Mathematical Functions:
1. SUMIF:
• Syntax: =SUMIF(range, criteria, sum_range)
• Example: =SUMIF(A1:A10, ">50", B1:B10)
• This formula sums values in B1:B10 where the corresponding value
in A1:A10 is greater than 50.
2. SUMIFS:
• Syntax: =SUMIFS(sum_range, criteria_range1, criteria1, ...)
• Example: =SUMIFS(C1:C10, A1:A10, ">50", B1:B10, "<100")
• Sums values in C1:C10 where A1:A10 > 50 and B1:B10 < 100.
3. COUNTIF:
• Syntax: =COUNTIF(range, criteria)
• Example: =COUNTIF(A1:A10, "=John")
• Counts occurrences of "John" in A1:A10.
4. COUNTIFS:
• Syntax: =COUNTIFS(criteria_range1, criteria1, ...)
• Example: =COUNTIFS(A1:A10, ">50", B1:B10, "<100")
• Counts cells where A1:A10 > 50 and B1:B10 < 100.
5. AVERAGEIF:
• Syntax: =AVERAGEIF(range, criteria, average_range)
• Example: =AVERAGEIF(A1:A10, ">50", B1:B10)
• Calculates the average of B1:B10 where A1:A10 > 50.
6. AVERAGEIFS:
• Syntax: =AVERAGEIFS(average_range, criteria_range1, criteria1, ...)
• Example: =AVERAGEIFS(C1:C10, A1:A10, ">50", B1:B10, "<100")
• Averages values in C1:C10 where A1:A10 > 50 and B1:B10 < 100.
7. Nested IF:
• Example: =IF(A1>0, "Positive", IF(A1<0, "Negative", "Zero"))
• Checks if A1 is positive, negative, or zero.
8. IFERROR Statement:
• Example: =IFERROR(A1/B1, "Error in calculation")
• Returns "Error in calculation" if there's an error when dividing A1 by
B1.
9. AND, OR, NOT:
• Example: =AND(A1>10, B1<50)
• Returns TRUE if A1 is greater than 10 and B1 is less than 50.
10. Protecting Excel:
• File Level Protection: Password-protect the entire workbook.
• Workbook Protection: Restrict changes to the structure of the workbook.
• Worksheet Protection: Limit editing in specific worksheets.
Text Functions:
1. Upper, Lower, Proper:
• =UPPER(A1), =LOWER(A1), =PROPER(A1)
• Convert text in A1 to uppercase, lowercase, and proper case.
2. Left, Mid, Right:
• =LEFT(A1, 3), =MID(A1, 2, 4), =RIGHT(A1, 2)
• Extract leftmost 3 characters, middle 4 characters starting from the
2nd position, and rightmost 2 characters.
3. Trim, Len:
• =TRIM(A1), =LEN(A1)
• Remove extra spaces, and calculate the length of text in A1.
4. Exact, Concatenate, Find, Substitute:
• =EXACT(A1, B1), =CONCATENATE(A1, " ", B1), =FIND("e", A1), =SUBSTITUTE(A1,
"old", "new")
• Compare exactness, concatenate text, find a character, substitute
one substring with another.
Date and Time Functions:
1. Today, Now:
• =TODAY(), =NOW()
• Display the current date and time.
2. Day, Month, Year:
• =DAY(A1), =MONTH(A1), =YEAR(A1)
• Extract the day, month, and year from the date in A1.
3. Date, Dateif:
• =DATE(2022, 1, 15), =DATEDIF(A1, B1, "d")
• Create a date, calculate the difference in days between A1 and B1.
4. DateAdd, EOMonth, Weekday:
• =DATEADD(A1, 7), =EOMONTH(A1, 2), =WEEKDAY(A1)
• Add 7 days to A1, find the last day of the month after A1, and
determine the weekday of A1.
Advanced Paste Special Techniques:
1. Paste Formulas:
• Copy the cell with the formula, right-click on the destination cell, and
choose "Paste Special" > "Formulas."
2. Paste Formats:
• Copy the formatting from a source cell, right-click on the destination cell,
and choose "Paste Special" > "Formats."
3. Paste Validations:
• Copy the cell with data validation rules, right-click on the destination cell,
and choose "Paste Special" > "Data Validation."
4. Transpose Tables:
• Copy the range, right-click on the destination cell, choose "Paste Special,"
check "Transpose," and click OK.
Introduction to Nested Functions and Logical Operators
• Excel offers powerful functions for data manipulation and analysis.
• Nested functions allow you to combine multiple functions within a single formula.
• Logical operators like IF, AND, OR, and NOT help in decision-making within
formulas.
Nested IF Statements
• Syntax: =IF(condition1, value_if_true1, IF(condition2, value_if_true2,
value_if_false))
• Example: =IF(A1>10, "High", IF(A1>5, "Medium", "Low"))
IFERROR Statement
• Syntax: =IFERROR(value, value_if_error)
• Useful for handling errors or unexpected results within formulas.
• Example: =IFERROR(VLOOKUP(A1, B:C, 2, FALSE), "Not found")
Logical Operators: AND, OR, NOT
• AND: Returns TRUE if all conditions are TRUE.
• Example: =AND(A1>10, B1="Yes")
• OR: Returns TRUE if at least one condition is TRUE.
• Example: =OR(A1>10, B1="Yes")
• NOT: Reverses the logical value of its argument.
• Example: =NOT(A1>10)
Protecting Excel Files
• File Level Protection: Protects the entire workbook from unauthorized access.
• Password protect the file to prevent opening or modifying without
authorization.
• Go to File > Info > Protect Workbook > Encrypt with Password.
• Workbook Protection: Protects the structure of the workbook, such as sheets
and their visibility.
• Go to Review > Protect Workbook.
• Worksheet Protection: Protects the content of individual worksheets.
• Go to Review > Protect Sheet.
Text Functions
• Excel offers various text functions for manipulating text strings.
• Examples:
• LEFT: Extracts a specified number of characters from the beginning of a
text string.
• =LEFT(A1, 5)
• RIGHT: Extracts a specified number of characters from the end of a text
string.
• =RIGHT(A1, 3)
• LEN: Returns the number of characters in a text string.
• =LEN(A1)
Conclusion
• Excel's advanced functions and protection features empower users to efficiently
manage data and secure their workbooks.
• Practice combining functions and applying protection measures to enhance
productivity and safeguard sensitive information.
References
• Microsoft Excel Documentation
• Excel Formulas & Functions Guide
