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The document provides a comprehensive guide on Java Streams, covering their functional programming approach, lazy evaluation, and immutability. It details stream creation methods, intermediate and terminal operations, and includes interview problems with solutions related to finding the second highest number and grouping words by length. Additionally, it discusses performance best practices and advanced problems like finding the highest-paid employees by department.
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Complete Interview Preparation Guide
# What are Java Streams?
6 Functional Programming approach to process collections
e Lazy Evaluation - operations execute only when needed
Se Immutable - original collection remains unchanged
oe Pipeline Operations - chain multiple operations
List names = Arrays.asList("Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"); List
result = names.stream() .filter(name -> name.length() > 3)
-map (String: :toUpperCase) .collect (Collectors.toList ())i Java Streams
Complete Interview Preparation Guide
\\ Stream Creation Methods
© [From Collectionst) list.stream()
@ [From Arrays?) Arrays.stream(array)
© Direct Creation?) stream.of(1, 2, 3)
© Infinite Streams!) stream.generate(), Stream.iterate()
// Prom Collection List nums = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3);
Stream streaml = nums.stream(); // Infinite Stream Stream
infinite = Stream.iterate(0, n -> n + 2); © Java Streams
Complete Interview Preparation Guide
Intermediate Operations
@ filter() - Remove elements based on condition
© ‘mapO) - Transform each element
@ flatMap() - Flatten nested structures
numbers.stream() .filter(n -> n % 2 == 0) // Keep even numbers .map(n -> n *
2) // Double each number .distinct() // Remove duplicates .sorted() // Sort
ascending .limit(5) // Take first 5 SEVER ety
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@ Terminal Operations
@ collect()) - convert to Collection/Map
© forEach()) - Execute action on each element
@ Feduce()) - combine elements to single result
@ find), mateh(, count()) - search operations
// Collect to List List result =
stream.collect (Collectors.toList()); // Reduce to sum int sum =
numbers. stream().reduce(0, Integer::sum); // Find first match
Optional first = names.stream() .filter(name ->
name.startsWith("A")) .findFirst(); Ser WER erik
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\ Interview Problem #1
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Problem: Find the second highest number in a list
public static Integer findSecondHighest (List numbers)
numbers.stream() .distinct() // Remove duplicates
{ return
.sorted (Collections.reverseOrder()) // Sort descending .skip(1) // Skip
first (highest) .findFirst() // Get second .orElse (null);
case } // Test List nums
// Handle empty
Arrays.asList(1, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 9% 9)7
Integer result = findSecondHighest (nums); // Returns: 6
Key Concepts: distinct(), sorted(), skip(), Optional handling Come Ema rT
Complete Interview Preparation Guide
\ Interview Problem #2
GROUPING & COUNTING
Problem: Group words by length and count occurrences
public static Map countByLength(List words) { return
words.stream() .collect (Collectors .groupingBy( String
ength, // Group by
length Collectors.counting() // Count in each group )); } // Test
List words = Arrays.asList ("apple", "banana", “cat", “dog");
Map result = countByLength(words); // Result: (3-2, 5-2} (2
words of length 3, 2 words of length 5)
Key Concepts: groupingBy(), counting(), method references © Java Streams
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® Advanced Problem
Problem: Find employees with highest salary by department
class Employee { private String name, department; private double salary; //
constructors, getters... } public static Map>
findHighestPaidByDept (List employees) { return employees. stream()
-collect (Collectors.groupingBy( Employee: :getDepartment, Collectors.maxBy (
Comparator .comparing (Employee
etSalary) )} )); }
Key Concepts: Complex grouping, maxBy(), Comparator Sr rye age
Cela mato eumell eo}
% Performance & Best Practices
© Parallel Streams!) Use for large datasets (>10k elements)
0 “Avoid: Modifying source during operations
© ‘Remember: streams can only be used once
© (Optional! Handle properly with orElse/orElseGet
// Parallel Stream (for large datasets) List bighist = // ... large
dataset long sum = bigList.parallelstream() .mapToLong (Integer: :longValue)
-sum(); // Handle Optional properly Optional result = names.stream()
-filter(name -> name.startsWith("Z")) .findFirst(); String name =
result.orElse ("Default Name"); © Java Streams
Complete Interview Preparation Guide
& flatMap() Deep Dive
Problem: Flatten nested collections
// Nested Lists List> nestedbists = Arrays.asbist (
Arrays.asbist ("a", "b"), Arrays.asList("c", "d", "e"), Arrays.asbist("£") );
// Flatten using flatMap List flattened = nestedLists.stream()
-flatMap (Collection::stream) // Flatten each inner list
-collect (Collectors.tobist()); // Result: [a, by c, dy e, f] // vs map() -
would give Stream> // flatMap() gives Stream
Key Point: map() = 1-to-1, flatMap() = 1-to-many
