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Module_1_and_2_Notes

The document provides an overview of computer fundamentals, including definitions, basic functions, characteristics, history, types, and applications of computers. It also covers computer hardware components such as input and output devices, storage devices, the CPU, and memory types. Key concepts include the evolution of computers through generations and the speed hierarchy of different memory types.

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1 views3 pages

Module_1_and_2_Notes

The document provides an overview of computer fundamentals, including definitions, basic functions, characteristics, history, types, and applications of computers. It also covers computer hardware components such as input and output devices, storage devices, the CPU, and memory types. Key concepts include the evolution of computers through generations and the speed hierarchy of different memory types.

Uploaded by

natabo9153
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 1: Introduction to Computers Fundamentals

1. Definition of a Computer

A computer is an electronic device that accepts data (input), processes it according to instructions

(processing), stores it (storage), and produces results (output).

Basic Functions:

- Input - Entering data (e.g., typing on a keyboard)

- Processing - CPU interprets and works on data

- Storage - Saving data permanently or temporarily

- Output - Displaying the result (e.g., on a monitor)

- Control - Managing the flow of data and instructions

2. Characteristics of Computers

- Speed, Accuracy, Automation, Storage, Versatility, Diligence, Multitasking

3. History and Generations of Computers

- 1st Gen: Vacuum tubes

- 2nd Gen: Transistors

- 3rd Gen: Integrated Circuits

- 4th Gen: Microprocessors

- 5th Gen: AI-based systems

4. Types of Computers

- Analog, Digital, Hybrid

- Based on Size: Micro, Mini, Mainframe, Supercomputers


5. Applications of Computers

- In education, business, healthcare, banking, government, communication, and entertainment

Module 2: Computer Hardware

1. Input Devices

- Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone, Webcam, Joystick

2. Output Devices

- Monitor, Printer, Speaker, Projector, Headphones

3. Storage Devices

- HDD, SSD, Pen Drive, CD/DVD, Memory Card, External HDD

4. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

- ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

- CU (Control Unit)

- Registers

5. Memory

- RAM (Temporary)

- ROM (Permanent)

- Cache (Fast Memory)

- Virtual Memory (Disk space used as RAM)


Speed Hierarchy:

Registers > Cache > RAM > SSD > HDD > CD/DVD

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