Some basic SQL queries
1. Create Database
CREATE DATABASE databaseName;
Eg. CREATE DATABASE testDb;
2. Drop Database
DROP DATABASE databaseName;
Eg. DROP DATABASE testDb;
3. Create Table
i. Simple Table
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
column3 datatype,
....
);
ii. Table with SQL Constrain
The following constraints are commonly used in SQL:
NOT NULL - Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value
UNIQUE - Ensures that all values in a column are different
PRIMARY KEY - A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE. Uniquely identifies each row in a
table
FOREIGN KEY - Uniquely identifies a row/record in another table
CHECK - Ensures that all values in a column satisfies a specific condition
DEFAULT - Sets a default value for a column when no value is specified
INDEX - Used to create and retrieve data from the database very quickly
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype constraint,
column2 datatype constraint,
column3 datatype constraint,
....
);
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Eg.
a. CREATE TABLE student{
Id int,
First_name varchar(25),
Last_name varchar(25)
}
b. CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
Age int
);
c. CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Age int,
UNIQUE (ID)
);
d. CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Age int,
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);
e. CREATE TABLE Orders (
OrderID int NOT NULL,
OrderNumber int NOT NULL,
PersonID int,
PRIMARY KEY (OrderID),
FOREIGN KEY (PersonID) REFERENCES Persons(PersonID)
);
f. CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
City varchar(255) DEFAULT 'Sandnes’,
Age int,
CHECK (Age>=18)
);
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4. Drop table
DROP TABLE table_name;
Eg. DROP TABLE student;
5. Alter table
i. Add Column
ALTER TABLE table_name ALTER TABLE student
ADD column_name datatype; ADD father_name varchar(50);
ii. Drop Column
ALTER TABLE table_name ALTER TABLE student
DROP COLUMN column_name; DROP COLUMN mother_name;
iii. Alter/Modify Column
ALTER TABLE table_name
MODIFY COLUMN column_name datatype;
6. SQL Index
Indexes are used to retrieve data from the database very fast. The users cannot see the indexes;
they are just used to speed up searches/queries.
CREATE INDEX index_name
ON table_name (column1, column2, ...);
Eg. The SQL statement below creates an index named "idx_lastname" on the "LastName"
column in the "Persons" table:
CREATE INDEX idx_lastname
ON Persons (LastName);
If you want to create an index on a combination of columns, you can list the column names
within the parentheses, separated by commas:
CREATE INDEX idx_pname
ON Persons (LastName, FirstName);
DROP INDEX Statement
ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP INDEX index_name;
Aakrit Subedi
[email protected]aakritsubedicom.np
7. Auto Increment
CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Age int,
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);
8. SQ L date data type
MySQL comes with the following data types for storing a date or a date/time value in the
database:
DATE - format YYYY-MM-DD
DATETIME - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
TIMESTAMP - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
YEAR - format YYYY or YY
9. VIEWS
In SQL, a view is a virtual table based on the result-set of an SQL statement. A view contains
rows and columns, just like a real table. The fields in a view are fields from one or more real tables in the
database. You can add SQL functions, WHERE, and JOIN statements to a view and present the data as if
the data were coming from one single table.
CREATE VIEW view_name AS
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Eg.
CREATE VIEW [Current Product List] AS
SELECT ProductID, ProductName
FROM Products
WHERE Discontinued = No;
10. SELECT
SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name;
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Eg. SELECT CustomerName,City FROM Customers;
11. SELECT DISTINCT
SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name;
Eg. SELECT DISTINCT Country FROM Customers;
12. WHERE
SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name WHERE condition;
Eg. SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Country='Mexico';
13. AND, OR and NOT Operators
SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name WHERE condition1 AND
condition2 OR condition3 NOT condition3;
Eg. SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country='Germany' OR Country='Nepal' AND NOT Country='USA';
14. ORDER BY
SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name ORDER BY column1, column2, ... ASC|DESC;
Eg. SELECT * FROM student ODER BY first_name DESC;
15. INSERT INTO
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);
Eg. INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, ContactName, Address, City, Country)
VALUES ('Aakrit', Subedi', 'Basundhara', 'Kathmandu', '', 'Nepal');
16. NOT NULL
A field with a NULL value is a field with no value.
SELECT column_names FROM table_name WHERE column_name IS NULL;
Eg. SELECT LastName, FirstName, Address FROM Persons
WHERE Address IS NULL;
SELECT column_names FROM table_name WHERE column_name IS NOT NULL;
Eg. SELECT LastName, FirstName, Address FROM Persons
WHERE Address IS NOT NULL;
17. UPDATE
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UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ... WHERE condition;
Eg. UPDATE Customers SET ContactName = 'Aakrit Subedi', City= 'Kathmandu'
WHERE CustomerID = 1;
18. DELETE
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
Eg. DELETE FROM Customers WHERE CustomerName='Aakrit Subedi';
19. LIMIT
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE condition LIMIT number;
Eg. SELECT * FROM student WHERE result=’Pass’ LIMIT 5;
20. MIN() and MAX()
SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE condition;
Eg. SELECT MIN(salary) FROM student where department=’computer’;
SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE condition;
Eg. SELECT MAX(salary) FROM student where department=’computer’;
21. COUNT() , AVG() and SUM()
SELECT COUNT(column_name)FROM table_name WHERE condition;
SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE condition;
SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE condition;
22. Like
The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified pattern in a column.There are two
wildcards used in conjunction with the LIKE operator:
% - The percent sign represents zero, one, or multiple characters
_ - The underscore represents a single character
SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name WHERE column LIKE pattern;
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23. IN Operator
The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause.
