Computer

assignment
TOPIC :INPUT,OUTPUT AND
STORAGE DEVICES
 What is a computer ?

A computer is an electronic device that can process,

store, and retrieve data. It follows instructions
(software) to complete a variety of tasks, including
calculations, data processing, communication, and
entertainment. Modern computers have hardware
components such as a central processing unit (CPU),
memory, storage devices, and input/output devices. They
process information using binary code, which consists of
zeros and ones. Computers can be desktops, laptops, or
mobile devices, and they are essential in a variety of
industries such as education, business, science, and
entertainment, considerably increasing productivity and
access to information.
 INPUT DEVICES
Input devices are hardware components that transmit data or
commands to a computer. They allow users to communicate
with the system and submit data for processing. These devices
translate user actions or physical signals into
computer-processable data, allowing for tasks like as typing,
navigation, drawing, and voice commands.
● Few examples of input devices:-
1. Keyboard
2. Microphone
3. Mouse
4. Joystick
5. Webcam
6. Scanner
7. Stylus
8. Barcode reader
9. Trackball
10. Biometric scanner
11. MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition)
12. Light pen
13. Digitizing pad
14. OCR (Optical Character Recognition)
15. OMR (Optical Mark Recognition)
 1. Keyboard

A keyboard is an input device used to enter text, numbers,

and commands into a computer. It consists of a set of keys,
including letters, numbers, symbols, and function keys. Each
key sends a specific signal to the computer when pressed.
Keyboards are essential for tasks such as typing documents,
browsing the internet, and giving commands to software
programs. They typically connect to computers via USB or
wirelessly using Bluetooth. There are different layouts, with
QWERTY being the most common. Some keyboards also
include additional features like multimedia keys, backlighting,
or ergonomic designs for comfort during extended use.
 2. Microphone

A microphone is an input device that catches sound and

converts it into electrical signals for use by computers or other
devices. It enables users to capture audio, make calls, and issue
voice instructions. Microphones are commonly used for
communication (e.g., video calls), entertainment (e.g., music
recording and streaming), and voice recognition systems. They
can be incorporated into computers and cellphones or used as
standalone machines connected via USB, audio jack, or
Bluetooth. There are three varieties of microphones: dynamic,
condenser, and lavalier, each with a specific purpose.
Microphones play an important part in voice-driven
technologies and multimedia interaction.
 3. Mouse

A mouse is a common input device that controls the cursor or

pointer on a computer screen. It enables users to interact with
the computer's graphical user interface (GUI) via clicking,
dragging, and choosing items. A conventional mouse contains
two buttons (left and right) and a scroll wheel for navigating.
It can connect to a computer by USB, Bluetooth, or radio
signals. There are various sorts, such as optical, laser, and
trackball mouse. The mouse improves precision and ease of use,
making it indispensable for things like browsing, gaming,
designing, and basic computer use.
 4. Joystick

A joystick is an input device that controls movement in

computer systems, particularly in gaming, simulations, and
some industrial applications. It comprises of a stick that pivots
on a base and transmits its angle or direction to the
computer. They are often used in video games to guide
characters or vehicles, as well as flight simulators and
remote-controlled equipment. Joysticks can connect via USB or
wirelessly and come in a variety of styles, including analog and
digital variants. Their precision control makes them perfect for
applications that necessitate directional input and rapid,
sensitive motions.
 5. Webcam

A webcam is an input device that records video and photos in

real time. It is commonly used for video chats, streaming,
recording, and surveillance. It connects to a computer or
device by USB or wirelessly and can be internal or external.
Webcams consist of a camera lens and a sensor that
translates visual input into digital representation. They are
widely utilized in applications such as Zoom, Skype, and live
streaming services. Some webcams have microphones and
functions such as focusing or HD resolution. Webcams are
extremely useful for internet communication, distant
employment, virtual learning, and content creation.
 6. Scanner

A scanner is an input device that collects photos, text, or

documents and converts them to digital format for computer
usage. It works by flashing a light on the object and using
sensors to detect the reflected image, which is then converted
into a digital file. Scanners are frequently used to digitize
images, paper documents, and artwork. Flatbed scanners,
portable scanners, and sheet-fed scanners are among the
several types. They can be used in offices, schools, and homes
to save, modify, or share physical documents electronically.
Scanners reduce paper waste while also making it easier to
store and access vital information digitally.
 7. Stylus

