What is framework?

a frame work is a pre-written set of code or tools that helps developers build applications faster and
more efficiently by providing a standard structure and reusable components.

✅ What is Spring Boot?

Spring Boot is a framework built on top of the Spring Framework. It simplifies the setup,
development, and deployment of Spring applications by eliminating boilerplate code and
configurations.

It is:

 Opinionated (comes with default configurations)

 Standalone (can run without a web server like Tomcat externally installed)

 Production-ready (metrics, health checks, etc.)

📌 Applications of Spring Boot

 REST API Development

 Microservices

 Web applications (CRUD)

 Enterprise Applications

 Real-Time Systems (with WebSockets)

 IoT Backends

 Cloud-Native Apps

✅ Advantages of Spring Boot

 Auto Configuration (no need for XML config)

 Embedded Tomcat, Jetty, or Undertow

 Production-ready with monitoring

 Easy integration with databases, security, etc.

 Simplified dependency management with Spring Boot Starter

 Easy deployment (jar files)

❌ Disadvantages of Spring Boot

 Less control over internal configurations (opinionated)

  Heavy memory usage for microservices (if not optimized)

 Auto-config can sometimes include unwanted dependencies

 Overhead in large monoliths if not modularized

✨ Key Features of Spring Boot

 Auto Configuration

 Spring Initializr (project generator)

 Embedded servers

 Production-ready Actuator

 DevTools for hot reload

 Starter Dependencies

 YAML/Properties Configurations

📖 Evolution of Spring Boot

1. Spring Framework (2002): Dependency Injection, AOP, MVC.

2. Spring Boot (2014): Added simplicity by auto-configuring Spring applications.

3. Now: Most preferred for cloud-native microservice applications.

Spring Boot Architecture

[Client]

[Controller Layer] (REST endpoints)

[Service Layer] (Business Logic)

[Repository Layer] (Database interaction using JPA)

[Database]

 Uses Spring Core, Spring MVC, Spring Data JPA, and Spring Security

🧱 Layers in Spring Boot

1. Presentation Layer – Controllers

2. Business Layer – Services

3. Persistence Layer – Repositories

4. Database Layer – MySQL, MongoDB, etc.

Presentation Layer: Handles HTTP requests, authentication, and JSON conversion.
 Business Layer: Contains business logic, validation, and authorization.

Persistence Layer: Manages database interactions using ORM frameworks like Spring Data
JPA.

Database Layer: Stores application data using relational (MySQL, PostgreSQL) and NoSQL
databases (MongoDB, DynamoDB).

🔁 Spring Boot Flow Architecture

1. User sends HTTP request

2. DispatcherServlet catches it

3. Routes to the appropriate Controller

4. Controller calls the Service

5. Service interacts with Repository

6. Repository performs DB operations

7. Data is returned back to the user

🔄 Request Flow in Spring Boot

Client → Controller → Service → Repository → DB

↑ ← ← ←

Response Generated Here

💡 What is Microservice?

Microservice is an architecture style where a large application is broken down into independent,
loosely-coupled services, each performing a single business task.

Each service:

 Has its own database

 Can be deployed independently

 Communicates via REST APIs or messaging

Microservice Development

1. Define services (e.g., User, Order, Product)

2. Build each using Spring Boot

 3. Connect via REST or Kafka

4. Use Eureka, API Gateway, Config Server

5. Deploy in containers (Docker + Kubernetes)

✅ 7 Major Reasons to Use Spring Boot for Microservices

1. Quick Setup with Spring Initializr

2. Lightweight and Modular

3. Embedded Servers (no need to install Tomcat)

4. Built-in Actuator for health checks

5. Easy Dependency Management with Starters

6. Production-Ready Metrics

7. Cloud Native Support (Spring Cloud)

🆚 Spring vs Spring Boot

feature Spring framework Springboot framework

purpose Core framework for java Extension of spring to simplify
applications development
configuration Manual(xml or java based) Automatic(auto configuration)
Server setup Requires external Has embedded
server(tomcat etc) server(tomcat,jetty etc)
Starter templates Not available Available(spring-boot-starter-
*)
deployment War file,need app server Runnable jar files(java jar)
Boilerplate code More code and setup need Less code and setup is easy
Learning curve steeper Easier and begineer friendly
suitability Large enterprise apps needing Microservice and quick rest
customaization apis

🆚 Spring MVC vs Spring Boot

Feature Spring mvc Spring boot

Framework type Part of thespring framework A full fledged framework built
on spring
configuration Manual setup required(xml or Auto configuration with
java config) minimal setup
Server setup Needs external Comes with embedded
server(eg:deploy to tomcat) server(tomcat,jetty etc)
Project architecture Complex setup(multiple files) Predefined structure with
 spring boot starter
Starter dependencies Not available provided
Deployment format War(web archieve) Jar(java archieve)
focus Web layer and mvc pattern End to end application with
many features
Learning curve Require more setup Easier for beginners and
knowledge faster development
Example use case Traditional java EE-style web Microservices , rest apis, fast
apps backend service

✅ How to Create a Simple Spring Boot Project?

1. Go to https://start.spring.io

2. Choose:

o Project: Maven or Gradle

o Language: Java

o Spring Boot Version

o Add Dependencies: Web, JPA, MySQL, etc.

3. Click "Generate"

4. Extract zip & open in IDE (like IntelliJ or VS Code)

5. Add code and run!

▶️How to Run Spring Boot Application?

Method 1: Using IDE

 Open Application.java file (annotated with @SpringBootApplication)

 Right-click → Run

Method 2: Using Command Line

./mvnw spring-boot:run

or

java -jar target/your-app.jar

Great question! In Spring Boot and the Spring Framework, annotations play a huge role in reducing
boilerplate code and enabling powerful features with just a few lines.

Let’s break down everything you’ve asked, step-by-step 👇

✅ What is an Annotation?

An annotation is a form of metadata in Java that provides information to the compiler or framework
(like Spring) about how to process the code.

In Spring Boot, annotations are used to:

 Configure beans

 Define REST endpoints

 Control the application flow

 Enable/disable components conditionally

🎯 Use of Annotations in Spring Boot

 Eliminate XML configuration

 Enable auto-configuration

 Create REST APIs

 Inject dependencies

 Set up conditions for bean creation

🔶 Core Spring Boot Annotations

✅ @SpringBootApplication

 Main annotation that marks the entry point of the Spring Boot app.

 It combines:

o @SpringBootConfiguration

o @EnableAutoConfiguration

o @ComponentScan

@SpringBootApplication

public class MyApp {

public static void main(String[] args) {

SpringApplication.run(MyApp.class, args);

✅ @SpringBootConfiguration
  Indicates that the class provides Spring Boot configuration.

 Equivalent to @Configuration.

✅ @EnableAutoConfiguration

 Tells Spring Boot to automatically configure beans based on classpath entries, properties,
etc.

✅ @ComponentScan

 Scans for Spring components like @Component, @Service, @Repository, and @Controller in
the specified package and sub-packages.

🔍 Auto-Configuration Conditions in Spring Boot

Spring Boot uses conditional annotations to control which configuration beans should be created
depending on environment, classpath, properties, etc.

