SSRG International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Volume 11 Issue 12, 235-242, December 2024

ISSN: 2348-8379/ https://doi.org/10.14445/23488379/IJEEE-V11I12P121 © 2024 Seventh Sense Research Group®

Original Article

Design and Implementation of Distribution Transformer

Monitoring System Using GSM Technology
Stephen Eduku1*, Joseph Sekyi-Ansah2, Ayivor Emmanuel Edem3, Fletcher Aaron4, Donkor Joel5
1,3,4,5
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Takoradi Technical University, Ghana.
2
Department of Oil and Natural Gas Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Takoradi Technical University, Ghana.
*Corresponding Author : [email protected]

Received: 12 October 2024 Revised: 13 November 2024 Accepted: 11 December 2024 Published: 31 December 2024

Abstract - This research paper presents designing and implementing a distribution transformer monitoring system to protect
transformers from faults. In many developing countries, existing monitoring systems rely heavily on manual intervention, making
it difficult to predict potential faults promptly. To address this, an Arduino microcontroller, sensors, and GSM technology were
utilized in this research work to develop a system that automatically monitors and protects distribution transformers. The
proposed system monitors key transformer parameters, such as low, high, and open circuits. The design was developed using
Proteus software and C++ programming, and the results were analyzed in Microsoft Excel. The system detects transformer faults
and automatically sends SMS alerts via the integrated GSM module. Validation was carried out through simulation and
experimental testing of the prototype, and the results closely matched the design expectations, confirming the reliability of the
proposed system.

Keywords - Distribution transformers, Fault detection monitoring, Open-circuit, High-voltage, Low-voltage, GSM technology.

1. Introduction operation. However, this approach often leads to excessive

Power and distribution transformers are the heart of maintenance and delayed response to transformer failures [2].
electrical power generation and distribution systems, making Besides, power transformers can exceed $1 million in cost,
them indispensable and among the most expensive while distribution service transformers range from around
components in an electrical power system. Therefore, it is $1,000 to over $100,000, depending on size. Utilities should
imperative to design an effective protective mechanism for be motivated to proactively anticipate transformer failures, as
transformers to prevent extended downtime, loss of revenue, preventing or minimizing these failures can reduce
fatalities in healthcare facilities, and the high capital costs maintenance and operational costs and enhance system
associated with their replacement in case of a breakdown. reliability [3]. Moreover, Pathak et al. [4] developed a system
Operating distribution transformers within their rated limits for monitoring key parameters of distribution transformers,
extends their lifespan. However, when these transformers are including load currents, voltage, oil levels, and temperature.
overloaded, their longevity significantly decreases, leading to The system integrates a GSM modem with a microcontroller
unexpected failures and disrupting power supply to many and sensors at the transformer site. Data is collected,
customers, thereby compromising system reliability. processed, and stored using an analog-to-digital converter. In
Overloading and insufficient cooling are the primary causes of an emergency, a text message is sent to pre-designated mobile
distribution transformer failure. While many power phones, allowing for early detection of issues and preventing
companies use Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition transformer failures. Issa et al. [5] implemented a cloud-based
(SCADA) systems to monitor power transformers in real- monitoring system on a prototype 10 kVA, 0.415 kV
time, extending SCADA to distribution transformers is a distribution transformer connected to three homes for data
costly solution. Distribution transformers are monitored collection. Over 14 days, the system monitored key
manually, requiring personnel to visit the site regularly for parameters in real-time, including load current, phase voltage,
maintenance and to record key operational parameters. oil level, and temperatures of both the ambient environment
However, this method cannot detect intermittent overloads or and transformer oil. These readings were compared with
other transient issues [1]. Meanwhile, maintaining the health standard measuring instruments to validate accuracy. The data
and reliability of distribution substations has always been was transmitted to the ThinkSpeak cloud server via a
challenging. Maintenance staff sometimes manually switch NodeMCU (ESP 8266) module, with results accessible
transformers off alongside circuit breakers to ensure proper through ThinkSpeak’s graphical interface. The findings

