Revision CA FOUNDATION
(RATIO, PROPORTIONS , INDICES AND LOGARITHM)
Ratio:
The comparison of two or more things of same kind is called Ratio. If x and y are
two values of same kind (in same units), then the ratio of x to y is written as x : y
and read as x is to y.
In xy
• Numerator “x” is called 1st term or Antecedent and
• Denominator “y” is called 2nd term or Consequent.
• Antecedent and Consequent must be of same units
• Ratio has no unit.
Remarks:
• Normally a ratio is expressed in simplest form. As. 10:16 = 5:8.
• The order of the terms in a ratio must be maintained. As 3 : 4 is not same as 4:
• Ratio exists only with quantities having same unit (kind).
• If x > y, then the ratio x : y is called of greater inequality.
• If x < y, then the ratio x : y is called of lesser inequality.
• If x = y, then the ratio a : b is called ratio of Equal Equality.
• Duplicate ratio of a : b is a2: b2
• Triplicate ratio of a : b is a3 : b3
• Sub-Duplicate ratio of a : b is √a : √b = a1/2 : b1/2
• Sub-Triplicate ratio of a : b is 3√a ; 3√b = a1/3 : b1/3
• Inverse ratio of x : y is y : x.
• Commensurable: If the terms of the ratio are integers, the ratio is called
commensurable. As. 3 :2
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• Incommensurable : If the terms of the ratio are not integers, the ratio is called
Incommensurable.
As √3 : √2 cannot be expressed in terms of integers. So, it is Incommensurable.
• Compound/Combined Ratio = Product of all ratios.
Proportion:
An equality of two ratios is called Proportion. Four quantities a, b, c, d are said to be
in proportion if a : b = c : d.
It is also written as
a:b::c:d
Here a, b, c, d are called 1st; 2nd; 3rd and 4th term of proportionals respectively a c
If ab=cd ⇒ ad = bc.
Product of extreme terms = Product of middle terms.
This rule is called Cross – Product Rule.
In a: b :: c : d. proportion, unit of a and b should be same and that of c and d should
also be same.
As. ₹ 6 : ₹ 8 = 12 toffees : 16 toffees are in proportion.
Let a, b and c are of same kind (in same units). a b
If ab=bc ⇒ a : b : : b : c
i. e. a, b, c are in proportion. ‘
Then, this proportion is called continuous proportion.
Here a is 1st proportion c is called 3rd proportion and b is called mean proportion.
b = ac−−√ = GM of a & c.
Properties of Proportion
1. Cross-Product
If a : b : : c : d.
⇒ ab=cd ∴ ad = be.
2. Invertendo
If a : b : : c : d.; Then its inverse
b : a :: d : c also becomes in proportion.
i.e. If ab=cd Then, ba=dc
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3. Componendo
If a : b :: c : d.
Then a + b:b::c + d:d.
Proof ab+1=cd+1⇒a+bb=c+dd
4. Dividendo
If a : b = c : d.
Then a – b : b = c – d : d.
Proof: ab=cd⇒ab−1=cd−1
or a−bb=c−dd
5. Componendo and Dividendo
If a : b : : c : d. ; Dividing (3) by (4)
Then, a+ba−b=c+dc−d
6. Alternendo:
If a : b : : c : d
Then a : c : : b : d
i.e ratio of alternate terms are also in proportion.
7. Addendo
If a : b = c : d = e : f = …………………
Then each ratio = Sum of antecedents of all ratios Sum of consequents of all ratios
∴ ab=cd=ef=……….=a+c+e+……b+d+f+…
8. Subtrahendo
If ab=cd=ef = ……….
Then each ratio
∴ =ab=cd=ef=……….=a−c−e−….b−d−f−….
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Previous Year Exam Questions
Question 1.
Two numbers are in the ratio of 2 : 3 and the difference of their squares is 320. The
number are : [1 Mark, Nov. 2006]
(a) 12, 18
(b) 16, 24
(c) 14, 21
(d) None
Question 2.