✅ @ConditionalOnClass

 Only applies the configuration if a specified class is present in the classpath.

@ConditionalOnClass(name = "com.example.MyClass")

✅ @ConditionalOnMissingClass

 Applies the configuration only if the specified class is NOT present.

@ConditionalOnMissingClass("com.example.MyClass")

✅ @ConditionalOnBean

 Applies config only if a specific bean exists in the application context.

@ConditionalOnBean(MyService.class)

✅ @ConditionalOnMissingBean

 Applies config only if a bean is NOT already defined.

@ConditionalOnMissingBean(MyService.class)

✅ @ConditionalOnProperty
  Applies config based on application properties.

@ConditionalOnProperty(name = "feature.enabled", havingValue = "true")

✅ @ConditionalOnResource

 Loads config only if a specific file/resource exists.

@ConditionalOnResource(resources = "classpath:myconfig.yaml")

✅ @ConditionalOnWebApplication

 Applies config only in web environments.

✅ @ConditionalOnNotWebApplication

 Applies config only in non-web (CLI, batch) environments.

✅ @ConditionalExpression

 Uses a SpEL (Spring Expression Language) condition.

@ConditionalOnExpression("${my.feature.enabled:true}")

✅ @Conditional

 Most generic; apply bean config based on custom condition logic.

@Conditional(MyCustomCondition.class)

🧩 Spring MVC Annotations (for REST/Web Apps)

✅ @Controller

 Marks a class as a web controller that handles HTTP requests.

 Returns view pages (JSP/HTML) by default.

✅ @RestController

 A combination of @Controller + @ResponseBody

 Used for REST APIs

 Automatically serializes return values to JSON/XML

✅ @RequestMapping

 Maps HTTP requests to methods.

@RequestMapping("/hello")

public String hello() {

return "Hello";

Also supports:

 @GetMapping, @PostMapping, etc.

✅ @RequestParam

 Binds query parameters to method arguments.

@GetMapping("/greet")

public String greet(@RequestParam String name) {

return "Hi " + name;

URL: /greet?name=Suma

✅ @PathVariable

 Binds URI path segments to method parameters.

@GetMapping("/user/{id}")

public String getUser(@PathVariable int id) {

return "User ID: " + id;

URL: /user/101

✅ @RequestBody

 Binds the HTTP request body to a Java object (mainly for POST/PUT).

@PostMapping("/create")

public String createUser(@RequestBody User user) {

return "User created: " + user.getName();

}
✅ @ResponseBody

 Converts method return value to JSON/XML (used with @Controller).

✅ @ModelAttribute

 Binds request parameters to a model object, used for form handling in MVC.

@PostMapping("/register")

public String register(@ModelAttribute User user) {

return "User registered: " + user.getName();

Here's a complete and beginner-friendly guide to Spring Boot Actuator — a very useful tool for
monitoring and managing Spring Boot applications in production.

🔍 What is Spring Boot Actuator?

Spring Boot Actuator is a built-in module in Spring Boot that provides production-ready features
like:

 Application health check

 Metrics gathering

 Environment info

 Log access

 Bean inspection

 Thread dump

 HTTP traces

It gives insight into the running state of the application with exposed endpoints.

✅ Why Use Spring Boot Actuator?

Feature Benefit

Health checks Know if your app is up and running

Metrics CPU, memory, HTTP requests, DB status

Environment details Read current configuration & profiles

Feature Benefit

Log levels control Change log levels at runtime

Thread dumps Debug performance issues

Custom endpoints You can define your own monitoring endpoints

🚀 How to Add Spring Boot Actuator

Step 1: Add to pom.xml (for Maven)

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>

</dependency>

🌐 Common Actuator Endpoints

Once added, these endpoints are available at:

http://localhost:8080/actuator

Endpoint Description

/actuator/health Shows app health status

/actuator/info Custom app info (from properties)

/actuator/beans Lists all Spring beans

/actuator/env Shows environment properties

/actuator/metrics Exposes system & app metrics

/actuator/loggers View and change logging levels

/actuator/mappings Shows all request mappings

/actuator/threaddump Shows thread dump

/actuator/httptrace Last 100 HTTP requests (needs extra dep)

⚙️Configuration in application.properties

Enable all endpoints:

management.endpoints.web.exposure.include=*

Secure sensitive endpoints (optional):

management.endpoint.shutdown.enabled=true

📦 Add Custom Info to /actuator/info

management.endpoint.info.enabled=true

info.app.name=Fake News Detector

info.app.version=1.0.0

info.developer=Suma

Result:

"app": {

"name": "Fake News Detector",

"version": "1.0.0"

},

"developer": "Suma"

🔐 Security for Actuator Endpoints

You can restrict access using Spring Security:

management.endpoints.web.exposure.include=health,info

management.endpoints.web.exposure.exclude=env,beans

📊 Actuator + Prometheus / Grafana Integration

You can expose actuator metrics to Prometheus, and then visualize them using Grafana.

 Add:

<dependency>

<groupId>io.micrometer</groupId>

<artifactId>micrometer-registry-prometheus</artifactId>

</dependency>

 Expose:

management.endpoints.web.exposure.include=prometheus

Access it at:
http://localhost:8080/actuator/prometheus

Custom Endpoints

You can define your own actuator endpoint:

@Component

@Endpoint(id = "customstatus")

public class CustomStatusEndpoint {

@ReadOperation

public String status() {

return "My app is healthy!";

Then visit:

http://localhost:8080/actuator/customstatus

📑 Useful Annotations in Actuator

Annotation Purpose

@Endpoint Defines a custom actuator endpoint

@ReadOperation Marks method as a GET operation

@WriteOperation Marks method as a POST/PUT operation

@DeleteOperation Marks method as DELETE operation

⚙️Spring Boot Admin (Optional)

You can use Spring Boot Admin to monitor multiple Spring Boot apps visually with Actuator support.

📦 Example: Basic application.properties for Actuator

management.endpoints.web.exposure.include=health,info,beans,env,metrics,loggers

info.app.name=NewsMonitor

info.app.version=2.3

info.dev.name=Suma
🔚 Summary Table

Feature Supported By Actuator

Health check ✅

Log level change ✅

Metrics & counters ✅

App environment access ✅

Custom endpoints ✅

REST security optional ✅

Integration with Prometheus ✅

Great! Here's a detailed guide addressing all your questions about Spring Boot development using
Java and IntelliJ IDEA:

✅ How to Create a Basic Application in Java Spring Boot

1. Go to https://start.spring.io

2. Choose:

o Project: Maven

o Language: Java

o Spring Boot version (default is fine)

o Group: com.example

o Artifact: demo

3. Add Dependencies:

o Spring Web

o Spring Data JPA

o H2 (for in-memory DB) or MySQL

4. Click Generate → Extract ZIP

5. Open in IntelliJ IDEA:

o File → Open → Select the extracted folder

✅ Best Practices for Structuring Spring Boot Applications

src/

└── main/

├── java/

│ └── com/example/demo/

│ ├── controller/ # REST controllers

│ ├── service/ # Business logic

│ ├── repository/ # JPA Repositories

│ ├── model/ # Entity classes

│ └── DemoApplication.java # Main class

└── resources/

├── application.properties # Configurations

└── static/ or templates/ # Web content (if needed)