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2, ...);
Eg.
SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Country IN ('Nepal', 'India', 'UK');
24. Between Operator
The BETWEEN operator selects values within a given range. The values can be numbers, text, or
dates.
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
Eg. SELECT * FROM Products WHERE Price BETWEEN 10 AND 20;
25. Aliases
SQL aliases are used to give a table, or a column in a table, a temporary name. Aliases are often
used to make column names more readable. An alias only exists for the duration of the query.
a. Alias Column Syntax
SELECT column_name AS alias_name FROM table_name;
Eg.
SELECT id AS roll_no FROM student;
b. Alias Table Syntax
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name AS alias_name;
Eg. We use the "Customers" and "Orders" tables, and give them the table
aliases of "c" and "o" respectively.
SELECT o.OrderID, o.OrderDate, c.CustomerName
FROM Customers AS c, Orders AS o
WHERE c.CustomerName="Around the Horn" ANDc.CustomerID=o.CustomerID;
Aakrit Subedi
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aakritsubedicom.np
Aliases can be useful when:
There are more than one table involved in a query
Functions are used in the query
Column names are big or not very readable
Two or more columns are combined together
26. Joins
A JOIN clause is used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a related column
between them.
Different Types of SQL JOINs
Here are the different types of the JOINs in SQL:
(INNER) JOIN: Returns records that have matching values in both tables
LEFT (OUTER) JOIN: Return all records from the left table, and the matched records from
the right table
RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN: Return all records from the right table, and the matched records
from the left table
FULL (OUTER) JOIN: Return all records when there is a match in either left or right table
a. Inner Join
The INNER JOIN keyword selects records that have matching values in both tables.
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
Eg. SELECT Orders.OrderID, Customers.CustomerName FROM Orders
INNER JOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID;
Join Three Table
SELECT Orders.OrderID, Customers.CustomerName, Shippers.ShipperName
FROM ((Orders
INNER JOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID)
INNER JOIN Shippers ON Orders.ShipperID = Shippers.ShipperID);
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b. Left Join
The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all records from the left table (table1), and the matched records
from the right table (table2). The result is NULL from the right side, if there is no match.
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
Eg. SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID FROM Customers
LEFT JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID
ORDER BY Customers.CustomerName;
c. Right Join
The RIGHT JOIN keyword returns all records from the right table (table2), and the matched
records from the left table (table1). The result is NULL from the left side, when there is no
match.
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
Eg. SELECT Orders.OrderID, Employees.LastName, Employees.FirstName
FROM Orders
RIGHT JOIN Employees ON Orders.EmployeeID = Employees.EmployeeID
ORDER BY Orders.OrderID;
d. Full Outer Join
The FULL OUTER JOIN keyword return all records when there is a match in either left (table1) or
right (table2) table records.
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
Eg. SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID
FROM Customers
FULL OUTER JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID=Orders.CustomerID
ORDER BY Customers.CustomerName;
e. Self-Join
A self JOIN is a regular join, but the table is joined with itself.
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1 T1, table1 T2
WHERE condition;
SELECT A.CustomerName AS CustomerName1, B.CustomerName AS CustomerName2, A.City
FROM Customers A, Customers B
WHERE A.CustomerID <> B.CustomerID
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AND A.City = B.City
ORDER BY A.City;
27. Union Operator
The UNION operator is used to combine the result-set of two or more SELECT statements.
Each SELECT statement within UNION must have the same number of columns
The columns must also have similar data types
The columns in each SELECT statement must also be in the same order
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
UNION ALL
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;
Eg.
SELECT City FROM Customers SELECT City FROM Customers
UNION UNION ALL
SELECT City FROM Suppliers SELECT City FROM Suppliers
ORDER BY City; ORDER BY City;
SELECT City, Country FROM Customers SELECT City, Country FROM Customers
WHERE Country='Germany' WHERE Country='Germany'
UNION UNION ALL
SELECT City, Country FROM Suppliers SELECT City, Country FROM Suppliers
WHERE Country='Germany' WHERE Country='Germany'
ORDER BY City; ORDER BY City;
28. Group By
The GROUP BY statement is often used with aggregate functions (COUNT, MAX, MIN, SUM, AVG)
to group the result-set by one or more columns.
SELECT column_name(s) Eg. SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country
FROM table_name FROM Customers
WHERE condition GROUP BY Country;
GROUP BY column_name(s)
ORDER BY column_name(s);
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29. Having Clause
The HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE keyword could not be used with
aggregate functions.
SELECT column_name(s) Eg. SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country
FROM table_name FROM Customers
WHERE condition GROUP BY Country
GROUP BY column_name(s) HAVING COUNT(CustomerID) > 5;
HAVING condition
ORDER BY column_name(s);
30. Exists Operator
The EXISTS operator is used to test for the existence of any record in a subquery. The EXISTS
operator returns true if the subquery returns one or more records.
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE condition);
Aakrit Subedi
[email protected]
aakritsubedicom.np
Aakrit Subedi
[email protected]
aakritsubedicom.np
Aakrit Subedi
[email protected]
aakritsubedicom.np
Aakrit Subedi
[email protected]
aakritsubedicom.np
Aakrit Subedi
[email protected]
aakritsubedicom.np