If p : q is the sub-duplicate ratio of p – x2: q – x2, then x2 is : [1 Mark, Nov. 2006]
(a) p/(p+q)
(b) q/(p+q)
(c) qp/(p−q)
(d) None
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Question 3.
An alloy is to contain copper and zinc in the ratio 9:4. The zinc required to melt with
24 kg of copper is : [1 Mark, Nov. 2006]
(a) 1023kg
(b) 1013kg
(c) 923kg
(d) 9 kg
Question 4.
Two numbers are in the ratio 7: 8. If 3 is added to each of them, their ratio becomes
8 : 9. The numbers are: [1 Mark, Feb. 2007]
(a) 14,16
(b) 24,27
(c) 21,24
(d) 16,18
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Question 5.
A box contains ₹ 56 in the form of coins of one rupee, 50 paise and 25 paise. The
number of 50 paise coin is double the number of 25 paise coins and four times the
numbers of one rupee coins. The numbers of 50 paise coins in the box is : [1 Mark,
Feb. 2007]
(a) 64
(b) 32
(c) 16
(d) 14
Question 6.
Eight people are planning to share equally the cost of a rental car. If one person
withdraws from the arrangement and the others share equally entire cost of the car,
then the share of each of the remaining persons increased by : [1 Mark, May 2007]
(a) 1/9
(b) 1/8
(c) 1/7
(d) 7/8
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Question 7.
A bag contains ₹ 187 in the form of 1 rupee, 50 paise and 10 paise coins in the ratio
3:4:5. Find the number of each type of coins: [1 Mark, May 2007]
(a) 102, 136, 170
(b) 136, 102, 170
(c) 170, 102, 136
(d) None
Question 8.
Ratio of earnings of A and B is 4 : 7. If the earnings of A increase by 50% and those
of B decrease by 25%, the new ratio of their earning becomes 8 : 7. What is A’s
earning ?
(a) ₹ 21,000
(b) ₹ 26,000
(c) ₹ 28,000
(d) Data inadequate [1 Mark, Aug. 2007]
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Question 9.
P, Q and R are three cities. The ratio of average temperature between P and Q is 11 :
12 and that of between P and R is 9: 8. The ratio between the average temperature
of Q and R is : [1 Mark, Aug. 2007]
(a) 22: 27
(b) 27: 22
(c) 32: 33
(d) None
Question 10.
₹ 407 are to be divided among A, B and C so that their shares are in the
ratio 14:15:16
The respective shares of A, B, C are: [1 Mark, Nov. 2007]
(a) ₹ 165, ₹ 132, ₹ 110
(b) ₹ 165, ₹ 110, ₹ 132
(c) ₹ 132, ₹ 110, ₹ 165
(d) ₹ 110, ₹ 132, ₹ 165.
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Question 11.
The incomes of A and B are in the ratio 3 :2 and their expenditures in the ratio 5 : 3.
If each saves ₹ 1,500, then B’s income is : [1 Mark, Nov. 2007]
(a) ₹ 6,000
(b) ₹ 4,500
(c) ₹ 3,000
(d) ₹ 7,500
Question 12.
In 40 litres mixture of glycerine and water, the ratio of glycerine and water is 3:1.
The quantity of water added in the mixture in order to make this ratio 2:1 is : [1
Mark, Feb. 2008 ]
(a) 15 litres
(b) 10 litres
(c) 8 litres
(d) 5 litres
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Question 13.
The third proportional between (a2 – b2) and (a + b)2 is : [1 Mark, Feb. 2008]
(a) a+ba−b
(b) a−ba+b
(c) (a−b)2a+b
(d) (a+b)3a−b
Question 14.
In what ratio should tea worth ₹ 10 per kg. be mixed with tea worth ₹ 14 per kg., so
that the average price of the mixture may be ₹ 11 per kg.? [1 Mark, June 2008]
(a) 2 : 1
(b) 3 : 1
(c) 3 : 2
(d) 4 : 3
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Question 15.
The ages of two persons are in the ratio 5:7. Eighteen years ago their ages were in
the ratio of 8:13, their present ages (in years) are : [1 Mark, June 2008]
(a) 50; 70
(b) 70,50
(c) 40,56
(d) None
Question 16.