✅ How to Create Spring Boot Project with Spring Initializr and Run in IntelliJ IDEA

1. Go to Spring Initializr → Generate Project

2. Open IntelliJ → Open Project Folder

3. Wait for Maven to import dependencies

4. Locate DemoApplication.java → Right-click → Run

✅ Dynamic Dropdown From Database Using Spring Boot

Entity:

@Entity

public class Category {

@Id

private Long id;

private String name;

Repository:

public interface CategoryRepository extends JpaRepository<Category, Long> {}

Controller:

@RestController
public class CategoryController {

@Autowired

private CategoryRepository repo;

@GetMapping("/categories")

public List<Category> getCategories() {

return repo.findAll();

Frontend (HTML/JS fetch):

<select id="dropdown"></select>

<script>

fetch('/categories')

.then(res => res.json())

.then(data => {

const dropdown = document.getElementById('dropdown');

data.forEach(item => {

let option = document.createElement("option");

option.text = item.name;

option.value = item.id;

dropdown.add(option);

});

});

</script>

✅ How to Get the Body of Request in Spring Boot

In Spring Boot, the @RequestBody annotation is used to access the body of an HTTP request. This
annotation binds the incoming request body to a method parameter in a controller.

@PostMapping("/user")

public ResponseEntity<String> createUser(@RequestBody User user) {

return ResponseEntity.ok("Received user: " + user.getName());

}
✅ How to Make PUT Request in Spring Boot
@PutMapping: This spring boot annotation is used for handling the incoming put request from the
client side.

@PutMapping("/user/{id}")

public ResponseEntity<User> updateUser(@PathVariable Long id, @RequestBody User user) {

user.setId(id);

return ResponseEntity.ok(userRepository.save(user));

Use tools like Postman or curl to test PUT request.

✅ Spring Boot Code Structure (Typical)

- controller/

- service/

- model/

- repository/

- config/

- exception/

- utils/
com

+- gfg

+- demo

+- MyApplication.java

+- customer

| +- Customer.java

| +- CustomerController.java

| +- CustomerService.java

| +- CustomerRepository.java

+- order

+- Order.java
 +- OrderController.java

+- OrderService.java

+- OrderRepository.java

Follow SOLID principles, DTOs, and Exception Handling practices.

✅ About RestTemplate

What is RestTemplate?

A synchronous client to perform HTTP requests and consume REST services.

Features:

 Perform GET, POST, PUT, DELETE

 Supports headers, body, query params

Example:

@Autowired

private RestTemplate restTemplate;

@GetMapping("/call-external")

public String callAPI() {

String response = restTemplate.getForObject("https://api.example.com/data", String.class);

return response;

Add Bean:

@Bean

public RestTemplate restTemplate() {

return new RestTemplate();

✅ What is Port Number?

 A port is a communication endpoint (e.g., 8080 is used by default in Spring Boot).

 URL format: http://localhost:8080

✅ How to Change the Default Port in Spring Boot?

In application.properties:

server.port=9090

✅ About Spring Boot Scheduling

Spring Boot provides the ability to schedule tasks for execution at a given time period with the
help of @Scheduled annotation.

Enable Scheduling:

@SpringBootApplication

@EnableScheduling

public class DemoApplication {}

Scheduled Task:

@Component

public class MyTask {

@Scheduled(fixedRate = 5000)

public void runEvery5Sec() {

System.out.println("Running every 5 seconds");

✅ Spring Boot - Sending Email via SMTP

Add Dependency:

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-mail</artifactId>

</dependency>

Add in application.properties:

spring.mail.host=smtp.gmail.com

spring.mail.port=587

[email protected]

spring.mail.password=your_app_password

spring.mail.properties.mail.smtp.auth=true
spring.mail.properties.mail.smtp.starttls.enable=true

Send Email:

@Autowired

private JavaMailSender mailSender;

public void sendMail() {

SimpleMailMessage msg = new SimpleMailMessage();

msg.setTo("[email protected]");

msg.setSubject("Test");

msg.setText("Hello from Spring Boot");

mailSender.send(msg);

Would you like a complete IntelliJ Spring Boot project zip or GitHub link with all these features
implemented together?

Certainly! Here's a comprehensive guide covering the advanced Spring Boot topics you've inquired
about:

🔁 Transaction Management with @Transactional

The @Transactional annotation in Spring Boot manages transactions to ensure data integrity. It can
be applied at the class or method level. When a method annotated with @Transactional is executed,
Spring manages the transaction, committing it if the method completes successfully or rolling it back
if an exception occurs. (geeksforgeeks.org, javacodehouse.com)

Example:

@Transactional

public void transferFunds(Account from, Account to, BigDecimal amount) {

withdraw(from, amount);
 deposit(to, amount);

🔄 Mapping Entity to DTO using ModelMapper

ModelMapper is a library that simplifies the mapping between objects, such as converting entities to
DTOs and vice versa. (geeksforgeeks.org)

Setup:

1. Add Dependency:

2. <dependency>

3. <groupId>org.modelmapper</groupId>

4. <artifactId>modelmapper</artifactId>

5. <version>3.2.0</version>

6. </dependency>

7. Configure Bean:

8. @Bean

9. public ModelMapper modelMapper() {

10. return new ModelMapper();

11. }

12. Usage:

13. UserDTO userDTO = modelMapper.map(userEntity, UserDTO.class);

✅ Validation using Hibernate Validator

Spring Boot integrates Hibernate Validator for bean validation, allowing you to enforce constraints on
your data models. (geeksforgeeks.org)

Example:

public class User {

@NotNull

private String name;

@Email

private String email;

}
Controller:

@PostMapping("/users")

public ResponseEntity<String> createUser(@Valid @RequestBody User user) {

// Processing logic

🧠 Cache Providers in Spring Boot

Spring Boot supports various caching providers, including:

 EhCache

 Redis

 Caffeine

 Guava

You can configure the desired cache provider in your application.properties file. (geeksforgeeks.org)

Example:

spring.cache.type=ehcache

📋 Logging in Spring Boot

Spring Boot uses SLF4J with Logback as the default logging framework. By default, logs are output to
the console. To write logs to a file, configure the following in application.properties: (docs.spring.io)

logging.file.name=app.log

⚙️Auto-Configuration in Spring Boot

Spring Boot's auto-configuration feature automatically configures your application based on the
dependencies present in the classpath. This reduces the need for manual configuration.

EhCache Integration

EhCache is a popular caching solution that can be integrated into Spring Boot applications. To use
EhCache:

1. Add Dependency:

2. <dependency>

3. <groupId>org.ehcache</groupId>

4. <artifactId>ehcache</artifactId>
 5. <version>3.10.8</version>

6. </dependency>

7. Configure Cache:
Define your cache settings in an ehcache.xml file and place it in the resources directory.

📁 File Handling in Spring Boot

Spring Boot allows for file upload and download through RESTful web services. (geeksforgeeks.org)

Controller Example:

@PostMapping("/upload")

public ResponseEntity<String> handleFileUpload(@RequestParam("file") MultipartFile file) {

// File processing logic

return ResponseEntity.ok("File uploaded successfully");

🧪 Starter Test

The spring-boot-starter-test dependency includes testing libraries like JUnit, Mockito, and AssertJ,
facilitating unit and integration testing in Spring Boot applications.

