📘 Java Core and Advanced Topics
✅ 1. CORE JAVA TOPICS
Basics: Data types, Variables, Operators, Control flow (if, switch,
loops)
OOP Concepts: Class, Object, Inheritance, Polymorphism,
Encapsulation, Abstraction
Constructors: Default & parameterized, use of this and super
Static & Final: Static methods/fields, final
variables/classes/methods
String Handling: String, StringBuilder, StringBuffer, immutability
Arrays: Single and multidimensional, sorting, traversing
Exception Handling: try-catch, finally, throw, throws, custom
exceptions
Wrapper Classes: Integer, Double, Character,
autoboxing/unboxing
Access Modifiers: private, public, protected, default
Type Casting: Implicit (widening) and explicit (narrowing)
File I/O (Basic): Reading/writing files using File, FileReader,
FileWriter
Basic Collections: ArrayList, LinkedList, HashSet, HashMap
Interfaces & Abstract Classes
🔷 2. Advanced Java Topics
Collections Framework: List, Set, Map, Queue, Stack,
PriorityQueue
Generics: Generic methods, bounded types, wildcards (<?>, <?
extends T>)
Multithreading: Creating threads using Thread and Runnable,
synchronized, wait()/notify()
Concurrency Utilities: ExecutorService, Callable, Future,
CountDownLatch, Semaphore
Java 8 Features:
o Lambda expressions
o Functional interfaces
o Stream API (map, filter, collect)
o Optional class
File I/O (NIO): Files, Paths, BufferedReader, efficient I/O
Annotations: Built-in (@Override, @Deprecated) and custom
Inner Classes: Static, non-static, anonymous inner classes
Reflection API: Inspecting/modifying class properties at runtime
Serialization: Serializable interface, object streams
JDBC (Database): Connection, Statement, ResultSet, basic queries
Memory Management: Heap vs stack, Garbage Collection
Design Patterns (Intro): Singleton, Factory, Strategy, Observer
🔷 Core Java Topics Summary
1. Basics
Java is a statically typed language.
Includes: data types (int, float, boolean), variables, operators (+, ==,
&&), control flow (if, switch, loops like for, while).
2. OOP Concepts
Class & Object: Class is a blueprint; object is its instance.
Encapsulation: Hiding data using private variables with
getters/setters.
Inheritance: One class acquires properties of another using extends.
Polymorphism: One method many forms (overloading/overriding).
Abstraction: Hiding implementation using abstract
classes/interfaces.
3. Constructors & this
Used to initialize objects.
this refers to the current object.
4. Static & Final
static: belongs to the class, not instances.
final: constant or cannot be overridden.
5. String Handling
String: immutable.
StringBuilder/StringBuffer: mutable versions for efficiency.
6. Arrays
Store multiple values of same type.
Support 1D, 2D arrays.
7. Exception Handling
Errors handled using try-catch.
throw and throws to propagate exceptions.
8. Wrapper Classes
Convert primitives to objects: int → Integer, char → Character.
9. Access Modifiers
Control visibility: private, default, protected, public.
10. Type Casting
Implicit: small → large (int → float)
Explicit: large → small (float → int)
11. File I/O (Basic)
Use FileReader, FileWriter to read/write files.
12. Collections (Basic)
ArrayList, LinkedList, HashMap, HashSet manage groups of data.
13. Abstract Classes & Interfaces
Abstract: some implemented methods.
Interface: fully abstract (from Java 8, default/static methods allowed).
🔷 Advanced Java Topics Summary
1. Collections Framework
Unified structure for storing data: List, Set, Map, Queue.
2. Generics
Write code that works with any type using <T>.
Wildcards: <?>, <? extends T>
3. Multithreading
Enables parallel execution using Thread or Runnable.
Synchronization prevents race conditions.
4. Concurrency Utilities
Manage threads with ExecutorService, Callable, Future.
5. Java 8 Features
Lambdas: (a, b) -> a + b
Streams: Functional data processing
Optional: Avoid NullPointerException
6. File I/O (NIO)
More efficient file handling using Files, Paths.