If A, B and C started a business by investing ₹ 1,26,000, ₹ 84,000 and ₹ 2,10,000. If at
the end of the year profit is ₹ 2,42,000 then the share of each is : [1 Mark, Dec.
2008]
(a) ₹ 72,600; ₹ 48,400 ; ₹ 1,21,000
(b) ₹ 48,400 ; ₹ 1,21,000 ; ₹ 72,600
(c) ₹ 72,000 ; ₹ 49,000 ; ₹ 1,21,000
(d) ₹ 48,000 ; ₹ 1,21,400 ; ₹ 72,600
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Question 17.
If pq=−23 then the value of 2p+q2p−q is: [1 Mark, June 2009]
(a) 1
(b) −17
(c) 17
(d) 7
Question 18.
Fourth proportional to x, 2x, (x +1) is :
(a) x + 2
(b) (x + 2)
(c) (2x + 2)
(d) (2x – 2)
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Question 19.
What must be added to each term of the ratio 49 : 68 so that it becomes 3 : 4? [1
Mark, June 2010]
(a) 3
(b) 5
(c) 8
(d) 9)
Question 20.
The students of two classes are in the ratios 5 : 7, if 10 students left from each class,
the remaining students are in the ratio of 4 : 6, then the number of students in each
class was : [1 Mark, June 2010]
(a) 30, 40
(b) 25, 24
(c) 40, 60
(d) 50, 70
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Question 21.
If A: B= 2: 5, then (10A + 3B) : (5A + 2B) is equal to: [1 Mark, Dec. 2010]
(a) 7: 4
(b) 7: 3
(c) 6: 5
(d) 7: 9
Answer:
Question 22.
In a film shooting, A and B received money in a certain ratio and B and C also
received the money in the same ratio. If A gets ₹ 1,60,000 and C gets ₹ 2,50,000.
Find the amount received by B ? [1 Mark, June 2011]
(a) ₹ 2,00,000
(b) ₹ 2,50,000
(c) ₹ 1,00,000
(d) ₹ 1,50,000
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Question 23.
The ratio compounded of 4:5 and sub-duplicate of “ a” : 9 is 8:15. Then value of “a”
is: [1 Mark, Dec. 2011]
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
Question 24.
If X varies inversely as square of Y and given that Y=2 for X = 1, then the value of X
for Y =6 will be: [1 Mark, Dec. 2011]
(a) 3
(b) 9
(c) 1/3
(d) 6
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Question 25.
Which of the numbers are not in proportion ?
(a) 6, 8, 5, 7
(b) 7, 14, 6, 12
(c) 18, 27,12, 18
(d) 8, 6, 12, 9
Question 26.
Find two numbers such that mean proportional between them is 18 and third
proportional between them is 144: [1 Mark, Dec. 2012]
(a) 9 ; 36
(b) 8 ; 32
(c) 7 ; 28
(d) 6 ; 14
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Question 27.
Triplicate ratio of 4 : 5 is: [1 Mark, June 2013]
(a) 125 : 64
(b) 16 : 25
(c) 64 : 125
(d) 120 : 46
Question 28.
The mean proportion between 24 and 54 is _______. [1 Mark, June 2013]
(a) 33
(b) 34
(c) 35
(d) 36
Question 29.
The ratio of numbers is 1:2:3 and sum of their squares is 504 then the numbers are:
[1 Mark, Dec. 2013]
(a) 6, 12, 18
(b) 3, 6, 9
(c) 4, 8, 12
(d) 5, 10, 15
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Question 30.
If P is 25% less than Q and R is 20% higher than Q the Ratio of R and P: [1 Mark, Dec.
2013]
(a) 5:8
(b) 8:5
(c) 5:3
(d) 3:5
Question 31.
A person has assets worth ₹ 1,48,200. He wish to divide it amongst his wife, son and
daughter in the ratio 3:2:1 respectively. From this assets the share of his son will be:
[1 Mark, June 2014]
(a) ₹ 74,100
(b) ₹ 37,050
(c) ₹ 49,400
(d) ₹ 24, 700
Question 32.