Example:

@SpringBootTest

public class UserServiceTest {

@Autowired

private UserService userService;

@Test

public void testUserCreation() {

// Test logic

⚠️Exception Handling

Spring Boot provides a robust mechanism for exception handling using @ControllerAdvice and
@ExceptionHandler.
Example:

@ControllerAdvice

public class GlobalExceptionHandler {

@ExceptionHandler(ResourceNotFoundException.class)

public ResponseEntity<String> handleNotFound(ResourceNotFoundException ex) {

return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND).body(ex.getMessage());

📦 Packaging

Spring Boot applications can be packaged as executable JARs or WARs. By default, Spring Boot
creates a fat JAR that includes all dependencies.

Maven Plugin Configuration:

<build>

<plugins>

<plugin>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>

</plugin>

</plugins>

</build>

🌿 Thymeleaf Integration

Thymeleaf is a modern server-side Java template engine for both web and standalone environments.
Spring Boot integrates seamlessly with Thymeleaf.

Setup:

1. Add Dependency:

2. <dependency>

3. <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

4. <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf</artifactId>

5. </dependency>
 6. Create Templates:
Place your .html files in the src/main/resources/templates directory.

🔄 DevTools

Spring Boot DevTools provides features like automatic restarts, live reload, and configurations for
enhanced development experience.

Add Dependency:

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring

::contentReference[oaicite:87]{index=87}

Here's a clear and complete explanation of each Spring Boot topic you've listed:

✅ 1. Dependency Management

Spring Boot uses Maven or Gradle to manage dependencies. It simplifies versions with a Spring Boot
BOM (Bill of Materials) so you don’t have to manually manage dependency versions.

<dependencyManagement>

<dependencies>

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-dependencies</artifactId>

<version>3.2.0</version>

<type>pom</type>

<scope>import</scope>

</dependency>

</dependencies>

</dependencyManagement>

✅ 2. Caching in Spring Boot

Used to improve performance by storing frequently accessed data.

Steps to use:
 1. Add annotation: @EnableCaching in main class.

2. Annotate method with @Cacheable, @CachePut, or @CacheEvict.

@Cacheable("users")

public User getUserById(Long id) {

return userRepository.findById(id).orElse(null);

Configure in application.properties:

spring.cache.type=simple

You can use EhCache, Redis, or Caffeine as a provider.

✅ 3. spring-boot-starter-web

It is a starter that includes all necessary dependencies for:

 REST API creation (Spring MVC)

 Embedded Tomcat server

 JSON handling via Jackson

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>

</dependency>

✅ 4. application.properties in Spring Boot

Used to configure Spring Boot behavior.

Examples:

server.port=8081

spring.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test

logging.level.org.springframework=DEBUG

You can also use application.yml (YAML format).

✅ 5. spring-boot-starter-parent

A special parent in Spring Boot that manages default versions of libraries.

<parent>
 <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>

<version>3.2.0</version>

</parent>

✅ 6. What is a Starter? Types & Uses

A starter is a predefined dependency set to help you get started quickly.

Types of Starters:

 spring-boot-starter-web: For building web apps

 spring-boot-starter-data-jpa: For using Spring Data JPA

 spring-boot-starter-security: For authentication

 spring-boot-starter-test: For unit & integration testing

Use: Avoids boilerplate dependency configuration.

✅ 7. Difference: @Service vs @Repository

Annotation Purpose

@Service Business logic layer

@Repository DAO layer, integrates with database

🔹 Both are Spring components but @Repository catches DB exceptions (e.g., DataAccessException)
and converts them into Spring exceptions.

✅ 8. How to Make a Simple @RestController

@RestController

@RequestMapping("/api")

public class HelloController {

@GetMapping("/hello")

public String sayHello() {

return "Hello, Spring Boot!";

}
✅ 9. How to Implement Simple Authentication in Spring Boot

1. Add spring-boot-starter-security dependency.

2. Spring creates a default login form.

3. You can override it using SecurityConfig.

@Configuration

@EnableWebSecurity

public class SecurityConfig extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter {

@Override

protected void configure(AuthenticationManagerBuilder auth) throws Exception {

auth.inMemoryAuthentication()

.withUser("user").password("{noop}pass").roles("USER");

@Override

protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {

http.authorizeRequests().anyRequest().authenticated()

.and().formLogin();

✅ 10. What is @PathVariable?

Used to bind a URI path variable to a method parameter.

@GetMapping("/user/{id}")

public String getUser(@PathVariable int id) {

return "User ID is " + id;

Request: GET /user/42 → id = 42

✅ 11. Validation in Spring Boot

Steps:

1. Add spring-boot-starter-validation dependency.

2. Use annotations like @NotNull, @Email, etc.

3. Annotate method with @Valid.

public class User {

@NotNull

private String name;

@Email

private String email;

@PostMapping("/users")

public String saveUser(@Valid @RequestBody User user, BindingResult result) {

if (result.hasErrors()) return "Invalid input";

return "User saved";

✅ 12. What is CommandLineRunner Interface?

Executes logic after the Spring Boot app starts.

@Component

public class AppStartupRunner implements CommandLineRunner {

@Override

public void run(String... args) {

System.out.println("App started");

Would you like a downloadable mini Spring Boot project that includes these all in one place?

Here's a full guide covering all your Spring Boot REST-related questions, clearly explained with
comparisons, examples, and practical use:
🔀 spring-boot-starter-web vs spring-boot-starter-tomcat

Feature spring-boot-starter-web spring-boot-starter-tomcat

Purpose Complete web support (MVC, Jackson, Tomcat) Only embeds Tomcat server

Spring MVC, Jackson, validation, embedded

Includes Only Tomcat (no MVC or REST support)
Tomcat

Custom web apps where only server

Use Case Creating REST APIs & full web apps
needed

Typical Use Common default starter Custom server setups (rare)

📌 Note: spring-boot-starter-web already includes spring-boot-starter-tomcat, so you usually don't

need to add Tomcat separately.

🌐 Spring Boot – Introduction to RESTful Web Services

What is REST?

