1 s = "hello WORLD" 2 s = "multiple WORDS IN a String"

res = s.capitalize() res = s.capitalize()

print(res) print(res)
3 s = "123hello WORLD" 4 string = "GEEKSFORGEEKS"
res = s.capitalize() print("lowercase string: ",
print(res) string.casefold())

5 string = "geeks for geeks" 6 string = "geeks for geeks"

new_string = new_string = string.center(24, '#')
string.center(24) print("After padding String is:",
print("After padding String new_string)
is: ", new_string)

7 s = "hello world" 8 s = "Python is fun and Python is powerful."

res = s.count("o") print(s.count("Python"))
print(res)
9 s = "apple banana apple grape apple" 10 s = "apple banana apple grape apple"
substring = "apple" substring = "apple"
res = s.count(substring, 1, 20) res = s.count(substring, 8, 20)
print(res) print(res)
11. string = "geeksforgeeks" 12 text = "geeks for geeks."
print(string.endswith("geeks")) result = text.endswith('geeks.', 10)
print(result)
13 text = "geeks for geeks." 14 s = "Welcome to GeekforGeeks!"
result = text.endswith('geeks.', 10,16) index = s.find("GeekforGeeks")
print(result) print(index)
15 s = "abc abc abc" 16 s = "Python is fun"
index = s.find("abc", 4) index = s.find("python")
print(index) print(index)
17 s = "Python programming" 18 s = "Python programming is fun"
position = s.index("prog") position = s.index("is", 10, 25)
print(position) print(position)
19 a = ['Hello', 'world', 'from', 'Python'] 20 s = ("Learn", "to", "code")
res = ' '.join(a) res = "-".join(s)
print(res) print(res)

21 s = {'Python', 'is', 'fun'} 22 d = {'Geek': 1, 'for': 2, 'Geeks': 3}

res = '-'.join(s) res = '_'.join(d)
print(res) print(res)
23 s = ' ##*#Hello Python!#**## ' 24 s = '\nHello Python!\n'
res = s.lstrip('#* ') # Removing newline characters
print(res) # from the end of string
res = s.lstrip()
print(res)
24 str = "I love Geeks for 25 string = "light attracts bug"
geeks" # 'attracts' separator is found
print(str.partition("for")) print(string.partition('attracts'))

string = "gold is heavy"

# 'is' as partition
print(string.partition('is'))
25 s = "Hello World! Hello Python!" 26. s = "apple apple apple"
# Replace "Hello" with "Hi" # Replace "apple" with "orange" only
s1 = s.replace("Hello", "Hi") once
print(s1) s1 = s.replace("apple", "orange", 1)
print(s1)
27 s = "Hello, World! hello, world!" 28 a = [2, 5, 6, 7]
# Replace only lowercase 'hello' # Use append() to add the element 8
s1 = s.replace("hello", "hi") # to the end of the list
print(s1) a.append(8)
# Replace only uppercase 'Hello' print(a)
s2 = s.replace("Hello", "Hi")
print(s2)
29 a = [1, 2, 3] 30 a = [1, 2, 3]
a.append([4, 5]) b = [4, 5]
print(a) # Using extend() to add elements of b
to a
a.extend(b)
print(a)
31 Animals= ["cat", "dog", "tiger"] 32 # list of items
# searching positiion of dog list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 1, 1, 4, 5]
print(Animals.index("dog")) # Will print index of '4' in sublist
# having index from 4 to 8.
print(list1.index(4, 4, 8))
33 # list of items 34 # Python3 program for demonstration
list1 = [6, 8, 5, 6, 1, 2] # of index() method error
# Will print index of '6' in sublist list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 1, 1, 4, 5]
# having index from 1 to end of the list. # Return ValueError
print(list1.index(6, 1)) print(list1.index(10))
35 # Declaring a list with random integers. 36 # Declaring a list with mixed values.
list1 = ['a', '$', 'e', 'E'] list1 = ['a', '$', 'e', 3, 16]
# Store maximum value in a variable # Store maximum value in a variable
# using Python list max() function. # using Python list max() function.
maxValue = max(list1) maxValue = max(list1)
# Printing value stored in maxValue. # Printing value stored in maxValue.
print(maxValue) print(maxValue)
37 languages = ["Python", "C 38 languages = ["Python", "C
Programming", "Java", Programming", "Java",
"JavaScript",'PHP','Kotlin'] "JavaScript",'PHP','Kotlin']
s= max(languages) small = min(languages)
print("The largesrst string is:", s) print("The smallest string is:", small)
39 square = {5: 25, 8: 64, 2: 4, 3: 9, -1: 1, -2: 40 # Python3 program to Find elements
4} of a
# list by indices present in
print("The smallest key:", min(square))
another list
print(“The largest key:”,max(square))
def findElements(lst1, lst2):
return [lst1[i] for i in lst2]
# Driver code
lst1 = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
lst2 = [0, 2, 4]
print(findElements(lst1, lst2))

