like mypy can then analyze your code for type consistency without
running it. Type hints are valuable in large codebases and collaborative
projects.

81. What is a namespace in Python?

A namespace in Python refers to a space where names are mapped to
objects. Think of it as a dictionary where the keys are variable names and the

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values are the objects those names refer to. Python uses namespaces to keep
track of all the names in your program, like variable names, function names,
class names, etc.

There are four types of namespaces in Python:

Built-in: Contains built-in functions like print() and len() .

Global: Contains names defined at the top-level of a script or module.

Enclosing: Relevant for nested functions (outer function scope).

Local: Inside a function or block.

For example:

x = 10 # Global namespace

def func():
y = 5 # Local namespace

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Namespaces prevent naming conflicts and help Python know which variable
you’re referring to in different parts of the program. You can access
namespaces using functions like globals() and locals() .

82. What is the difference between global and local variables?

A local variable is defined inside a function and can only be used within that
function. A global variable, on the other hand, is defined outside any
function and can be accessed from anywhere in the code, including inside
functions.

Example:

x = 5 # Global

def my_func():
x = 10 # Local
print(x)

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my_func() # Prints 10
print(x) # Prints 5

If you want to change the global variable inside a function, you must use the
global keyword:

def my_func():
global x
x = 20

Local variables help keep functions independent, while global variables can
be accessed across functions but may lead to unexpected behavior if not
managed properly.

83. What is a Python set and how is it different from a list?

A set in Python is an unordered collection of unique elements. It is defined
using curly braces {} or the set() function. Unlike lists, sets do not allow

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duplicate values, and they are not indexed, meaning you cannot access items
using indexes like my_set[0] .

Example:

my_list = [1, 2, 2, 3]
my_set = set(my_list) # {1, 2, 3}

Key differences:

Uniqueness: Sets automatically remove duplicates.

Order: Lists maintain order; sets do not.

Mutability: Both are mutable, but sets only contain immutable elements.

Operations: Sets support mathematical operations like union,

intersection, and difference.

Use sets when you need to store unique values or perform set-based
operations efficiently.

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84. How does exception handling work in Python?

Exception handling in Python is done using try , except , finally , and else

blocks. It helps your program handle unexpected errors without crashing.

You wrap the code that might throw an error in a try block, then use except

to handle specific or general exceptions.

Example:

try:
x = 1 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero.")
finally:
print("This will always run.")

You can also use else to run code if no exception occurs:

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try:
x = 5
except:
print("Error")
else:
print("No error")

This system helps in writing robust and error-tolerant applications. Always

catch specific exceptions instead of using a broad except: .

85. What is the difference between repr() and str() in Python?

Both repr() and str() are used to get string representations of objects, but
for different purposes:

str() is for user-friendly display (e.g., print() output).

repr() is for developer-oriented output that ideally could be used to

recreate the object.

Example:
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s = "Hello"
print(str(s)) # Output: Hello
print(repr(s)) # Output: 'Hello'

You can override __str__() and __repr__() in custom classes for better
control over their behavior.86. What is None in Python?

None is a special constant in Python that represents the absence of a value or

a null value. It is often used to indicate that a variable doesn’t have any
meaningful data yet. It’s an object of its own datatype — NoneType .

Example:

x = None
if x is None:
print("x has no value")

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Functions that don’t explicitly return anything will return None by default:

def greet():
print("Hello")

print(greet()) # Outputs "Hello" and then "None"

None is not the same as 0 , False , or an empty string. It’s used in

comparisons, default arguments, and when checking if a variable was
assigned any value or not.

87. What is the use of the id() function in Python?

The id() function in Python returns the unique identifier of an object,
which is its memory address in CPython (the standard Python
implementation). This is useful for checking whether two variables refer to
the same object in memory.