A stylus is a pen-like input device that allows you to write,

draw, or interact with touchscreens on devices such as
tablets, smartphones, and graphic tablets. It has more
precision than fingers, making it perfect for jobs like digital
art, calligraphy, note-taking, and design work. Stylus can be
either passive (no electronics) or active (with built-in
electronics for pressure sensitivity and buttons). Some
advanced styluses are compatible with specific devices and offer
features such as palm rejection and tilt detection. A stylus,
which is widely used in education, business, and the creative
sectors, improves precision and control when working on
computer screens by simulating the feel of writing on paper.
 8. Barcode scanner

A barcode scanner is an input device that scans and decodes

data from barcodes found on items, packaging, or labels. The
barcode pattern is captured and converted into digital data
using a light source, sensor, and decoder before being delivered
to a computer or point-of-sale system. Barcode scanners are
widely used in retail, logistics, healthcare, and inventory
management to swiftly identify objects, track inventories, and
execute sales transactions. They are classified into four types:
portable, fixed, laser, and image scanners. Many corporate
activities benefit from barcode scanners, which increase
efficiency, eliminate human error, and speed up data entry.
 9. Trackball

A trackball is an input device that controls the cursor on a

computer screen. It is made up of a stationary base and a big
ball that users can twist with their fingers, thumb, or palm to
move the cursor. Unlike typical mice, the trackball remains in
position, making it perfect for desks with limited space.
Trackballs generally have clickable buttons and can be utilized
in a variety of scenarios, including design, gaming, and
industrial applications. They provide accurate control and can
reduce wrist strain, making them an attractive option for
ergonomic settings. Trackballs can be connected to computers
and other devices via USB or wifi.
 10. Biometric scanner

A biometric scanner is an input device that identifies and

authenticates people based on their unique physical or behavioral
attributes. Fingerprint, facial recognition, iris, and voice
scanners are all common varieties. These devices collect and
analyze biometric data, comparing it to previously recorded
information for verification. Biometric scanners are frequently
used in security systems, smartphones, workplaces, and
government buildings to regulate access and verify identity. They
offer high levels of security and convenience because they are
difficult to fake or replicate. Biometric scanning helps to prevent
unwanted access, making it a dependable option for personal,
business, and national security needs.
 11. MICR

MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) is an input

technology largely used in the banking industry for check
processing and verification. Special characters, such as
account numbers and bank codes, are printed with magnetic
ink or toner. MICR readers can easily scan and read this
information, even if the paper is somewhat smudged or
overprinted. The most commonly used MICR typeface is E-13B.
This technology increases the speed and accuracy of cheque
processing, decreases errors, and improves security. MICR is
required to automate the clearance of cheques and other
financial documents in banks and financial institutions.
 12. Light pen

A light pen is a computer input device that looks like a pen and
detects light from the computer screen. It enables users to
point at, draw on, or select items straight from the display by
measuring the screen's brightness at the touched location. The
light pen is commonly used with CRT monitors and detects
changes in light when the screen refreshes. It was previously
used for visual design, menu selection, and handwritten input.
Despite being mostly overtaken by modern touchscreens and
styluses, it was an important part of early computer graphics
and interface development. It provided accurate screen
interaction before touch technology.
 13. Digitizing pad

A digitizing pad, also known as a graphics tablet or drawing

tablet, is an input device for hand-drawing images, writing, or
entering precise data into a computer. It comprises of a flat
surface and a stylus or pen-like tool that the user drags across
the pad. The pad recognizes the stylus' position, pressure, and
movement and converts it into digital signals. Digitizing pads
are commonly used in digital art, design, animation,
engineering, and education. They provide excellent precision
and control, making them perfect for activities requiring
detailed input. Some variants include touch and display panels.
 14. OCR