41 # List with three elements 42 a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 6]

 li = [1, 2, 3]
a.reverse()
# Unpacking list elements into variables print(a)
a, b, c = li
print(a)
print(b)
print(c)
43 a = [1, [2, 3], 1, [2, 3], 1] 44 a = [1, 2, 3]
c = a.count([2, 3]) # Copy the list
b = a.copy()
print(c) # Add an element to the copied list
b.append(4)
print('a:', a)
print('b:', b)
45 a = [1, 2, 3] 46. a = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
# Copy the list b = a.copy()
b = a # Modify the value at index 0,0 in
# Add an element to the copied the copied list
list b[0][0] = 100
b.append(4) print("a:", a)
print('a:', a) print("b:", b)
print('b:', b)
47 a = [1, 'two', 3.0, [4, 5], {'key': 'value'}] 48 my_list = [{'name': 'Alice', 'age':
b = a.copy() 30}, {'name': 'Bob', 'age': 25}]
new_dict = {'name': 'Charlie',
# Add an element (6) in the copied list at 'age': 40}
index 3 my_list.append(new_dict)
b[3].append(6) print(my_list)
print("a:", a)
print("b:", b)
49 a = ["apple", "banana", "kiwi", "cherry"] 50 a = [(1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1)]
# The key=len tells the sort() method def fun(val):
return val[1]
# to use length of each string during a.sort(key=fun)
sorting print(a)
a.sort(key=len)
print(a)
51 a = ["Banana", "apple", "Grape", "pear"] 52 original = {1: 'geeks', 2: 'for'}
a.sort(key=str.lower) # copying using copy() function
print(a) new = original.copy()
# removing all elements from the
list
# Only new list becomes empty as
copy()
# does shallow copy.
new.clear()
print('new: ', new)
print('original: ', original)

53 # given dictionary 54 eq = {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'}

dict1 = {10: 'a', 20: [1, 2, # creating dict with default values
3], 30: 'c'} as None
print("Given Dictionary:", res_dict = dict.fromkeys(seq)
dict1) print("The newly created dict with
# new dictionary and None values : " + str(res_dict))
# copying using copy() method # creating dict with default values
dict2 = dict1.copy() as 1
 print("New copy:", dict2) res_dict2 = dict.fromkeys(seq, 1)
# Updating dict2 elements and print("The newly created dict with
# checking the change in dict1 1 as value : " + str(res_dict2))
dict2[10] = 10
dict2[20][2] = '45'
# list item updated
print("Updated copy:", dict2)

55 seq = ('a', 'b', 'c') 56 d = {'coding': 'good', 'thinking':

print(dict.fromkeys(seq, 'better'}
None)) print(d.get('coding'))

57 # Python program to show working 58 test_dict = {'Gfg' : {'is' :

# of items() method in Dictionary 'best'}}
# printing original dictionary
# Dictionary with three items print("The original dictionary is :
Dictionary1 = { 'A': 'Geeks', 'B': 4, 'C': " + str(test_dict))
'Geeks' } # using nested get()
print("Dictionary items:") # Safe access nested dictionary key
# Printing all the items of the Dictionary res = test_dict.get('Gfg',
{}).get('is')
print(Dictionary1.items())
# printing result
print("The nested safe
59 d = {1: '001', 2: '010', 3: '011'} 60 # Dictionary with three keys
print(d.get(4, "Not found")) Dictionary1 = {'A': 'Geeks', 'B':
'For', 'C': 'Geeks'}
# Printing keys of dictionary
print(Dictionary1.keys())
61 # Python program to show 62 # initializing dictionary
working test_dict = {"geeks": 7, "for": 1,
# of items() method in "geeks": 2}
Dictionary # accessing 2nd element using naive
# Dictionary with three items method
Dictionary1 = { 'A': 'Geeks', # using loop
'B': 4, 'C': 'Geeks' } j = 0
print("Original Dictionary for i in test_dict:
items:") if (j == 1):
items = Dictionary1.items() print('2nd key using loop : ' + i)
# Printing all the items of j = j + 1
the Dictionary
print(items)
# Delete an item from
dictionary
del[Dictionary1['C']]
print('Updated Dictionary:')
print(items)
63 # initializing dictionary 64 # Dictionary with two keys
test_dict = {"geeks": 7, Dictionary1 = {'A': 'Geeks', 'B':
"for": 1, "geeks": 2} 'For'}
# accessing 2nd element using # Printing keys of dictionary
keys() print("Keys before Dictionary
print('2nd key using keys() : Updation:")
', list(test_dict.keys())[1]) keys = Dictionary1.keys()
print(keys)
# adding an element to the
dictionary
Dictionary1.update({'C': 'Geeks'})
print('\nAfter dictionary is
updated:')
 print(keys)
65 # inializing dictionary 66 # initializing dictionary
student race_rank = {"Rahul":8,"Aditya":1,
student = {"rahul":7, "Madhur": 5}
"Aditya":1, "Shubham":4} # removing a value-key
# priting original dictionary race_rank.pop("Rahul")
print(student) #printing new dictionary
# using dictionary pop print(race_rank)
suspended =
student.pop("rahul")
# checking key of the element
print("suspended student roll
no. = "+ str(suspended))
# printing list after
performing pop()
print("remaining student" +
str(student))

