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 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Statement of
the Provision for the Poor, and of the
Condition of the Labouring Classes in a
Considerable Portion of America and Europe
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Statement of the Provision for the Poor, and of the Condition of
the Labouring Classes in a Considerable Portion of America
and Europe

Author: Nassau William Senior

Release date: October 18, 2016 [eBook #53316]

Most recently updated: October 23, 2024

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This book was
produced from scanned images of public domain material
from the Google Books project.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STATEMENT OF

THE PROVISION FOR THE POOR, AND OF THE CONDITION OF THE
LABOURING CLASSES IN A CONSIDERABLE PORTION OF AMERICA
AND EUROPE ***
 Transcriber’s Note: Suspected printer’s errors have been corrected. Upper-
case accents weren’t used in the original, and differences of spelling (etc.)
between the different reports have been preserved.

STATEMENT
OF THE

PROVISION FOR THE POOR,

AND OF THE

CONDITION OF THE LABOURING CLASSES,

IN A CONSIDERABLE PORTION OF

AMERICA AND EUROPE.

BY

NASSAU W. SENIOR, Esq.

BEING THE

PREFACE TO THE FOREIGN COMMUNICATIONS

CONTAINED
IN THE APPENDIX TO THE POOR-LAW REPORT.
 LONDON:
B. FELLOWES, LUDGATE STREET.
(Publisher to the Poor-Law Commissioners.)
MDCCCXXXV.

LONDON:
Printed byWilliam Clowes and Sons,
Stamford Street.
 ADVERTISEMENT.
The following pages were prepared for the sole
purpose of forming an introduction to the foreign
communications contained in the Appendix to the
Poor-Law Report. Their separate publication was not
thought of until they had been nearly finished. When
it was first suggested to me, I felt it to be
objectionable, on account of their glaring
imperfections, if considered as forming an
independent work, and the impossibility of employing
the little time which can be withdrawn from a
profession, in the vast task of giving even an outline
of the provision for the poor, and the condition of the
labouring classes, in the whole of Europe and
America. But the value and extent of the information
which, even in their present incomplete state, they
contain, and the importance of rendering it more
accessible than when locked up in the folios of the
Poor-Law Appendix, have overcome my objections.
The only addition which I have been able to make is
a translation of the French documents.
I cannot conclude without expressing my sense of
the zeal and intelligence with which the inquiry has
been prosecuted by his Majesty’s diplomatic Ministers
and Consuls, and of the active and candid assistance
which has been given by the foreign Governments.
Nassau W. Senior.
Lincoln’s Inn, June 10, 1835.
 CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 1
AMERICA
Pennsylvania 13-18
Massachusetts 14-17
New Jersey 18
New York 19
EUROPE
Norway 20
Sweden 24
Russia 29
Denmark 33
Mecklenburg 44
Prussia 45
Saxony 53
Wurtemberg 53
Weinsburg House of Industry 65
Bavaria 68
Berne 74
CAUSES favourable to the Working of a Compulsory Provision 84
Hanseatic Towns
Hamburgh 95
Bremen 96
Lubeck 98
Frankfort 101
Holland 101
Poor Colonies of 109
Frederiks-Oord 110
Wateren 113
Veenhuisen 113
Ommerschans 115
Belgium and France 117
French Poor-Laws:
 Hospices et Bureaux de Bienfaisance 118
Foundlings and Deserted Children 120
Mendicity and Vagrancy 122
Belgium
Monts-de-Piété 126-
138
Mendicity 126
Foundlings and Deserted Children 133
Antwerp 139
Ostend 143
Gaesbeck 145
Poor Colonies 148
France 154
Havre:
Hospital 155
Bureau de Bienfaisance 156
Rouen:
Workhouse Regulations 157
Brittany 160
Loire Inférieure:
Nantes 163
Gironde:
Bourdeaux 170
Basses Pyrenées:
Bayonne 176
Bouches du Rhone:
Marseilles 178
Sardinian States:
Piedmont 181
Genoa 186
Savoy 187
Venice 189
Portugal:
Oporto 194
The Azores 196
The Canary Islands 199
Greece 201
European Turkey 203
 General Absence of a Surplus Population in Countries not
affording Compulsory Relief 204
Agricultural Labourers in England.
Wages of 206
Subsistence of 208
Wages and Subsistence of Foreign Labourers.
Vide Tables 210-
235
Comparison between the state of the English and Foreign
Labouring Classes 236

