Joining Data in SQL RIGHT JOIN UNION ALL

Cheat Sheet
A right join keeps all of the original left_table right_table result after RIGHT JOIN
The UNION ALL operator works just like UNION, but it SELECT artist_id

records in the right table and returns id left_val id right_val id left_val right_val
returns duplicate values. The same restrictions of UNION FROM artist

missing values for any columns from 1 L1 1 R1 1 L1 R1 hold true for UNION ALL UNION ALL

the left table where the joining field

Learn SQL online at www.DataCamp.com did not find a match. Right joins are 2 L2 4 R2 4 L2 R2 SELECT artist_id

Result after
FROM album;
far less common than left joins, 3 L3 5 R3 5 null R3
UNION ALL
because right joins can always be re- 4 L4 6 R4 6 null R4

> Definitions used throughout this cheat sheet

written as left joins. left right
id val Result after UNION ALL:
1 A
Result after RIGHT JOIN: id val id val 1 A
artist_id
RIGHT JOIN on one field 1 A 1 A 1
artist_id name album_id title name 1 B
2
Primary key:
Foreign key:
SELECT *
1 AC/DC 1 For those who rock 1 1 B 4 A 2 A 3
A primary key is a field in a table that uniquely identifies A foreign key is a field in a table which references the FROM artist as art
1 Aerosmith 2 Dream on 2 2 A 5 A 3 A 1
each record in the table. In relational databases, primary primary key of another table. In a relational database, RIGHT JOIN album AS alb
2 Aerosmith 3 Restless and wild 2 3 A 6 A 4 A 2
keys can be used as fields to join tables on. one way to join two tables is by connecting the foreign ON art.artist_id = alb.artist_id; 2 AC/DC 4 Let there be rock 1 4 A 4 A 2
key from one table to the primary key of another. 3 null 5 Rumours 6 5 A 1

FULL JOIN
6 A 6
One-to-one relationship:
One-to-many relationship:

INTERSECT
Database relationships describe the relationships In a one-to-many relationship, a record in one table can
between records in different tables. When a one-to-one be related to one or more records in a second table. A full join combines a left join and result after FULL JOIN
relationship exists between two tables, a given record in However, a given record in the second table will only be right join. A full join will return all left_table right_table id left_val right_val
one table is uniquely related to exactly one record in the related to one record in the first table. records from a table, irrespective of id left_val id right_val
1 L1 R1
other table. whether there is a match on the 1 L1 1 R1
2 L2 null
The INTERSECT operator returns only identical rows from two tables. SELECT artist_id

joining field in the other table, 2 L2 4 R2 FROM artist

Many-to-many relationship:
3 L3 null left_table right_table INTERSECT

returning null values accordingly. 3 L3 5 R3

4 L4 R2 Result after

In a many-to-many relationship, records in a given table ‘A’ can be related to one or more records in another table ‘B’,
4 L4 6 R4 id val id val INTERSECT SELECT artist_id

and records in table B can also be related to many records in table A. 5 null R3
FROM album;
6 null R4 1 N1 1 N1 id val

> Sample Data FULL JOIN on one field

Result after FULL JOIN:
artist_id
1
name
AC/DC
album_id
1
title
For those who rock
name
1
1 N1
3 L3
4 R2
5 R3
1 N1 Result after INTERSECT:
artist_id
1
SELECT *
4 L4 6 R4 2
Artist Table Album Table FROM artist as art
1 AC/DC 4 Let there be rock 1
2 Aerosmith 2 Balls to the wall 2
EXCEPT
artist_id name album_id title artist_id FULL OUTER JOIN album AS alb

1 AC/DC 1 For those who rock 1 ON art.artist_id = alb.artist_id; 2 Aerosmith 3 Restless and wild 2
2 Aerosmith 2 Dream on 2 3 Alanis Morissette null null null
3 Alanis Morissette 3 Restless and wild 2 null null 5 Rumours 6
The EXCEPT operator returns only those rows from SELECT artist_id

CROSS JOIN
4 Let there be rock 1 the left table that are not present in the right table.
5 Rumours 6
FROM artist