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

 Stephen Eduku et al. / IJEEE, 11(12), 235-242, 2024

demonstrated that the system effectively collects and transmits immediately displays overload status, with validation through
vital transformer data to monitoring centers. Meanwhile, a simulation and experimental testing confirming its
system was proposed for transformer protection using a PLC effectiveness. Moreover, power and distribution transformers
to monitor and manage key parameters like current, voltage, are vital components in electric power systems. They can be
and temperature for both power and distribution transformers. significant sources of outages for utility providers and disrupt
The PLC continuously tracks these values, and if they exceed power supply to customers when they fail. Regular
safe thresholds, the system automatically shuts down the maintenance and servicing of transformers are necessary but
transformer using relays to prevent damage. Additionally, can be time-consuming and costly. By detecting transformer
real-time data is displayed on an HMI screen for easy access, faults early with high accuracy, power system maintenance
enhancing the resilience and reliability of the power and servicing can be proactively scheduled, reducing the need
distribution system [6]. for unplanned shutdowns.
Besides, research in [7] focused on developing and testing Therefore, effective monitoring and diagnostic
a wireless sensor network to monitor distribution techniques for power transformers are essential to prevent
transformers, which is essential for reducing voltage levels for unexpected failures and ensure the reliability of the power
residential and commercial use. The system monitors key supply [12]. Various techniques have been implemented to
parameters like current and temperature to prevent damage monitor distribution transformer parameters. However,
and fires. Using Atmega 16 microcontrollers, the system was researchers have not focused on a comprehensive design,
simulated and tested with real hardware. Results indicated that analysis, and implementation of a distribution transformer
it effectively monitors and protects transformers by accurately monitoring system that simultaneously detects parameters
tracking current and temperature in real-world conditions. such as normal voltage, open circuit voltage, low voltage, and
Furthermore, research in [8] proposed an IoT-based system for high voltage. Such a system should also send corresponding
real-time monitoring of distribution transformers to prevent feedback signals via GSM technology to a control room or
issues like overheating and overloading. Sensors connected to mobile device, enabling engineers to take timely measures to
an Atmega328 microcontroller track voltage, current, prevent transformer damage and reduce downtime.
temperature, frequency, and oil levels. The data is transmitted
to the cloud via a Wi-Fi module, enabling remote access from This highlights a significant research gap in distribution
anywhere. This system helps detect potential problems early, transformer monitoring systems. Additionally, the improper
eliminating the need for manual inspections. monitoring or manual supervision of these transformer
It also supports local monitoring with an LCD and allows parameters is a major cause of distribution transformer failures
users to view the data remotely via the Blynk app on or damage. Therefore, based on the analysis of existing
smartphones. However. a study in [9] proposed a method to literature on distribution transformer monitoring systems, this
detect phase failures in distribution transformers and notify the research proposes a solution that integrates a microcontroller,
power distribution office when a fuse blows. The system GSM module, LED, and buzzer to monitor key transformer
employs an open fuse detector using an optocoupler, parameters, including open circuits, high voltage, and low
operational amplifier, and D-type flip-flop to identify and voltage. The system is designed to detect real-time faults and
signal blown fuses. It detects rerouted current through the issue alerts, along with an audible warning, to the maintenance
optocoupler when a fuse fails. team whenever these parameters exceed safe limits. By
incorporating the ability to monitor these critical parameters,
Nonetheless, Kavya et al. [10] introduced a method for the proposed system offers a more reliable and effective
monitoring the health and insulation of distribution solution than existing systems lacking such capabilities. The
transformers by utilizing data from existing smart meters, novelty of the proposed transformer monitoring system lies in
which are already prevalent in the U.S. This approach its ability to address existing gaps in distribution transformer
eliminates the need for additional sensors. The system can monitoring designs.
identify transformers with deteriorating insulation by
analyzing voltage and power data, enabling utility companies It presents a comprehensive solution capable of
to replace them before they fail. The method minimizes false monitoring and detecting normal voltage, open circuit voltage,
alarms by comparing voltage ratios with neighboring low voltage, and high voltage conditions. Additionally, the
transformers and increases accuracy by averaging data from system sends real-time status feedback via GSM to a control
multiple transformers. Meanwhile, Salihu et al. [11] room or the operator’s mobile phone, enabling the
emphasized that transformer overloading, caused by excessive maintenance team of the power utility provider to take prompt
current drawn by connected loads, leads to overheating, engineering actions. This proactive approach helps prevent
reduced operational efficiency, shorter lifespan, and potential total transformer failure, reduces downtime, and ensures a
failure. They proposed a sustainable protection system that more reliable power system.
monitors current during load conditions, isolates the
transformer when exceeding its rated capacity, and

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2. Design Materials and Methods on a Veroboard and enclosed in a plastic casing, as shown in
2.1. System Design and Simulation Analysis Figure 4.
The system modeling began with creating a block
diagram, as shown in Figure 1, followed by the design and
simulation of the distribution transformer monitoring system Transformer A Transformer B
using GSM technology. Key components such as an Arduino
Uno microcontroller, a GSM module, an LCD screen, a
buzzer, and a rectifying circuit were integrated to ensure
smooth operation. The system monitors critical parameters, Signal Conditioning
including open circuits and high and low voltage. The Monitoring
microcontroller processes this data in real-time, detecting
abnormalities and transmitting the information to a central
server or monitoring station via the GSM network. This setup
Power Supply Microcontroller LCD Screen
facilitates remote monitoring of the transformer, providing
real-time status reports.