7. Annotations
Metadata like @Override, @Deprecated.
8. Inner Classes
Classes within classes: static/non-static/anonymous.
9. Reflection API
Inspect & modify classes at runtime.
10. Serialization
Save and restore objects using Serializable.
11. JDBC
Java DB connectivity using Connection, Statement, ResultSet.
12. Memory Management
Handled by JVM with Garbage Collector.
Heap (objects), Stack (methods, local vars).
13. Design Patterns
Reusable solutions: Singleton, Factory, Strategy, Observer.
✅ Java Data Types — Full Beginner Guide
Java has two main categories of data types:
🔹 1. Primitive Data Types (8 total)
These are built-in types — fast and memory efficient.
Type Size Example What it Stores
byte 1 byte byte b = 10; Very small numbers: -128 to 127
short 2 bytes short s = 1000; Small numbers: -32,768 to 32,767
int 4 bytes int x = 50000; Default for integers
long 8 bytes long l = 1234567890L; Big integers (add L at end)
float 4 bytes float f = 5.5f; Small decimal numbers (add f)
double 8 bytes double d = 99.99; Default for decimals
char 2 bytes char c = 'A'; A single character (Unicode)
boolean 1 bit boolean b = true; true or false only
🧠 Important Points About Primitive Types
int is used more often than byte, short, or long.
double is default for floating point numbers.
float needs f suffix (5.4f).
char uses single quotes, not double ('A', not "A").
boolean is used in conditions (if (isValid) { ... }).
🔸 2. Non-Primitive (Reference) Data Types
These refer to objects and are defined by the user or Java classes.
Type Example Description
String name =
String A sequence of characters (not char)
"Diptimayee";
Arrays int[] arr = {1, 2, 3}; Collection of values
Classes Student s = new Student(); Blueprint for objects
Contract for methods (functional
Interfaces Runnable r = () -> {}
style)
🛠️ Use Cases Example
java
int age = 25;
float price = 199.99f;
char grade = 'A';
boolean passed = true;
String name = "Shreyansh Jain";
⚠️ Common Mistakes to Avoid
❌ float f = 5.4; → needs f (float f = 5.4f;)
❌ char c = "A"; → use single quotes ('A')
❌ boolean done = "true"; → should be true or false, not strings
1. Class & Object
Class: A blueprint or template that defines how objects behave.
Object: An actual instance of a class created in memory.
📌 Example:
java
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class Car {
String color;
void drive() {
System.out.println("Car is driving...");
}
Car myCar = new Car(); // myCar is an object of Car
💡 Real-life analogy:
Class = Car design; Object = Actual car made from that design.
2. Encapsulation
Definition: Wrapping data (variables) and methods into one unit, and restricting
direct access to them using private access.
📌 Example:
java
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class Student {
private int age;
public void setAge(int a) {
age = a;
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
}
💡 Real-life analogy:
A pill encapsulates medicine to protect it — same way data is protected.
3. Inheritance
Definition: One class inherits the properties and methods of another using
extends.
📌 Example:
java
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class Animal {
void eat() {
System.out.println("This animal eats food");
}
class Dog extends Animal {
void bark() {
System.out.println("Dog barks");
}
💡 Real-life analogy:
A child inherits traits from their parents.
4. Polymorphism
Definition: A single method or function behaves differently based on the input or
object.
Two types:
o Compile-time (Overloading): Same method name, different parameters.
o Runtime (Overriding): Subclass provides its own version of a method.
📌 Example (Overloading):
java
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void add(int a, int b) { }
void add(double a, double b) { }
📌 Example (Overriding):
java
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class Animal {
void sound() { System.out.println("Some sound"); }
}
class Cat extends Animal {
void sound() { System.out.println("Meow"); }
}
💡 Real-life analogy:
A person behaves differently with friends, teachers, and parents (many forms).
5. Abstraction
Definition: Hiding internal implementation details and showing only the required
functionalities.