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a technology that

converts printed or handwritten text into digital,
machine-readable information. It operates by scanning
documents and recognizing letter and number shapes through
software. OCR is widely used to digitize books, bills, receipts,
and other paper documents, making them editable and
searchable. It helps to eliminate manual data entry and
increases efficiency in offices, libraries, and companies.
Advanced OCR systems may also recognize a variety of
typefaces, languages, and formats. This technology is critical
for document management, archiving, and providing
accessibility capabilities like text-to-speech for visually
challenged users.
 15. OMR

An OMR (Optical Mark Recognition) input device is a machine

used to read marks made on paper forms. It's most often used
in exams or surveys where people fill in circles or boxes. The
device scans the paper and detects the presence of these
marks in specific locations. It then converts that information
into digital data, which can be processed by a computer.
The OMR device usually works with specially designed paper
sheets. These sheets have predefined areas where people are
supposed to mark their answers. After the sheets are filled in,
the OMR machine quickly reads them, making the process of
data collection fast and accurate.
 OUTPUT DEVICES
Output devices are hardware components that present
information from a computer to the user. They convert
digital signals into a human-perceivable form such as
visual, auditory, or physical output. These devices enable
the computer system to communicate the results of its
processes to the outside world. The data processed by the
computer is displayed, printed, or played through output
devices, making it accessible and understandable. They are
essential for completing the communication cycle between
the user and the computer, allowing users to receive
feedback or results from the tasks they perform using a
computer system.
● Examples of output devices :-
1. Monitors [CRT , LCD , LED , OLED]
2. Printers [Impact & Non-Impact]
3. Speaker
4. Plotter
5. Projector.
 1. MONITOR
Monitors are essential output devices that visually present
information processed by a computer. They serve as the
primary interface through which users interact with digital
content, displaying everything from simple text to complex
graphical elements. A monitor receives electronic signals
from the computer’s hardware and converts them into
images on the screen. This process allows users to view
applications, documents, system operations, and multimedia
content in real time. The performance of a monitor is
influenced by its ability to produce clear, sharp visuals,
respond quickly to changes, and maintain color consistency.
Monitors play a critical role in both personal and
professional computing environments.
❏ Different types of monitors :-
1. CRT
2. LCD
3. LED
4. OLED
 ● Monitor (CRT)

CRT monitors, or Cathode Ray Tube monitors, are a type of

display device that use electron beams to create images on a
fluorescent screen. They operate by directing a beam of
electrons onto the back of the screen, which is coated with
phosphorescent material. The electron beam scans the screen
in a series of horizontal lines, and the intensity of the beam is
varied to produce different brightness levels. This process
creates the visible image. CRT monitors are bulky and heavy
due to their glass vacuum tubes, but they were widely used for
many years because of their reliable image display technology.
 ● Monitor (LCD)

LCD monitors, or Liquid Crystal Display monitors, are

flat-panel display devices that use liquid crystals to produce
images. They function by manipulating light through a layer of
liquid crystal solution placed between two polarized panels.
When an electric current passes through the liquid crystals,
they align in a way that either blocks or allows light to pass
through specific pixels. This controlled light modulation creates
the visible image on the screen. LCD monitors are known for
their slim design, low power consumption, and sharp image
quality. They have largely replaced older display technologies
due to their efficiency and improved visual performance.
 ● Monitor (LED)

LED monitors, or Light Emitting Diode monitors, are display

devices that use LED backlighting to illuminate the screen.
They are a type of LCD monitor that differs in the method
of backlighting. Instead of using traditional fluorescent
lighting, they use LEDs to provide light behind the display
panel. This results in better brightness control, improved
contrast, and more energy-efficient performance. The light
emitted by the LEDs passes through layers of liquid crystals
and filters to produce images. LED monitors are also capable
of being thinner and lighter than older display types, while
offering enhanced color accuracy and visual clarity.
 ● Monitor (OLED)