The LCD screen displays the data in a user-friendly

GSM Module Amplifier Buzzer
format, allowing operators to address any issues easily.
Additionally, the buzzer provides immediate audible alerts, Fig. 1 The block diagram of the distribution transformer monitoring
ensuring swift responses to potential problems. The Arduino system using GSM technology
IDE was used to upload the operating instructions to the
Arduino Uno via a USB programmer, facilitating the writing,
building, and debugging of the C++ code. After compiling the
program, the IDE’s compiler generated a Hex file, which was
imported into Proteus for simulation, allowing for an
assessment of the code’s performance in a real-world context.
Proteus Design Suite (PDS), a Windows application, was used
for simulation and schematic capture. Figure 2 illustrates the
circuit diagram of the distribution transformer monitoring
system designed with GSM technology for further clarity.

2.2. Construction Procedure and Analysis

The components for the construction were first tested using
a multimeter to ensure proper operation. A 5V power supply
from the SMPS was connected to the Arduino Nano and other
components via the power rails, while a voltage regulator
maintained a steady output. The primary windings of Fig. 2 Circuit diagram of the distribution transformer monitoring
Transformers (TR1 and TR2) were connected to AC voltage system using GSM technology
sources (V1 and V2), with their secondary windings linked to
bridge rectifiers (BR1 and BR2). Capacitors (C1 and C2) were
connected across the DC output of the rectifiers to smooth the
voltage. Switches (SW1 and SW2) were integrated in series
with the transformer inputs to simulate open-circuit faults. A
potentiometer (RV1) was connected to adjust the contrast of
the LCD, which was wired to the Arduino Nano’s A4 and A5
pins for power. The GSM module (SIM900D) was connected
to the Arduino Nano’s TX and RX pins, and a SIM card was
inserted for communication. A transistor (Q3) linked to the
Arduino controlled a buzzer, which triggered audible alerts
during fault detection. After connecting all components as
presented in Figure 3, the Arduino code was uploaded via the
Arduino IDE to monitor parameters such as voltage levels and
open circuits, display data on the LCD, and send SMS alerts
using the GSM module. Tests were conducted by adjusting
voltage levels with potentiometers and toggling the switches Fig. 3 Circuit construction analysis of the distribution transformer
to simulate faults. Once verified, the circuit was constructed monitoring system

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Fig. 4 Final packaging of the distribution transformer monitoring Fig. 6 The state of transformer 1 and transformer 2 at its normal
system condition

Fig. 5 The initialization state of transformer 1 and transformer 2 of the

proposed design
Fig. 7 Transformer 1 at its open circuit state
3. Results and Discussion of the Design
3.1. Simulation Results
Based on the simulation results from the Proteus
Software, the designed system was tested by initializing it, as
shown in Figure 5. When a high-voltage, low-voltage, or
open-circuit condition occurs, the microcontroller activates
the system and sends an alert via GSM. The LCDs the fault in
text format, allowing for easy identification, while the buzzer
emits an audible alarm immediately upon fault detection.
Transformers 1 and 2, as shown in Figure 6, display the current
operational status. The results indicate that both transformers
are functioning within their normal operating modes. Figure 7
illustrates the status of Transformers 1 and 2. Transformer 1
has experienced a fault, specifically an open circuit or no
voltage condition, while Transformer 2 remains in its normal
operating state. In Figure 8, the status of Transformers 1 and 2
is illustrated. Transformer 2 has encountered a fault,
specifically an open circuit or no voltage condition, halting its
normal function. Fig. 8 Transformer 2 at its open circuit state

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In contrast, Transformer 1 continues to operate smoothly,

maintaining a stable and uninterrupted current flow. This
contrast between the two transformers highlights the
vulnerability of Transformer 2, where its fault stands in stark
relief against the steady performance of Transformer 1, which
remains unaffected. Figure 9 shows the status of Transformers
1 and 2. Transformer 1 has experienced a fault due to high
voltage, while Transformer 2 remains in its normal operating
state. Figure 10 illustrates the status of Transformers 1 and 2.

