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Basic SQL Summary

SQL is the standard language for relational databases, encompassing data definition, manipulation, and security. It includes commands for creating tables, specifying constraints, and executing basic retrieval queries. Additional features support complex queries, transaction control, and various data types.

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4 views3 pages

Basic SQL Summary

SQL is the standard language for relational databases, encompassing data definition, manipulation, and security. It includes commands for creating tables, specifying constraints, and executing basic retrieval queries. Additional features support complex queries, transaction control, and various data types.

Uploaded by

abdelr7man3mad2004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic SQL - Summary

Chapter Outline

- SQL Data Definition and Data Types

- Specifying Constraints in SQL

- Basic Retrieval Queries in SQL

- INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE Statements

- Additional Features of SQL

1. Introduction to SQL

- SQL is the standard language for relational databases.

- It originated from SEQUEL, based on tuple relational calculus.

- Designed for practical interaction with relational data.

2. SQL Data Definition & Data Types

- Terms: Table = Relation, Row = Tuple, Column = Attribute.

- CREATE is the main statement to define tables and schemas.

- Standards evolved through SQL-86 to SQL-3, with XML and OO features.

3. Schema & Catalog Concepts

- Schema: Logical container for tables, views, etc.

- CREATE SCHEMA defines a schema.

- Catalog: Collection of schemas.

4. CREATE TABLE

- Used to define attributes, types, and constraints.

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Basic SQL - Summary

- Base tables are stored; views are virtual.

5. Data Types

- Numeric: INTEGER, FLOAT, DOUBLE

- Strings: CHAR(n), VARCHAR(n)

- Others: BIT, BOOLEAN, DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP, INTERVAL

- Domains improve schema clarity.

6. Constraints in SQL

- Key: PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE

- Entity Integrity: No NULL in primary keys.

- Referential Integrity: FOREIGN KEY with ON DELETE/UPDATE options.

- Attribute: DEFAULT, NOT NULL, CHECK

7. Basic Retrieval Queries

- SELECT-FROM-WHERE is the main structure.

- Supports duplicates unless DISTINCT is used.

- Set operations: UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT.

8. Aliasing & Ambiguous Names

- Alias used to differentiate same table used more than once.

9. Special Clauses

- * selects all attributes.

- ORDER BY controls result sorting.

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Basic SQL - Summary

- LIKE and BETWEEN for filtering.

- Arithmetic expressions in SELECT.

10. Data Modification

- INSERT: Adds rows (single or bulk).

- DELETE: Removes rows conditionally.

- UPDATE: Modifies rows with SET and WHERE clauses.

11. Additional Features

- Complex queries, embedded SQL.

- Triggers, UDTs, XML, OLAP support.

- Transaction control and access privileges.

Summary

- SQL supports data definition, manipulation, and security.

- Includes commands for creating, querying, and updating tables.

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