OLED monitors, or Organic Light Emitting Diode monitors,

are advanced display devices that use organic compounds to
emit light when an electric current is applied. Unlike other
monitors, each pixel in an OLED display produces its own light,
eliminating the need for backlighting. This allows for deeper
blacks, higher contrast ratios, and more vibrant colors. OLED
technology enables ultra-thin, flexible, and lightweight screens
with fast response times and wide viewing angles. The ability to
control individual pixels also improves energy efficiency when
displaying darker content. OLED monitors are known for their
high image quality and are used in both professional and
consumer applications.
 2. Printers
Printers are essential output devices that transform digital
information into a physical format, typically on paper. They
play a crucial role in bridging the gap between electronic
data and tangible documents. The primary function of a
printer is to receive data from a computer or other digital
device and reproduce it as text or images using ink, toner, or
other printing materials.
The process begins when a user sends a print command from
a computer. The printer then processes the data using its
internal software and hardware components. Depending on
the type of printer and the technology it uses, the content is
either sprayed, pressed, or fused onto the paper. The final
result is a hard copy that mirrors the digital version,
whether it's a page of text, a photo, or a graphic.
❏ Types of Printers :-
1. Impact printers
2. Non-Impact printers
 ● Impact printers

Impact printers are a type of printer that work by physically striking a print head
or set of pins against an ink ribbon to transfer ink onto paper. This mechanical
action creates characters or images by direct contact, similar to how a typewriter
functions. Because of this method, impact printers are typically louder than
non-impact printers but are known for their durability and ability to print through
multi-layer forms, such as carbon copies.
Key Features of Impact Printers :-
● Use a mechanical impact to print
● Often noisy during operation
● Can print on multi-part or carbon copy paper
● Generally used in industrial or business environments

Typical Use Cases :-

Impact printers are still used in places where high-volume, low-cost printing is
necessary, especially where carbon copy or multipart forms are needed—such as in
banks, logistics companies, factories, and some government departments.
Despite being largely replaced by modern inkjet and laser printers in many
applications, impact printers remain valuable in niche environments where their
unique features are required.
 Types of Impact Printers
1. Dot Matrix Printer :-
○ Uses a grid of tiny pins that strike the ribbon to form letters or
images as dots.
○ Offers low-resolution print output.
○ Useful for printing invoices, forms, and logs.

2. Daisy Wheel Printer :-

○ Uses a wheel with pre-formed characters; each character is struck
onto the ribbon like a typewriter.
○ Produces high-quality text, but slow and limited to text-only output.

3. Line Printer :
○ Prints an entire line at a time rather than
character-by-character.
Extremely fast, used in large-scale data processing.

Advantages :-
● Can print on multi-part stationery
● Rugged and reliable for heavy-duty environments
● Low operational cost over time

Disadvantages :-
● Noisy and slower compared to modern printers
● Limited graphic capabilities
● Lower print quality for images
 ● Non-Impact Printers

Non-impact printers are printing devices that create images and text on paper
without physically striking the paper or print medium. Instead of using
mechanical pressure, they use techniques such as spraying ink, using heat, or
using laser technology to transfer the image. These printers are generally
quieter, faster, and capable of producing higher-quality output than impact
printers.

Key Features of Non-Impact Printers ;-

● No mechanical impact on the paper
● Quiet and efficient
● Can produce high-resolution images and text
● Not suitable for printing multi-part forms (like carbon copies)

Typical Use Cases ;-

Non-impact printers are widely used in homes, schools, and businesses due to
their speed, versatility, and print quality. They are ideal for printing reports,
photos, documents, and high-resolution graphics.
Types of Non-impact printers
1. Inkjet Printers :-
These printers spray tiny droplets of ink directly onto the paper through
nozzles. They are capable of producing high-quality images and are commonly
used for photo printing and home use.

2. Laser Printers :-
Laser printers use a laser beam to form an image on a drum. The drum then
attracts toner (a powdered ink), which is transferred to paper and fused using
heat. They are fast, efficient, and widely used in offices for high-volume printing.

3. Thermal Printers :-
These printers use heat to transfer images onto special heat-sensitive paper.
They are commonly used in point-of-sale systems, ATMs, and barcode printing.