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Example:

a = [1, 2, 3]
b = a
print(id(a), id(b)) # Same id

Even if two objects have the same value, they may not have the same id :

x = [1, 2]
y = [1, 2]
print(id(x) == id(y)) # False

You can combine id() with the is keyword to check identity. This is
especially useful when dealing with mutable and immutable types and
understanding object references.

88. What is a recursive lambda function?

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A recursive lambda is a lambda function that calls itself to solve problems.

However, since lambda functions in Python are anonymous and can’t
directly refer to themselves, we must assign them to a variable.

Example:

factorial = lambda n: 1 if n == 0 else n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

This is a simple, elegant way to define recursion in functional style, though

it’s typically more readable using a def function for more complex logic.

89. What is a ternary operator in Python?

The ternary operator in Python is a way to write simple if-else statements
in one line. It’s also called a conditional expression.

Syntax:

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x = value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example:

age = 18
status = "Adult" if age >= 18 else "Minor"

It makes code more concise and readable for small decisions. But avoid
using it for complex logic, as it can reduce readability. It’s commonly used
when assigning values based on a quick condition.

90. What are Python assertions?

Assertions are a debugging tool used to test if a condition is true. If the
condition is false, the program will raise an AssertionError . They help catch
bugs early by checking if your assumptions in the code hold true.
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Example:

x = 5
assert x > 0, "x must be positive"

If x is less than or equal to 0, the assertion will fail. You can provide a
custom error message after the comma.

Assertions are mostly used in development and testing phases. In

production, they can be disabled with the -O (optimize) switch. They are not
a replacement for proper error handling but are very useful in spotting bugs
quickly.

91. What is the use of zip() in Python?

The zip() function in Python is used to combine two or more iterables (like
lists or tuples) into a single iterable of tuples. It pairs the elements from each

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iterable based on their position (index). If the iterables are of different

lengths, zip() stops at the shortest one.

Example:

names = ["Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"]

scores = [85, 90, 78]
zipped = zip(names, scores)
print(list(zipped)) # [('Alice', 85), ('Bob', 90), ('Charlie', 78)]

You can use zip() for many tasks like combining data, iterating over
multiple sequences at once, or transposing rows and columns in matrices.
It's efficient and easy to use, often seen in data processing, file merging, or
where multiple iterables need to be processed in parallel.

92. What is the purpose of dir() in Python?

The dir() function is a built-in utility that returns a list of all attributes and
methods (including inherited ones) available for a given object. It’s widely

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used for introspection, helping developers understand what functionality is

available on an object without reading the source code or documentation.

For example:

print(dir([])) # Shows all methods and attributes for a list

When called with no arguments, dir() returns the list of names in the
current local scope.

This tool is especially useful in REPL environments or debugging sessions,

helping you explore objects dynamically and understand the Python object
model better.

93. What is the map() function in Python?

The map() function applies a given function to all items in an iterable and
returns a map object (which is an iterator). It’s a clean way to apply
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transformations to a list or tuple without writing a loop.

Syntax:

map(function, iterable)

Example:

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]
squared = map(lambda x: x**2, numbers)
print(list(squared)) # [1, 4, 9, 16]

map() is often used when you need to apply the same function to every
element. It's efficient and can be combined with other functional
programming tools like filter() or reduce() . It keeps code short and
readable.

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94. What is the filter() function in Python?

The filter() function is used to filter elements from an iterable based on a

condition. It returns an iterator containing only the elements for which the
function returns True .

Syntax:

filter(function, iterable)

Example:

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
even = filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, numbers)
print(list(even)) # [2, 4]

It is useful when you want to keep elements that meet certain criteria and
discard the rest. filter() makes your code more expressive and avoids
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manual loops with conditional checks.

95. What is the reduce() function in Python?

The reduce() function from the functools module applies a function to the
items of a sequence and reduces it to a single value. It processes the
sequence pairwise.

Syntax:

from functools import reduce

reduce(function, iterable)

Example:

from functools import reduce

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]

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result = reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, numbers)

print(result) # 10

You can use reduce() for operations like summing, multiplying, or

combining values. It's powerful, but sometimes less readable than a loop or
sum() . Use it when you need to process a list into a single result step by step.