REST (Representational State Transfer) is an API design architecture that uses:

 HTTP methods: GET, POST, PUT, DELETE

 JSON/XML for data exchange

 Stateless communication

REST Principles in Spring Boot:

 Lightweight

 Stateless

 Resource-based

 Uses HTTP verbs

🧪 Spring Boot – REST API Example (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE)

1. Model (User.java)

public class User {

private Long id;

private String name;

private String email;

// Getters & Setters

2. Controller (UserController.java)
@RestController

@RequestMapping("/api/users")

public class UserController {

private Map<Long, User> users = new HashMap<>();

@GetMapping

public List<User> getAllUsers() {

return new ArrayList<>(users.values());

@PostMapping

public String createUser(@RequestBody User user) {

users.put(user.getId(), user);

return "User created";

@PutMapping("/{id}")

public String updateUser(@PathVariable Long id, @RequestBody User user) {

users.put(id, user);

return "User updated";

@DeleteMapping("/{id}")

public String deleteUser(@PathVariable Long id) {

users.remove(id);

return "User deleted";

🔧 How to Create REST API using Spring Boot (Step-by-Step)

✅ 1. Use Spring Initializr

 Go to: https://start.spring.io

 Add dependencies:

o Spring Boot Starter Web

o Spring Boot DevTools (optional)

 Generate project and unzip.

✅ 2. Open in IntelliJ IDEA

 Open the project

 Make sure Maven/Gradle is synced

✅ 3. Create:

 model package → your POJO classes

 controller package → REST controllers

✅ 4. Run Application

 Main file: Application.java

@SpringBootApplication

public class Application {

public static void main(String[] args) {

SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);

 Run using IntelliJ run button or mvn spring-boot:run

🧪 Easiest REST Controller in Spring Boot

@RestController

public class HelloController {

@GetMapping("/hello")

public String sayHello() {

return "Hello, World!";

}
📦 Using JSON with Jackson in Spring Boot

 Jackson is the default JSON processor in Spring Boot.

 Automatically converts POJOs to JSON and vice versa.

Example:

@PostMapping("/user")

public User addUser(@RequestBody User user) {

return user; // Auto-converted to JSON in response

No configuration needed. Jackson is included with:

<dependency>

<groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>

<artifactId>jackson-databind</artifactId>

</dependency>

✅ Summary Table

Task Tool / Feature

REST API support spring-boot-starter-web

Embedded server Tomcat (included)

JSON support Jackson

Data format @RequestBody, @ResponseBody

Simple endpoint @RestController + @GetMapping

Project creation Spring Initializr + IntelliJ

Would you like a downloadable complete project zip for this REST example?

Great! Here's a clear and structured guide covering all your Spring Boot database-related topics:

🔹 1. Spring Boot – H2 Database

 H2 is an in-memory database great for testing or lightweight apps.

Steps:

1. Add dependency:

<dependency>

<groupId>com.h2database</groupId>

<artifactId>h2</artifactId>

<scope>runtime</scope>

</dependency>

2. Enable H2 console in application.properties:

spring.h2.console.enabled=true

spring.datasource.url=jdbc:h2:mem:testdb

3. Access Console at: http://localhost:8080/h2-console

🔹 2. Spring Boot – JDBC

JDBC connects directly with the database using SQL queries.

Dependency:

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-jdbc</artifactId>

</dependency>

Example:

@Autowired

JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;

public List<User> findAll() {

return jdbcTemplate.query("SELECT * FROM users", new BeanPropertyRowMapper<>(User.class));

✅ Advantages:

 Fine-grained control

 High performance

 Good for legacy systems

🔹 3. Spring Boot – CRUD Operations

 CRUD = Create, Read, Update, Delete using Spring MVC + Repository.

CREATE Operation: Performs the INSERT statement to create a new record.

 READ Operation: Reads table records based on the input parameter.

 UPDATE Operation: Executes an update statement on the table. It is based on the input
parameter.

 DELETE Operation: Deletes a specified row in the table. It is also based on the input
parameter.

🔹 4. Spring Boot – Integrating Hibernate & JPA

In simple terms, JPA is a set of rules (a specification) for how to manage data between Java
applications and relational databases.

Hibernate is one way to implement those rules, a popular Object-Relational Mapping (ORM)
framework that actually does the work of mapping Java objects to database tables.

Hibernate is the JPA implementation. You use:

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>

</dependency>

Entity Example:

@Entity

public class User {

@Id

@GeneratedValue

private Long id;

private String name;

🔹 5. MongoRepository Example
MongoRepository extends the PagingAndSortingRepository and QueryByExampleExecutor
interfaces that further extend the CrudRepository interface. MongoRepository provides all the
necessary methods which help to create a CRUD application and it also supports the custom
derived query methods.

Dependency:

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-mongodb</artifactId>

</dependency>

Repository:

public interface UserRepository extends MongoRepository<User, String> {}

🔹 6. JpaRepository Example
JpaRepository is a JPA (Java Persistence API) specific extension of Repository. It contains the full
API of CrudRepository and PagingAndSortingRepository . So it contains API for basic CRUD
operations and also API for pagination and sorting

public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> {}

🔹 7. CrudRepository Example
CrudRepository. The CrudRepository interface is the most basic of the repository interfaces
provided by the Spring Data JPA. It defines the collection of the methods for the CRUD (Create,
Read, Update, Delete) operations on the entities.

public interface UserRepository extends CrudRepository<User, Long> {}

🔹 8. CrudRepository vs JpaRepository

Feature CrudRepository JpaRepository

Basic CRUD ✅ Yes ✅ Yes

Paging & Sorting ❌ No ✅ Yes (findAll(Pageable))

JPA-specific ❌ No ✅ Yes (e.g., flush, batch insert)

Recommendation Minimal apps Most JPA use-cases

🔹 9. CRUD with MongoDB

 Uses @Document instead of @Entity

 Uses MongoRepository
🔹 10. Connect MongoDB with Spring Boot

 Add the MongoDB dependency.

 Configure in application.properties:

spring.data.mongodb.uri=mongodb://localhost:27017/mydb

🔹 11. Spring Boot – Spring Data JPA

Spring Data JPA is a powerful tool that simplifies database access in Spring Boot applications. It's
part of the larger Spring Data family, which aims to make it easier to build Spring-powered
applications that use data access technologies.

 Works with JPA-compliant databases (MySQL, PostgreSQL).

 Uses interface-based Repositories like JpaRepository.

🔹 12. CRUD with MySQL

Maven Dependencies:

<dependency>

<groupId>mysql</groupId>

<artifactId>mysql-connector-j</artifactId>

</dependency>

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>

</dependency>

Configuration:

spring.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/testdb

spring.datasource.username=root

spring.datasource.password=yourpassword

spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=update

🔹 13. Spring Boot Integration Projects

✅ MySQL:

 Add JPA + MySQL dependency

 Configure DB in properties
  Create @Entity + JpaRepository

✅ MongoDB:

 Add MongoDB starter

 Create @Document classes + MongoRepository

✅ PostgreSQL:

 Change DB URL & driver:

spring.datasource.url=jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/testdb

spring.datasource.driver-class-name=org.postgresql.Driver

🔹 14. Sample JPA Query Methods

List<User> findByEmail(String email);

List<User> findByAgeGreaterThan(int age);

✅ 15. How to Make a Full Maven Project with Spring Boot, MySQL, and JPA?

Steps:

1. Use Spring Initializr

o Add: Spring Web, Spring Data JPA, MySQL Driver

2. Define DB config in application.properties

3. Create:

o Entity class

o Repository interface

o Service class (optional)

o RestController

4. Run main app class.

Would you like a downloadable Maven project template with MySQL or MongoDB to start quickly?