Transformer 2 has experienced a fault due to high

voltage, while Transformer 1 continues operating normally.
The status of Transformers 1 and 2, as shown in Figure 11,
indicates that Transformer 1 operates at a lower voltage, while
Transformer 2 functions normally. The status of Transformers
1 and 2, as shown in Figure 12, indicates that Transformer 2
operates at a lower voltage while Transformer 1 remains in its Fig. 11 Transformer 1 at its low voltage state
normal condition.

Fig. 12 Transformer 2 at its low voltage state

Fig. 9 Transformer 1 at its high voltage state

3.2. Experimented Results
As shown in the figures below, the practical tests of the
circuits confirm the simulation results in prototype form.
Figure 13 illustrates explicitly the normal operating states of
both Transformer 1 and Transformer 2. Figure 14 shows that
Transformer 1 operates with no voltage, indicating an open
circuit, while Transformer 2 remains in its normal operating
state. Figure 15 shows that Transformer 2 operates with no
voltage, indicating an open circuit, while Transformer 1
remains in its normal operating state. Figure 16 shows that
Transformer 1 operates at a low voltage while Transformer 2
remains in its normal operating condition. Figure 17 shows
that Transformer 2 operates at a low voltage while
Transformer 1 remains in its normal operating condition.
Figure 18 indicates that Transformer 1 operates at a high
voltage while Transformer 2 remains in its normal operating
condition. Finally, Figure 19 indicates that Transformer 2
operates at a high voltage while Transformer 1 remains in its
Fig. 10 Transformer 2 at its high voltage state
normal operating condition

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Fig. 13 The picture of the implemented system (transformer 1 and Fig. 16 The picture of the implemented system of transformer 1 at a low
transformer 2) at its normal state voltage state

Fig. 14 The picture of the implemented system of transformer 1 in an Fig. 17 The picture of the implemented system of transformer 2 at a low
open circuit state voltage state

Fig. 15 The picture of the implemented system of transformer 2 in an Fig. 18 The picture of the implemented system of transformer 1 at a
open circuit state high-voltage State

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Table 1. Comparison of the simulation readings (volts) and the experimental findings
Number of State of
Simulated Fault Detected (volts) Experimented Fault Detected (volts) LCD Display
Faults Buzzer
Normal 237 234 Normal Off
Open Circuit 0 0 Fault Detected ON
High Voltage 252 251 Fault Detected ON
Low Voltage 192 209 Fault Detected ON

4. Discussion
Based on the design results, when a fault occurs, the
microcontroller detects the issue and triggers the GSM module
to send a notification. Simultaneously, the buzzer alerts the
maintenance team. Both the simulation and experimental tests
closely aligned, confirming the system’s effectiveness. Four
tests were conducted to validate the design, with Figures 5 to
12 showing simulated results. Figures 5 and 6 represent the
system’s initialization and normal states. Figures 7 to 10
illustrate various faults: open circuits in transformers 1 and 2
and high voltage conditions for both transformers. Figures 11
and 12 depict low voltage conditions. The experimental results
are shown in Figures 13 to 19, confirming similar findings.
The simulations and experiments displayed fault details on the
LCD and sent corresponding messages via GSM. Table 1
summarizes the simulation (237V normal, 0V open circuit,
Fig. 19 The picture of the implemented system of transformer 2 at a 252V high voltage, and 192V low voltage) and experimental
high voltage state results (234V normal, 0V open circuit, 251V high voltage, and
209V low voltage). Figure 20 compares these results visually.
300 The system performed as expected in both cases, with faults
Simulation Results Experimental Results detected and communicated via GSM.
System Response (Output)

240
5. Conclusion
180 This research demonstrates the integration of GSM
technology with Arduino to improve the monitoring of
120
distribution transformers. Compared to manual methods, the
GSM-based system offers a more reliable solution for tracking
60 key parameters like high and low voltage and open circuits.
GSM is favored for its affordability and widespread
availability, especially in developing countries, making it
0
0 1 2 3 4 superior to older technologies such as Radio Frequency (RF)
# System Condition (Test-State) for long-distance communication. The system, tested and
validated using Proteus software and an experimental
Fig. 20 The graph of the design and implementation of a distribution
transformer monitoring system using GSM technology prototype, displays results on an LCD and sends alerts to
mobile phones. Despite occasional delays due to GSM
Figure 20 illustrates the graph depicting the results of network traffic, the system enhances transformer monitoring
designing and implementing the distribution transformer efficiency, safety, and convenience over traditional manual
monitoring system utilizing GSM technology. methods.

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