EXCEPT

SELECT artist_id

INNER JOIN CROSS JOIN creates all possible combinations of two

tables. CROSS JOIN does not require a field to join ON.
SELECT name, title

FROM artist

left_table
id val
right_table
id val
Result after

EXCEPT
FROM album;
An inner join between two tables will left_table right_table CROSS JOIN album; Result after EXCEPT:
return only records where a joining 1 N1 1 N1 id val artist_id
id left_val id right_val result after
Result after CROSS JOIN:
field, such as a key, finds a match in result after INNER JOIN
CROSS JOIN 1 N1 4 R2 3 L3 3
both tables. 1 L1 1 R1
name title
id left_val right_val
3 L3 5 R3
2 L2 4 R2 id1 id2 AC/DC For those who rock 4 L4
1 L1 R1 table 1 table 2
3 L3 5 R3 1 A AC/DC Dream on 4 L4 6 R4
4 L4 R2 id1 id AC/DC Restless and wild
4 L4 6 R4 1 B
A2
SEMI JOIN
1 AC/DC Let there be rock
1 C AC/DC Rumours
INNER JOIN join ON one field 2 B Aerosmith For those who rock
2 A
SELECT *
3 Aerosmith Dream on
FROM artist AS art
Result after INNER JOIN:
C
2 B Aerosmith Restless and wild
A semi join chooses records in the first table where a SELECT *

Aerosmith Let there be rock

condition is met in the second table. A semi join makes FROM album

INNER JOIN album AS alb

artist_id name title album_id 2 C use of a WHERE clause to use the second table as a filter WHERE artist_id IN

ON art.artist_id = alb.artist_id; Aerosmith Rumours

for the first.
1 AC/DC For those who rock 1 3 A (SELECT artist_id

Alanis Morissette For those who rock

INNER JOIN with USING 1 AC/DC Let there be rock 4
3 B Alanis Morissette Dream on
FROM artist);
2 Aerosmith Dream on 2 left_table right_table
Result after

SELECT *
Alanis Morissette Restless and wild SEMI JOIN
2 Aerosmith Restless and wild 3 3 C
Result after Semi join:
FROM artist AS art
Alanis Morissette Let there be rock id col1 col2 id col1
INNER JOIN album AS alb
Alanis Morissette Rumours album_id title artist_id
USING (artist_id); 1 A B 2 B 1 For those who rock 1

SELF JOIN Set Theory Operators in SQL 2 B C 3 C

2
4
Dream on
Let there be rock
2
1
3 C 3 Restless and wild 2
Self-joins are used to compare values in a table to other values of the same table by joining different parts
of a table together. 4 D
SELECT

alb1.artist_id,

alb1.title AS alb1_title,

Result after Self join:

artist_id name album_id alb2_title
UNION

UNION ALL
INTERSECT EXCEPT
ANTI JOIN
alb2.title AS alb2_title

UNION
1 AC/DC 1 For those who rock
FROM album AS alb1
2 Aerosmith 2 Dream on The anti join chooses records in the first table where a SELECT *

INNER JOIN album AS alb2

2 Aerosmith 3 Restless and wild condition is NOT met in the second table. It makes use of FROM album

ON alb1.artist_id = alb2.artist_id
1 AC/DC 4 Let there be rock a WHERE clause to use exclude values from the second WHERE artist_id NOT IN

WHERE alb1.album_id<>alb2.album_id; The UNION operator is used to vertically combine the results SELECT artist_id
table. (SELECT artist_id

of two SELECT statements. For UNION to work without errors, FROM artist
FROM artist);
LEFT JOIN all SELECT statements must have the same number of
columns and corresponding columns must have the same
UNION

SELECT artist_id
left_table right_table
Left table after

ANTI JOIN
Result after Anti join:
A left join keeps all of the original left_table right_table result after LEFT JOIN data type. UNION does not return duplicates. FROM album; id col1 col2 id col1
records in the left table and returns id left_val id right_val id left_val album_id title artist_id
missing values for any columns from
right_val
Result after UNION Result after UNION: 1 A B 1 A 5 Rumours 6
1 L1 1 R1 1 L1 R1
the right table where the joining field id val artist_id 2 B C 4 D
did not find a match.
2 L2 4 R2 2 L2 null left right 1
1 A
3 L3 5 R3 3 L3 null id val id val 2 3 C
1 B
4 L4 6 R4 4 L4 R2 1 A 1 A 3 4 D
2 A 6
1 B 4 A
Result after LEFT JOIN: 3 A
2 A 5 A
LEFT JOIN on one field artist_id name album_id title name 4 A
SELECT *
3 A 6 A
1 AC/DC 1 For those who rock 1 5 A
FROM artist AS art
1 AC/DC 4 Let there be rock 1 4 A 6 A
LEFT JOIN album AS alb

ON art.artist_id = alb.artist_id;
2
2
Aerosmith
Aerosmith
2
3
Dream on
Restless and wild
2
2 Learn Data Skills Online at www.DataCamp.com
3 Alanis Morissette null null null