The latest non-LTS version of Java is Java 23, which was released in September

2024. The latest long-term support (LTS) version is Java 21, released in September
2023. Java 24 is expected to be released in March 2025.

1. Decision-Making Statements
Used to execute code based on conditions.

Statement Description Example

if Executes a block if if (a > b) {...}

condition is true

if-else Executes one block if true, if (a > b) {...} else

another if false {...}

nested if if inside another if if (a > b) { if (a > c)

{...} }

if-else-if Multiple conditions if (a > b) {...} else if

(...) {...}

switch Selects a block to execute switch (day) { case 1: ...

based on a value }

2. Looping Statements
Used to repeat a block of code.

Statement Description Example

for Loops a fixed number of for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)

times {...}

while Loops while condition is while (i < 5) {...}

true
 do-while Loops at least once do {...} while (i < 5);

Enhanced for Loops through for (int num : arr) {...}

(for-each) arrays/collections

3. Jump Statements
Used to transfer control to another part of the code.

Statement Description Example

break Exits from loop or switch break;

block

continue Skips the current iteration continue;

return Exits from a method return;

Advanced Decision Making in Java

After covering 'if', 'if-else', 'nested if', and 'switch-case', here are the next decision-making
constructs in Java with examples:

1. Ternary Operator ( ?: ) A shorthand for if-else.

Syntax:​
condition ? expression1 : expression2;

Example:​
public class TernaryExample {​
public static void main(String[] args) {​
int age = 18;​
String result = (age >= 18) ? "Eligible to vote" : "Not eligible";​
System.out.println(result);​
}​
}​
Output:​
Eligible to vote

2. if inside Loops (for, while)

Using conditions inside loops for decision-making.

Example:

​
public class EvenOdd {​
public static void main(String[] args) {​
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {​
if (i % 2 == 0) {​
System.out.println(i + " is Even");​
} else {​
System.out.println(i + " is Odd");​
}​
}​
}​
}​

Output:​
1 is Odd​
2 is Even​
3 is Odd​
4 is Even​
5 is Odd

3. Logical Operators with Conditions

Using &&, ||, ! with conditions.

Example:

​
public class LogicalOperators {​
public static void main(String[] args) {​
int age = 25;​
boolean hasLicense = true;​
​
if (age >= 18 && hasLicense) {​
System.out.println("You can drive");​
 } else {​
System.out.println("You cannot drive");​
}​
}​
}​

Output:​
You can drive

4. break and continue in Decision Making

Example with break:

​
public class BreakExample {​
public static void main(String[] args) {​
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {​
if (i == 3) {​
break;​
}​
System.out.println("i = " + i);​
}​
}​
}​

Output:​
i = 1​
i=2

Example with continue:​

public class ContinueExample {​
public static void main(String[] args) {​
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {​
if (i == 3) {​
continue;​
}​
System.out.println("i = " + i);​
}​
}​
}​
Output:​
i = 1​
i = 2​
i = 4​
i=5

5. Switch Expression (Java 14+)

Switch can also be used as an expression (Java 14+).

Example:

​
public class SwitchExpression {​
public static void main(String[] args) {​
int day = 3;​
String dayType = switch (day) {​
case 1, 7 -> "Weekend";​
case 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 -> "Weekday";​
default -> "Invalid";​
};​
System.out.println(dayType);​
}​
}​

Output:​
Weekday

If else if

public class GradeChecker {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int marks = 75;

if (marks >= 90) {

System.out.println("Grade: A");

} else if (marks >= 80) {

 System.out.println("Grade: B");

} else if (marks >= 70) {

System.out.println("Grade: C");

} else if (marks >= 60) {

System.out.println("Grade: D");

} else {

System.out.println("Grade: F (Fail)");

4 OOPs concepts in Java

1. Encapsulation
Definition: Wrapping data (variables) and methods (functions) into a single unit (class). It
protects data using private access and provides access via public methods.

✅ Example:
class Student {

private String name; // private = data hiding

public void setName(String n) {

name = n;

public String getName() {

return name;

}
public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Student s = new Student();

s.setName("Amit");

System.out.println("Student Name: " + s.getName());

🔸 Output:
Student Name: Amit

🔷 2. Abstraction
Definition: Hiding internal implementation details and showing only essential features
using abstract classes or interfaces.

✅ Example using abstract class:

java

CopyEdit

abstract class Animal {

abstract void sound(); // abstract method

class Dog extends Animal {

void sound() {
 System.out.println("Dog barks");

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal a = new Dog(); // only essential behavior exposed

a.sound();

🔸 Output:
Dog barks

🔷 3. Inheritance
Definition: One class (child) inherits properties and methods of another class (parent)
using the extends keyword.

✅ Example:
class Vehicle {

void start() {

System.out.println("Vehicle starts");

class Car extends Vehicle {

void speed() {
 System.out.println("Car is running fast");

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Car c = new Car();

c.start(); // inherited method

c.speed(); // own method

🔸 Output:
Vehicle starts

Car is running fast

🔷 4. Polymorphism
Definition: Ability of an object to take many forms — method overloading and method
overriding.

✴️ a) Method Overloading (Compile-time Polymorphism)

class Math {

int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;

}
 int add(int a, int b, int c) {

return a + b + c;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Math m = new Math();

System.out.println(m.add(10, 20));

System.out.println(m.add(5, 10, 15));

🔸 Output:
30

30

✴️ b) Method Overriding (Runtime Polymorphism)

class Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Animal makes sound");

class Cat extends Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Cat meows");
 }

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal a = new Cat(); // Parent reference, child object

a.sound();

🔸 Output:
Cat meows

WORKOUT

Write a Java program to check whether a number is positive or negative using if statement.

Write a Java program to check whether a person is eligible to vote (age ≥ 18) using if-else.

Write a Java program to find the largest of two numbers using if-else.

Write a Java program to determine whether a number is even or odd using if-else.

Write a Java program to assign grades based on marks using if-else-if:

Marks ≥ 90: A

Marks ≥ 80: B

Marks ≥ 70: C

Marks ≥ 60: D

Below 60: F

Write a Java program to check if a number is divisible by both 5 and 11 using if-else-if.

Write a Java program using nested if to check:If a number is positive, check if it's even or
odd.
Write a Java program using nested if to check login credentials:If username is correct, then
check if password is correct.

9.​ Write a Java program using switch to print the name of the day based on
number (1–7):​

○​ 1 = Sunday, 2 = Monday, ..., 7 = Saturday​

10.​Write a Java program using switch to perform a basic calculator:​

●​ Take two numbers and an operator (+, -, *, /), and perform the operation.​

11.​Write a Java program using switch to display the number of days in a month
(use case for months).​

12.​Write a Java program using switch to display season for a given month
number:​

●​ 12, 1, 2 = Winter​

●​ 3, 4, 5 = Spring​

●​ 6, 7, 8 = Summer​

●​ 9, 10, 11 = Autumn​
Create an object
// Define a Car class

class Car {

// Method to display a message

void startEngine() {

System.out.println("The car engine is starting...");

// Main class

public class CarExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create an object of Car class

Car myCar = new Car();

// Call method using object

myCar.startEngine();

// Define a class

class Student {

// Attributes

String name;
 int age;

// Method to display student details

void displayInfo() {

System.out.println("Name: " + name);

System.out.println("Age: " + age);

// Main class

public class ObjectExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create an object of Student class

Student s1 = new Student();

// Set values to object variables

s1.name = "Anu";

s1.age = 21;

// Call method using object

s1.displayInfo();