96. What is a frozenset in Python?

A frozenset is the immutable version of a Python set. It cannot be modified

after creation, which means you cannot add or remove elements. This
immutability makes it hashable, allowing it to be used as a key in
dictionaries or as elements in other sets.

Example:

fs = frozenset([1, 2, 3])

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It supports all set operations like union, intersection, and difference. Use
frozenset when you need to ensure the contents of a set do not change,
especially when dealing with caching, memoization, or set-based keys.

97. What is the difference between yield and return in Python?

Both yield and return are used in functions, but they work very differently.
return ends a function and sends back a value. Once return is called, the
function ends. On the other hand, yield pauses the function and sends a
value but keeps the function state alive for the next call.

With yield , the function becomes a generator. You can use next() to get the
next value from it.

Example:

def gen():
yield 1
yield 2

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g = gen()
print(next(g)) # 1
print(next(g)) # 2

yield is memory-efficient and great for iterating over large or infinite data.

98. What is the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) in Python?

The Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) is a mechanism in the CPython interpreter
that prevents multiple native threads from executing Python bytecodes at
the same time. It exists to protect access to Python objects, ensuring thread
safety. Because of the GIL, multi-threaded Python programs may not achieve
true parallelism on multi-core CPUs for CPU-bound tasks. However, for I/O-
bound operations like file handling or network requests, threading can still
be beneficial. If you need real parallelism in CPU-heavy operations, consider
using multiprocessing or external tools like NumPy or C extensions.

99. How do you handle memory management in Python?

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Python handles memory management automatically using a technique

called garbage collection. The Python interpreter keeps track of objects and
their references using a reference counting system. When an object’s
reference count drops to zero, it is deleted automatically.

In addition to reference counting, Python has a cyclic garbage collector to

clean up objects involved in reference cycles. You can also manage memory
manually using the gc module, but usually, it's not needed.

Example:

import gc
gc.collect() # Triggers garbage collection

Good practices like avoiding unnecessary global variables and closing files
and connections help manage memory better in Python.

100. What is the with statement in Python and why is it used?

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The with statement in Python is used for resource management, such as

working with files or network connections. It ensures that resources are
properly closed after they are used, even if an error occurs during their use.

Example:

with open("file.txt", "r") as file:

data = file.read()

Here, file is automatically closed when the block ends. This is better than
manually calling file.close() because it handles exceptions safely.

The with statement works with context managers, which define __enter__()

and __exit__() methods. It makes your code cleaner, safer, and easier to
maintain.

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I’ve collected all this information from various reliable sources, articles, and
websites to bring you a comprehensive list of Python interview questions
and answers.

While I’ve tried my best to ensure everything is accurate and helpful, there’s
always a chance that something might need correction or improvement. If
you find anything incorrect or think something can be better explained,
please don’t hesitate to let us know in the comments section.

Your feedback will help make this resource more accurate and useful for
everyone preparing for their Python interviews. Let’s grow and learn
together! 💻🐍✨

If you got something wrong? Mention it in the comments. I would love to

improve. your support means a lot to me! If you enjoy the content, I’d be
grateful if you could consider subscribing to my YouTube channel as well.

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I am Shirsh Shukla, a creative Developer, and a Technology lover. You can

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https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hdC-E7Kf97NM3YzWKvpm5olb89kNrIcs/view

Python Python Programming Interview Interview Questions

Interview Preparation

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Written by Shirsh Shukla Follow

1.92K followers · 5 following

SDE at Reliance Jio | Mobile Application Developer | Speaker | Technical Writer |

community member at Stack Overflow | Organizer @FlutterIndore

Responses (1)

Khalilbattikh

What are your thoughts?

Khalilbattikh You
May 20

Thank you for the list of questions and responses, but there are many repetitions.

5 1 reply Reply

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