Here’s a structured overview of Spring Boot with Microservices, including a sample project outline
and communication methods:

🚀 Spring Boot with Microservices – Overview

Microservices is an architectural style that structures an application as a collection of loosely coupled

services. Spring Boot simplifies microservice development by:
  Reducing boilerplate code

 Providing embedded servers

 Offering integration with tools like Eureka, Zuul, OpenFeign, Kafka, etc.

🧱 Java Spring Boot Microservices Sample Project (Structure)

🧩 Project Components:

1. API Gateway (Spring Cloud Gateway / Zuul)

2. Discovery Server (Eureka Server)

3. Config Server (Spring Cloud Config)

4. Microservices:

o User-Service

o Order-Service

o Product-Service

5. Common Components:

o Centralized Logging (e.g., ELK)

o Resilience (Circuit Breaker via Resilience4j)

o API Docs (Swagger/OpenAPI)

📡 Different Ways to Establish Communication Between Spring Microservices

Method Type Description When to Use

Makes HTTP calls between

RestTemplate Synchronous Simple, legacy-style calls
services

WebClient Non-blocking alternative to Modern, better for

Synchronous/Reactive
(Reactive) RestTemplate reactive

Clean code, ideal for

OpenFeign Declarative REST Auto-generates REST clients
many calls

Event-driven communication Decoupling, event-based

RabbitMQ / Kafka Asynchronous
(message queues) systems

High-performance, contract-first Low latency, fast

gRPC Binary Protocol
RPC communication

Eureka +
Service Discovery Dynamic service lookup In dynamic environments
LoadBalancer
Method Type Description When to Use

Spring Cloud
API Gateway Unified entry point for routing Secure, scalable APIs
Gateway

✅ Spring Boot Microservices – Sample Flow (Example: E-Commerce App)

1. user-service

 Registers with Eureka

 Has endpoints like /users/{id}

2. order-service

 Calls user-service using Feign or RestTemplate

 Contains endpoints like /orders

3. API Gateway

 Routes /user/** to user-service

 Routes /order/** to order-service

📦 Sample Feign Client

@FeignClient(name = "user-service")

public interface UserClient {

@GetMapping("/users/{id}")

User getUserById(@PathVariable Long id);

Here’s a detailed guide on using Apache Kafka with Spring Boot, covering everything from basic
producer-consumer examples to advanced use cases like integrating with ElasticSearch and
Grafana.

🧭 Spring Boot with Apache Kafka – Overview

Apache Kafka is a distributed event streaming platform used for:

 Real-time data pipelines

 High-throughput event processing

 Communication between microservices

🔁 Spring Boot Kafka Producer Example – String Message

1. Maven Dependency:

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.kafka</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-kafka</artifactId>

</dependency>

2. Configuration (application.properties):

spring.kafka.bootstrap-servers=localhost:9092

spring.kafka.producer.key-serializer=org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringSerializer

spring.kafka.producer.value-serializer=org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringSerializer

3. Producer Service:

@Service

public class KafkaProducer {

@Autowired

private KafkaTemplate<String, String> kafkaTemplate;

public void sendMessage(String topic, String message) {

kafkaTemplate.send(topic, message);

📥 Spring Boot Kafka Consumer Example – String Message

@KafkaListener(topics = "string-topic", groupId = "group-id")

public void listen(String message) {

System.out.println("Received: " + message);

🧾 Spring Boot – JSON Message Handling with Kafka

JSON Producer:

@Service

public class JsonProducer {

 @Autowired

private KafkaTemplate<String, User> kafkaTemplate;

public void sendJson(String topic, User user) {

kafkaTemplate.send(topic, user);

Kafka Configuration:

@Bean

public ProducerFactory<String, User> producerFactory() {

Map<String, Object> config = new HashMap<>();

config.put(ProducerConfig.VALUE_SERIALIZER_CLASS_CONFIG, JsonSerializer.class);

return new DefaultKafkaProducerFactory<>(config);

@Bean

public KafkaTemplate<String, User> kafkaTemplate() {

return new KafkaTemplate<>(producerFactory());

JSON Consumer:

@KafkaListener(topics = "json-topic", groupId = "group-id", containerFactory =

"userKafkaListenerFactory")

public void consumeJson(User user) {

System.out.println("Received JSON: " + user);

@Bean

public ConcurrentKafkaListenerContainerFactory<String, User> userKafkaListenerFactory() {

ConcurrentKafkaListenerContainerFactory<String, User> factory = new

ConcurrentKafkaListenerContainerFactory<>();

factory.setConsumerFactory(new DefaultKafkaConsumerFactory<>(/* configs */));

return factory;
}

📌 Create and Configure Topics

@Bean

public NewTopic topic1() {

return TopicBuilder.name("topic-name")

.partitions(3)

.replicas(1)

.build();

🔄 Start/Stop Kafka Listener Dynamically

@Autowired

private KafkaListenerEndpointRegistry registry;

public void stopListener(String id) {

registry.getListenerContainer(id).stop();

public void startListener(String id) {

registry.getListenerContainer(id).start();

Assign listener an ID using:

@KafkaListener(id = "myListener", topics = "my-topic")

📦 Message Compression in Kafka

spring.kafka.producer.properties.compression.type=gzip

Types: gzip, snappy, lz4, zstd

📊 Kafka → ElasticSearch → Grafana

Flow:
 1. Kafka: Consumes logs/events

2. Spring Boot: Reads message and stores to ElasticSearch

3. Grafana: Connects to ElasticSearch and visualizes the data

ElasticSearch Save Code (within listener):

@Autowired

private RestHighLevelClient client;

public void saveToElastic(User user) {

IndexRequest request = new IndexRequest("users");

request.source(new ObjectMapper().writeValueAsString(user), XContentType.JSON);

client.index(request, RequestOptions.DEFAULT);

✅ Summary

Task Method

Produce String KafkaTemplate<String, String>

Produce JSON KafkaTemplate<String, Object> + JsonSerializer

Consume String @KafkaListener

Consume JSON @KafkaListener + custom factory

Dynamic Listener KafkaListenerEndpointRegistry

Compression Set compression.type

Visualize Data Save to Elastic → Visualize in Grafana

Here's a complete and well-structured guide covering Spring Boot with AOP (Aspect-Oriented
Programming):

✅ 1. What is AOP in Spring Boot?

AOP (Aspect-Oriented Programming) is a programming paradigm that allows you to separate cross-
cutting concerns (like logging, security, transactions) from the main business logic.

Think of AOP as adding behavior before, after, or around the actual method execution without
modifying the code itself.
📌 2. Key AOP Terminologies

Term Description

Aspect A module containing cross-cutting concerns

Join Point A point during program execution (like method call)

Advice Action taken at a join point (before, after, around)

Pointcut Expression to match join points

Weaving Linking aspects with application types

3. How to Implement AOP in Spring Boot

Step 1: Add AOP Dependency

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-aop</artifactId>

</dependency>

Step 2: Create an Aspect Class

@Aspect

@Component

public class LoggingAspect {

@Before("execution(* com.example.service.*.*(..))")

public void logBefore(JoinPoint joinPoint) {

System.out.println("Before: " + joinPoint.getSignature().getName());

@After("execution(* com.example.service.*.*(..))")

public void logAfter(JoinPoint joinPoint) {

System.out.println("After: " + joinPoint.getSignature().getName());

}
🧭 4. Spring Boot – AOP Advices

✅ @Before Advice

Executed before the method:

@Before("execution(* com.example.service.*.*(..))")