Advantages :-
● Quiet operation
● High-quality output, especially for images
● Faster printing speed
● Modern features like wireless connectivity and duplex printing

Disadvantages :-
● Cannot print on carbon-copy or multi-part forms
● Ink or toner cartridges can be expensive
● Some models may require special paper
 3. Speakers

Speakers are output devices that convert digital or analog

audio signals into audible sound. They receive sound data from
a computer or other electronic device and use electromagnetic
components to vibrate a diaphragm, producing sound waves.
Speakers can be built into devices or used externally and are
essential for listening to music, videos, alerts, and
communication. They vary in size, power, and sound quality,
depending on their design and purpose. Advanced speakers may
include features like surround sound, wireless connectivity, and
subwoofers for enhanced bass. Overall, speakers play a vital
role in delivering audio output to users in various environments.
 4. Plotters

Plotters are specialized output devices used to produce

high-precision drawings, graphics, and diagrams on paper or
other materials. Unlike standard printers, plotters draw
continuous lines using pens, markers, or cutting tools, making
them ideal for detailed technical drawings such as
architectural plans, engineering designs, and CAD
(Computer-Aided Design) projects. They operate by moving a
pen across the surface based on digital instructions, ensuring
accuracy and scale. Plotters can handle large formats and are
commonly used in industries that require exact, scaled
representations. They provide high-quality output with fine
detail, making them valuable tools for professionals needing
precise graphic reproduction.
 5. Projector

A projector is an output device that displays visual content

from a computer or other media source onto a large surface,
typically a screen or wall. It works by receiving video signals
and using lenses and light to project the image at an enlarged
scale. Projectors are commonly used in classrooms, offices, and
entertainment settings to present slideshows, videos, or
interactive content to a larger audience. They vary in
resolution, brightness, and projection technology, such as LCD
or DLP. Modern projectors may include wireless connectivity
and smart features, allowing flexible use. Projectors enhance
visibility and engagement during group presentations or
viewing.
 Storage devices
Output devices are hardware components that allow a
computer to communicate information to the user in a
usable form. They convert digital data generated by the
system into visual, auditory, or physical output. These
devices play a crucial role in making the results of data
processing accessible and understandable. They function
by receiving signals from the computer and transforming
them into human-perceivable formats such as images,
sounds, or printed materials. Output devices are essential
for interpreting and using the data processed by the
computer, supporting interaction between the system and
the user across various tasks and environments where
output is required.
Types of storage devices :-
1. Magnetic storage
2. Optical storage
3. Solid state storage
 1. Magnetic storage
Magnetic storage is a type of non-volatile data storage
that uses magnetic patterns to record information. It
operates by magnetizing tiny areas of a surface to
represent binary data, which can be read and modified as
needed. Data is accessed using read/write heads that
detect and alter the magnetic orientation of these areas.
Magnetic storage offers the ability to store large volumes
of data reliably over extended periods. It is widely used for
both temporary and long-term storage due to its
durability, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. Despite the
rise of newer technologies, magnetic storage remains
essential in many computing environments.
Examples of magnetic storage :-
1. Hard disk
2. Floppy disk
 ● Hard disk

A hard disk is a non-volatile storage device used to store and

retrieve digital data in a computer system. It consists of one
or more rigid disks coated with magnetic material, which spin
at high speeds inside a sealed enclosure. Data is written and
read by magnetic heads that move across the disk surfaces.
The hard disk stores the operating system, software
applications, and user files, allowing quick access and
long-term data retention. It offers large storage capacity,
making it suitable for handling extensive amounts of data.
Hard disks are essential components in both personal and
enterprise-level computing environments.
 ● Floppy disk

A floppy disk is a portable, magnetic storage device used for

reading and writing small amounts of digital data. It consists
of a thin, flexible magnetic disk enclosed in a square or
rectangular plastic shell. Data is stored by magnetizing
specific regions on the disk surface, which can be accessed
using a disk drive. Although it has limited storage capacity and
slower data transfer rates compared to modern storage
devices, it was once widely used for transferring files, storing
documents, and booting systems. Floppy disks are compact,
reusable, and easy to handle, making them useful in early
personal and professional computing.
 2. Optical devices
Optical storage is a type of data storage that uses light,
typically from a laser, to read and write information on a
reflective surface. Data is encoded as tiny pits and lands
on the surface of a disc, which are interpreted by a laser
beam during reading. This method allows for stable and
long-term storage of digital files. Optical storage is
non-volatile, meaning it retains information without
power, and is resistant to environmental factors like
magnetic interference. It is commonly used for
distributing software, media, and backups. Optical storage
offers portability, durability, and relatively low cost for
storing moderate amounts of data.
Examples of optical devices :-
1. CDs
2. DVDs
3. Blu ray disks
 ● CDs