If x : y = 2 : 3 then (5x+2y): (3x -y) = [1 Mark, June 2014]
(a) 19 : 3
(b) 16: 3
(c) 7 : 2
(d) 7: 3
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Question 33.
The first, second and third month salaries of aperson are in the ratio 2:4:5. The
difference between the product of the salaries of first 2 months & last 2 months is ₹
4,80,00,000. Find the salary of the second month [1 Mark, Dec. 2014]
(a) ₹ 4,000
(b) ₹ 6,000
(c) ₹ 12,000
(d) ₹ 8,000
Question 34.
(2p2 – q2) = 7pq, where p, q are positive then p : q. [1 Mark, June 2015]
(a) 5:6
(b) 5:7
(c) 3:5
(d) 3:7
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Question 35.
If one type of rice of cost ₹ 13.84 is mixed with another type of rice of cost ₹ 15.54,
the mixture is sold at ₹ 17.60 with a profit of 14.6% on selling price then in which
proportion the two types of rice mixed ? [1 Mark, June 2015]
(a) 3:7
(b) 5:7
(c) 7:9
(d) 9:1
Question 36.
Find the ratio of third proportional of 12 ; 30 and mean proportional of 9; 25 : [1
Mark, Dec. 2015]
(a) 7: 2
(b) 5 : 1
(c) 9 : 4
(d) None of these
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Question 37.
What must be added to each of the numbers 10, 18, 22, 38 to make them
proportional: [1 Mark, Dec. 2015]
(a) 5
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 9
Question 38.
x, y, z together starts a business, if x invests 3 times as much as y invests and y
invests two third of what z invests, then the ratio of capitals of x, y, z is: [1 Mark,
June 2016]
(a) 3 : 9 : 2
(b) 6: 3: 2
(c) 3 : 6 : 2
(d) 6: 2: 3
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Question 39.
A bag contains 23 number of coins in the form of 1 rupee, 2 rupee and 5 rupee
coins. The total sum of the coins is ?₹ 43. The ratio between 1 rupee and 2 rupees
coins is 3 : 2. Then the number of 1 rupee coins is: [1 Mark, Dec. 2016]
(a) 12
(b) 8
(c) 10
(d) 16
Question 40.
If a: b = 2: 3, b : c = 4: 5, c: d = 6: 7 then a : d is: [1 Mark, June 2017]
(a) 24 : 35
(b) 8 : 15
(c) 16 : 35
(d) 7 : 15
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Question 41.
The ratio of the number of five rupee coins to number of ten rupee coins is 8: 15. If
the total value of five rupee coins is 360, then the no. of ten rupee coins is _______.
[1 Mark, Dec. 2017]
Question 42.
If 12,13,15,1x are in proportion then x = . [1 Mark, Dec. 2017]
(a) 152
(b) 315
(c) 215
(d) 115
Question 43.
If (a + b): (b + c): (c + a) = 7 : 8 : 9 and a + b + c = 18 then a : b : c = . [1 Mark, June
2018]
(a) 5 : 4 : 3
(b) 3 : 4 : 5
(c) 4 : 3 : 5
(d) 4: 5 : 3
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Question 44.
If p : q is the sub-duplicate ratio of p – x2:q – x2, then x2 is : [1 Mark, May 2018]
(a) pp+q
(b) qp+q
(c) qpp−q
(d) None
Question 45.
The mean proportional between 24 and 54 is : [1 Mark, May 2018]
(a) 33
(b) 34
(c) 35
(d) 36
Question 46.
3x−25x+6 is the duplicate ratio of 23 then find the value of x : [1 Mark, Nov. 2018]
(a) 6
(b) 2
(c) 5
(d) 9
Question 47.
If x : y : z = 7 : 4 : 11 then (x+y+z)/z is: [1 Mark, Nov. 2018]
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
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Question 48.
If the ratio of two numbers is 7 : 11. If 7 is added to each number then the new ratio
will be 2 : 3 then the numbers are. [1 Mark, June 2019 ]
(a) 49,77
(b) 42,45
(c) 43,42
(d) 39,40
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