✅ @After Advice

Executed after the method (regardless of outcome):

@After("execution(* com.example.service.*.*(..))")

✅ @AfterReturning Advice

Executed after successful return:

@AfterReturning(pointcut = "execution(* com.example.service.*.*(..))", returning = "result")

public void afterReturning(JoinPoint joinPoint, Object result) {

System.out.println("Returned: " + result);

✅ @AfterThrowing Advice

Executed when method throws an exception:

@AfterThrowing(pointcut = "execution(* com.example.service.*.*(..))", throwing = "ex")

public void afterThrowing(Exception ex) {

System.out.println("Exception: " + ex.getMessage());

✅ @Around Advice

Wraps around the method (before & after):

@Around("execution(* com.example.service.*.*(..))")

public Object logAround(ProceedingJoinPoint joinPoint) throws Throwable {

System.out.println("Before execution");

Object result = joinPoint.proceed(); // proceed to target method

System.out.println("After execution");

return result;

🆚 5. AOP vs OOP
AOP OOP

Focuses on concerns (logging, security) Focuses on objects

Dynamic behavior addition via weaving Static behavior via inheritance

Improves modularity Improves abstraction

🆚 6. AOP vs AspectJ

Feature Spring AOP AspectJ

Type Proxy-based Compile/load-time weaving

Scope Methods only Fields, constructors, etc.

Simpler ✅ ❌

Use Case Spring projects Complex AOP needs

💾 7. Spring Boot – Cache Provider with AOP

AOP is internally used in Spring Caching (@Cacheable, @CacheEvict).

Example:

@Cacheable("users")

public User getUserById(Long id) {

return userRepository.findById(id).orElse(null);

Under the hood, Spring AOP intercepts method calls and applies cache logic.

💡 Summary

Feature Annotation Use

Before Advice @Before Pre-processing

After Advice @After Cleanup

After Returning @AfterReturning Post-processing

After Throwing @AfterThrowing Exception handling

Around Advice @Around Wrap method execution

Here is a complete guide to Spring Boot Testing, including types of testing, annotations, tools, best
practices, and examples:

✅ What is Spring Boot Testing?

Spring Boot Testing ensures that your application's components like controllers, services,
repositories, and APIs work as expected. It includes unit testing, integration testing, and end-to-
end testing.

🔍 1. Types of Spring Boot Tests

Type Description Tools

Unit Testing Tests individual methods/classes JUnit, Mockito

Integration Testing Tests multiple components together Spring Test, TestRestTemplate

End-to-End Testing Tests full application flow Selenium, Postman

Web Layer Testing Tests controllers only @WebMvcTest

JPA Testing Tests repository/database @DataJpaTest

🧪 2. Dependencies for Testing

In your pom.xml or build.gradle:

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>

<scope>test</scope>

</dependency>

🧱 3. Common Annotations in Spring Boot Testing

Annotation Purpose

@SpringBootTest Loads full application context

@WebMvcTest Loads only the controller layer

@DataJpaTest Loads only JPA components

@MockBean Adds mocks to Spring context

@TestConfiguration Provides test-specific beans

Annotation Purpose

@Test Marks test method (JUnit)

✏️4. Unit Testing with JUnit and Mockito

Example: Service Test

@SpringBootTest

class UserServiceTest {

@MockBean

private UserRepository userRepository;

@Autowired

private UserService userService;

@Test

void testGetUserById() {

User user = new User(1L, "Suma");

Mockito.when(userRepository.findById(1L)).thenReturn(Optional.of(user));

User result = userService.getUserById(1L);

Assertions.assertEquals("Suma", result.getName());

🌐 5. Controller Testing with @WebMvcTest

@WebMvcTest(UserController.class)

class UserControllerTest {

@Autowired

private MockMvc mockMvc;

 @MockBean

private UserService userService;

@Test

void testGetUser() throws Exception {

User user = new User(1L, "Suma");

Mockito.when(userService.getUserById(1L)).thenReturn(user);

mockMvc.perform(get("/users/1"))

.andExpect(status().isOk())

.andExpect(jsonPath("$.name").value("Suma"));

🧾 6. Repository Testing with @DataJpaTest

@DataJpaTest

class UserRepositoryTest {

@Autowired

private UserRepository userRepository;

@Test

void testSaveUser() {

User user = new User("Suma");

User saved = userRepository.save(user);

Assertions.assertNotNull(saved.getId());

🌐 7. Integration Testing with @SpringBootTest

@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
class UserIntegrationTest {

@Autowired

private TestRestTemplate restTemplate;

@Test

void testGetUserIntegration() {

ResponseEntity<User> response = restTemplate.getForEntity("/users/1", User.class);

Assertions.assertEquals(HttpStatus.OK, response.getStatusCode());

🔧 8. Tools and Libraries

Tool Use

JUnit 5 (Jupiter) Core testing framework

Mockito Mocking dependencies

MockMvc Simulates HTTP requests

TestRestTemplate Makes real HTTP calls in integration tests

AssertJ / Hamcrest Fluent assertions

Spring Boot Starter Test Includes all above

WireMock Mocking external APIs

💡 9. Best Practices

 ✅ Use @WebMvcTest for controller testing.

 ✅ Use @DataJpaTest for DB/repository testing.

 ✅ Isolate layers (mock repositories when testing service).

 ✅ Use @MockBean instead of Mockito annotations in Spring context.

 ✅ Test happy paths and edge cases.

 ✅ Use meaningful assertions.

📌 10. Running Tests

 In IntelliJ IDEA, right-click on class → Run Tests

 From command line:

 ./mvnw test

🧪 Sample Structure

src/test/java

└── com.example

├── controller

│ └── UserControllerTest.java

├── service

│ └── UserServiceTest.java

└── repository

└── UserRepositoryTest.java

Would you like a full Spring Boot testing demo project zip with sample controller, service,
repository, and all types of tests?

Here’s a complete guide to the topics you’ve listed, covering Inversion of Control (IoC),
Dependency Injection (DI), Spring Beans, IoC Containers, and related foundational Spring concepts
— with clear explanations and examples:

🌀 Inversion of Control (IoC) in Spring

🔹 What is IoC?

Inversion of Control means giving the control of creating objects to the Spring Container, rather
than the developer manually creating them using new.

✅ Example:

Without IoC:

Car car = new Car();

With IoC:

ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml");

Car car = context.getBean("car", Car.class);

Spring container creates and injects the object.

🌿 Spring – BeanFactory

 BeanFactory is the basic IoC container in Spring.

 Interface from org.springframework.beans.factory.