Compact Discs (CDs) are optical storage devices used to

store digital data. They are made of a flat, circular disc
with a reflective surface and a protective plastic layer.
Data is encoded in the form of tiny pits and lands on the
disc’s surface, which are read by a laser beam in a CD
drive. As the disc spins, the laser detects changes in
reflection to interpret the stored binary data. CDs are
non-volatile, meaning they retain data without power. They
are used for storing various types of digital content and
provide a durable, portable medium for data distribution
and playback.
 ● DVDs

Digital Versatile Discs (DVDs) are optical storage devices

designed to hold large amounts of digital data. They are
similar in structure to other optical media, consisting of a
reflective layer that stores data as a series of microscopic
pits and lands. A laser reads these patterns to retrieve
information. DVDs offer higher storage capacity due to
smaller pit sizes and tighter track spacing, allowing for
more data on a single disc. They are non-volatile, retaining
data without the need for power. DVDs are widely used for
storing video, software, and data files, providing a reliable
and portable medium for digital storage.
 ● Blu ray disk

Blu-ray Discs are high-capacity optical storage media designed

to store large amounts of digital data with enhanced quality
and performance. They use a blue-violet laser with a shorter
wavelength than traditional optical discs, allowing data to be
written and read with greater precision and density. This
results in significantly higher storage capacity and improved
data transfer rates. Blu-ray Discs are structured with
multiple layers, enabling more data to be stored on a single
disc. They are non-volatile, retaining data without power, and
are known for their durability and reliability. Blu-ray
technology is often used for storing high-definition and
large-volume digital content.
 3. Solid state storage
Solid-state storage is a type of non-volatile data storage
that uses integrated circuits to store information
electronically without any moving parts. It relies on flash
memory or other solid-state technology to retain data
even when power is removed. Solid-state storage offers
faster data access, lower power consumption, and greater
resistance to physical shock compared to mechanical
storage. It provides quick read and write speeds, making it
highly efficient for modern computing needs. Due to its
compact size and reliability, solid-state storage is widely
used in various devices. It supports improved performance,
durability, and energy efficiency across both consumer and
enterprise applications.
Examples of Solid state storage :-
1. SSD ( Solid state drive )
2. USB Flash Drive
3. Memory card
 ● SSD

A solid-state disk (SSD) is a storage device that uses

non-volatile memory chips to store digital data electronically,
without relying on moving mechanical components. It
functions similarly to a traditional hard drive but delivers
significantly faster performance in terms of data access, boot
times, and file transfers. SSDs use flash memory to retain
information even when the system is powered off, ensuring
data persistence. They are known for their durability, energy
efficiency, and resistance to physical shock. The absence of
moving parts reduces the risk of mechanical failure, making
SSDs reliable for both personal and professional use in
computing systems.
 ● USB Flash drive

A USB flash drive is a compact, portable storage device that

uses flash memory to store and transfer digital data. It
connects to computers and other devices through a USB
(Universal Serial Bus) interface, allowing quick and easy data
access. The device is powered directly through the USB port
and requires no external power source. USB flash drives are
non-volatile, meaning they retain stored data even when
disconnected. They are widely used for data backup, file
sharing, and transferring information between systems. Their
small size, durability, and ease of use make them a practical
solution for everyday personal and professional storage needs.
 ● Memory card

A memory card is a small, portable storage device that uses

flash memory to store digital data electronically. It is
designed to be inserted into compatible devices to save,
retrieve, and transfer files such as documents, images,
videos, and applications. Memory cards are non-volatile,
meaning they retain data even when power is removed. They
are commonly used in compact electronic devices due to their
lightweight design and efficient storage capabilities. Memory
cards come in various storage capacities and formats,
depending on the device requirements. Their reusability, fast
data access, and compact size make them ideal for mobile
and embedded applications.
THANK
YOU

BY: G.KRITHYA SAHASRA

CLASS & SEC : 9 A