67 # Python 3 code to demonstrate 68 est_dict = {"Nikhil": 7, "Akshat":

# working of pop() 1, "Akash": 2}
# initializing dictionary
test_dict = {"Nikhil": 7, # Printing initial dict
"Akshat": 1, "Akash": 2} print("Before using popitem(),
# Printing initial dict test_dict: ", test_dict)
print("The dictionary before
deletion : " + str(test_dict)) # using popitem() to return+
# using pop to return and # remove the last keym value pair
remove key-value pair. res = test_dict.popitem()
pop_ele = test_dict.pop('Akash')
# Printing the value
associated to popped key # Printing the pair returned
print("Value associated to print('The key, value pair returned
is : ', res)
popped key is : " +
str(pop_ele)) # Printing dict after deletion
# Printing dictionary after print("After using popitem(),
deletion test_dict: ", test_dict)
print("Dictionary after
deletion is : " +
str(test_dict))

69 d = {1: '001', 2: '010', 3: 70 d = {'a': 97, 'b': 98, 'c': 99,

'011'} 'd': 100}
print(d.popitem()) # space key added using
setdefault() method
d.setdefault(' ', 32)
print(d)

71 d = {'a': 97, 'b': 98} 72 Dictionary1 = { 'A': 'Geeks', 'B':

print("setdefault() 'For'}
returned:", d.setdefault('b', print("Dictionary before using
99)) setdefault():", Dictionary1)
print("After using
setdefault():", d) # using setdefault() when key is
non-existing
ret_value =
Dictionary1.setdefault('C',
"Geeks")
 print("Return value of
setdefault():", ret_value)
print("Dictionary after using
setdefault():", Dictionary1)
73 # update() method in 74 # Dictionary with three items
Dictionary d1 = {'A': 'Geeks', 'B': 'For', }
d2 = {'B': 'Geeks', 'C': 'Python'}
# Dictionary with three items
d1 = {'A': 'Geeks', 'B':
'For', } # update the value of key 'B'
d2 = {'B': 'Geeks', 'C': d1.update(d2)
'Python'}
print(d1)

# update the value of key 'B'

d1.update(d2)

# using keyword arguments

d1.update(A='Hello')

print(d1)
75 # Define dictionary 76 # numerical values
d = {'m': 700, 'n': 100, 't': dictionary = {"raj": 2, "striver":
500} 3, "vikram": 4}
print(dictionary.values())
# Key to check
key = 'k'

# Check if key exists and # string values

update dictionary = {"geeks": "5", "for":
if key not in d: "3", "Geeks": "5"}
print("Key doesn't exist. print(dictionary.values())
Adding a new key-value pair.")
d[key] = 600 # Direct
assignment
else:
print("Key exists.")

# Print updated dictionary

print(d)
77 # stores name and 78 # when parameter is not passed
corresponding salaries tuple1 = tuple()
salary = {"raj" : 50000, print("empty tuple:", tuple1)
"striver" : 60000, "vikram" :
# when an iterable(e.g., list) is
5000}
passed
list1= [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ]
# stores the salaries only tuple2 = tuple(list1)
list1 = salary.values() print("list to tuple:", tuple2)
print(sum(list1)) # prints the
sum of all salaries # when an iterable(e.g., string) is
passed
string = "geeksforgeeks";
tuple4 = tuple(string)
print("str to tuple:", tuple4)
79. my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) 80 my_dict = {'apple': 1, 'banana': 2,
print(my_tuple[1:4]) 'cherry': 3}
my_tuple = tuple(my_dict.items())
print(my_tuple)
81 my_tuple = tuple((1, 2, 3))
print(max(my_tuple))