Resource resource = new ClassPathResource("beans.xml");

BeanFactory factory = new XmlBeanFactory(resource);

Car car = factory.getBean("car", Car.class);

🌱 Spring – ApplicationContext

 ApplicationContext is a more advanced container than BeanFactory.

 It supports internationalization, event propagation, and AOP.

ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml");

Car car = context.getBean("car", Car.class);

🔁 BeanFactory vs ApplicationContext

Feature BeanFactory ApplicationContext

Lazy loading Yes No (eager loading)

Event support No Yes

AOP support No Yes

Internationalization No Yes

💉 Spring Dependency Injection (DI)

📌 What is DI?

Dependency Injection is a way to provide dependencies (objects) to a class from the outside,
rather than creating them internally.

✅ Types:

1. Constructor Injection

2. Setter Injection

3. Field Injection (via annotations)

🔨 Constructor Injection Example

beans.xml

<bean id="car" class="com.example.Car">

<constructor-arg value="Toyota"/>

</bean>

Java

public class Car {

private String name;

public Car(String name) { this.name = name; }

🔧 Setter Injection Example

beans.xml

<bean id="car" class="com.example.Car">

<property name="name" value="Honda"/>

</bean>

Java

public class Car {

private String name;

public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; }

🔤 Injecting Literal Values (Constructor & Setter)

 Use <value> tag inside constructor-arg or property.

<property name="speed" value="100"/>

<constructor-arg value="Blue"/>

🔁 IoC vs Dependency Injection

IoC DI

Concept Actual implementation

Inverts control of object creation Injects dependency

Broader term Subset of IoC

IoC DI

♻️Bean Life Cycle in Spring

Phases:

1. Instantiation

2. Populate properties

3. BeanNameAware

4. BeanFactoryAware

5. Pre-initialization (BeanPostProcessor)

6. Custom init method

7. Ready to use

8. Destroy method

🌀 Custom Bean Scopes

Default: singleton

Other scopes:

 prototype

 request (web)

 session (web)

 application

 websocket

<bean id="car" class="Car" scope="prototype"/>

🛠 How to Create Spring Beans (3 Ways)

1. XML Configuration

2. Java Configuration using @Bean

3. Annotation-based using @Component, @Service, @Repository

🌐 Spring IoC Container

 The core of Spring Framework.

  It manages bean creation, wiring, scope, and lifecycle.

 Containers: BeanFactory, ApplicationContext

BeanFactory Container

 This is the basic container that provides support for dependency injection.

 In this, beans are instantiated only when explicitly requested.

 It is lightweight and suitable for resource-constrained environments.

ApplicationContext Container

 This is an advanced container built on top of the BeanFactory.

 It includes all the features of BeanFactory and adds extra functionalities such as
internationalization, event propagation, and integration with other Spring modules.

 In this, beans are created and configured at startup.

🤝 Spring – Autowiring

Automatically injects dependencies by type, name, or constructor.

Example:

@Autowired

private Engine engine;

Or in XML:

<bean id="car" class="Car" autowire="byType"/>

🔂 Bean Scopes: Singleton vs Prototype

Key Differences

Feature Singleton Prototype

Instances One instance per Spring IoC New instance every time requested.
container.

Sharing Same instance shared across all Each request gets a unique instance.
requests.

State Suitable for stateless beans. Suitable for stateful beans.

Lifecycle Container manages the full Container only instantiates and configures. Client
lifecycle. manages destruction.

Destructio Container destroys the bean on Container does not destroy the bean
n shutdown.

Feature Singleton Prototype

Scope One instance per container New instance every time

Default? Yes No

<bean id="car" class="Car" scope="prototype"/>

the DispatcherServlet is the front controller, acting as the single entry point for all incoming HTTP
requests. It's responsible for routing these requests to the appropriate controller for processing
and returning the results to the user. Think of it as the central hub that directs traffic within your
web application.

🧭 DispatcherServlet in web.xml

For traditional Spring MVC (not Spring Boot):

<servlet>

<servlet-name>spring</servlet-name>

<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>

<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>

</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>

<servlet-name>spring</servlet-name>

<url-pattern>/</url-pattern>

</servlet-mapping>

In Spring Boot, DispatcherServlet is auto-configured.

Would you like code examples packaged in a working Spring project zip for each of these? Or a
visual diagram of Spring IoC & DI?

Here is a clear and complete comparison between Spring JDBC and Spring Data JDBC in the context
of Spring Boot, along with definitions, usage, advantages, limitations, and when to use each:
🧩 1. What is Spring JDBC?

Spring JDBC is a low-level API provided by Spring Framework to interact with relational databases
using JDBC (Java Database Connectivity). It provides simplified ways to execute SQL queries and
map results using JdbcTemplate.

✅ Key Features:

 Works directly with SQL queries

 Uses JdbcTemplate for query execution

 Manual mapping of rows to objects (via RowMapper)

 Fully under your control – you write SQL and mapping

🔧 Example: Spring JDBC

@Autowired

JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;

public List<User> findAllUsers() {

return jdbcTemplate.query("SELECT * FROM users", new

BeanPropertyRowMapper<>(User.class));

🔍 2. What is Spring Data JDBC?

Spring Data JDBC is a higher-level abstraction over Spring JDBC that follows Spring Data repository
patterns. It allows CRUD operations and simple queries via interfaces, similar to Spring Data JPA,
but without using Hibernate or JPA.

✅ Key Features:

 Uses Spring Data repositories (CrudRepository, PagingAndSortingRepository)

 No need to write SQL for basic CRUD

 Lightweight and no JPA or Hibernate

 Mapping done through annotations (@Table, @Id)

🔧 Example: Spring Data JDBC

Entity

@Table("users")
public class User {

@Id

private Long id;

private String name;

Repository

public interface UserRepository extends CrudRepository<User, Long> {}

Usage

@Autowired

UserRepository userRepository;

List<User> users = (List<User>) userRepository.findAll();

📊 Spring JDBC vs Spring Data JDBC

Feature Spring JDBC Spring Data JDBC

Abstraction Low-level High-level

Query Writing Manual SQL Auto-generated for CRUD

Repository Support No Yes (CrudRepository)

ORM No No (lightweight mapping only)

Mapping RowMapper manually Annotations (@Table, @Id)

Transactions Manual or @Transactional @Transactional supported

Best Use Case Complex SQL control Simple CRUD-based apps

Learning Curve Steep Easier for basic tasks

🟢 When to Use What?

Use Case Recommendation

You want full control over SQL and JDBC internals ✅ Use Spring JDBC

You want simple CRUD with less boilerplate ✅ Use Spring Data JDBC

You want rich JPA features (relationships, lazy loading) ❌ Avoid both; use Spring Data JPA instead
📁 Spring Boot Dependency (Maven)

For Spring JDBC:

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-jdbc</artifactId>

</dependency>

For Spring Data JDBC:

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jdbc</artifactId>

</dependency>

💡 Summary

Goal Use

Maximum control, custom SQL Spring JDBC

Simpler CRUD with repositories Spring Data JDBC

Full ORM with relationships Spring Data JPA (not part of this comparison)

Would you like a working Spring Boot project with both Spring JDBC and Spring Data JDBC
examples side by side?