📌 Using Abstract Class:
java
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abstract class Shape {
abstract void draw();
class Circle extends Shape {
void draw() { System.out.println("Drawing Circle"); }
📌 Using Interface:
java
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interface Flyable {
void fly();
class Bird implements Flyable {
public void fly() { System.out.println("Bird flies"); }
}
💡 Real-life analogy:
You drive a car without knowing how the engine works — abstraction hides complexity.
OOPs Concept in Java with Examples | 4 Pillars of Object Oriented
Programming (OOPs)
(2 nd video)
✅ Key Concepts Covered
1. Four Pillars of OOP
Inheritance: Enables child classes to inherit attributes and methods from parent
classes, promoting code reuse.
Polymorphism: Allows methods to have multiple forms—compile-time (method
overloading) and runtime (method overriding).
Abstraction: Hides internal implementation details and exposes only essential
features through interfaces or abstract classes.
Encapsulation: Bundles data and methods together, restricting direct access
using access modifiers (private, public, etc.).
2. Java Examples & Demonstrations
Inheritance: Example of a Parent and Child class where the child inherits
methods from the parent.
Polymorphism: Shows method overloading by defining multiple print() methods,
and method overriding with parent and child class methods.
Abstraction: Uses an abstract Animal class with an abstract makeSound()
method, implemented differently by subclasses like Dog and Cat.
Encapsulation: Demonstrates using private fields with getters and setters to
manage access to class attributes.
3. Why These Matter
OOP principles improve code modularity, maintainability, and reusability.
They’re fundamental to designing well-structured and scalable Java applications.
2. How Java Program Works and its 3 Important Components (JVM,
JRE and JDK) with Example
(3 rd video)
🧠 Core Focus: How a Java Program Works
The video provides a step-by-step walkthrough of the Java execution process, breaking
it down into three essential components:
1. JDK (Java Development Kit)
Includes tools for writing and compiling Java code (source files).
Key tools: javac (Java compiler) and java launcher.
Also bundles JRE and Development Tools for debugging and documentation.
2. JRE (Java Runtime Environment)
Comprises the JVM and standard class libraries.
Required to run Java programs (but not to compile them).
Includes essential system classes like java.lang.
3. JVM (Java Virtual Machine)
Platform-specific runtime engine.
Converts compiled .class bytecode into machine code.
Enables Java’s "write once, run anywhere" portability.
🛠️ Video Highlights
1. Compilation Flow
o .java source file → javac compiler → .class bytecode file.
2. Execution Flow
o .class file → JVM loads class → JVM executes bytecode.
3. JVM Architecture Overview
o Class Loader: Loads class files into memory.
o Bytecode Verifier: Ensures code safety and security.
o Interpreter & JIT Compiler: Executes bytecode and compiles hotspots
into optimized native code.
o Runtime Data Areas: Includes stack, heap, method area, etc.
4. Interrelation of JDK, JRE, JVM
o JDK uses JRE (which includes JVM) to write, compile, and run Java
programs.
✅ Why It Matters
Helps you understand why Java is cross-platform.
Clarifies the difference between compiling and running.
Aids in troubleshooting issues like "Java not recognized" or "JVM errors".
3. Quiz Question: Why only 1 Public Class in JAVA file
(4 th video)
🎥 Video Summary: Why Only One public Class per Java File?
The video quiz discusses why a Java source file is limited to having just one top-level
public class or interface.
🏛️ Java Language Rule
Each .java file can contain multiple classes, but only one of them can be
declared public.
The public class must also match the filename exactly (e.g., MyClass.java must
contain public class MyClass) reddit.com+8scaler.com+8stackoverflow.com+8.
🧠 Compiler and Organization Benefits
Simplifies compilation: the compiler easily maps filename to the public class
inside.
Improves readability and maintainability: each file clearly represents one main
public entity .
Nested or package-private support classes can also be included, just without the
public modifier .
✅ Key Takeaways
1. One public top-level class per file: Ensures consistency and avoids confusion.
2. Filename must equal public class name: Helps the compiler locate the correct
file for compilation.
3. Other classes are allowed: They just need to be nested or non-public.