STATEMENT
OF THE
PROVISION FOR THE POOR,
AND THE
CONDITION OF THE
LABOURING CLASSES,
IN A CONSIDERABLE PORTION OF
AMERICA AND EUROPE.
The Commissioners appointed by His Majesty to
make a diligent and full Inquiry into the practical
operation of the Laws for the relief of the Poor, were
restricted by the words of their Commission to
England and Wales. As it was obvious, however, that
much instruction might be derived from the
experience of other countries, the Commissioners
were authorized by Viscount Melbourne, then His
Majesty’s Principal Secretary of State for the Home
Department, to extend the investigation as far as
might be found productive of useful results. At first
they endeavoured to effect this object through their
personal friends, and in this manner obtained several
valuable communications. But as this source of
information was likely to be soon exhausted, they
requested Viscount Palmerston, then His Majesty’s
Principal Secretary of State for the Foreign
Department, to obtain the assistance of the
Diplomatic Body.
In compliance with this application, Viscount
Palmerston, by a circular dated the 12th of August,
1833, requested each of His Majesty’s Foreign
Ministers to procure and transmit, with the least
possible delay, a full report of the legal provisions
existing in the country in which he was resident, for
the support and maintenance of the poor; of the
principles on which such provision was founded; of
the manner in which it was administered; of the
amount and mode of raising the funds devoted to
that purpose; and of the practical working and effect
of the actual system, upon the comfort, character,
and condition of the inhabitants.
The answers to these well-framed inquiries form a
considerable portion of the contents of the following
volume. They constitute, probably, the fullest
collection that has ever been made of laws for the
relief of the poor.
But as a subject of such extent would necessarily
be treated by different persons in different manners,
and various degrees of attention given to its separate
branches, the Commissioners thought it advisable
that a set of questions should also be circulated,
which, by directing the attention of each inquirer and
informant to uniform objects, would enable the
influence of different systems on the welfare of the
persons subjected to them to be compared.

For this purpose the following questions were

drawn up:—

The following Questions apply to Customs and

Institutions whether general throughout the State, or
peculiar to certain Districts, and to Relief given:

1st. By the Voluntary Payment of Individuals or

Corporate Bodies.
 2nd. By Institutions specially endowed for that
purpose.
3rd. By the Government, either general or local.
4th. By any one or more of these means
combined.

And you are requested to state particularly the cases

(if any) in which the person relieved has a legal claim.
 QUESTIONS.

Vagrants.
1. To what extent and under what form does
mendicity prevail in the several districts of the
country?
2. Is there any relief to persons passing through
the country, seeking work, returning to their
native places, or living by begging; and by
whom afforded, and under what regulations?

Destitute Able-bodied.
1. To what extent and under what regulations are
they, or any part of their families, billeted or
quartered on householders?
2. To what extent and under what regulations are
they boarded with individuals?
3. To what extent and under what regulations are
there district houses of industry for receiving
the destitute able-bodied, or any part of their
families, and supplying them with food,
clothes, &c., and in which they are set to
work?
4. To what extent and under what regulations do
any religious institutions give assistance to the
destitute, by receiving them as inmates, or by
giving them alms?
5. To what extent and under what regulations is
work provided at their own dwellings for those
who have trades, but do not procure work for
themselves?
6. To what extent and under what regulations is
work provided for such persons in agriculture
or on public works?
7. To what extent and under what regulations are
fuel, clothing, or money, distributed to such
persons or their families; at all times of the
year, or during any particular seasons?
8. To what extent and under what regulations are
they relieved by their children being taken into
schools, and fed, clothed and educated, or
apprenticed?
9. To what extent and under what regulations,
and to what degree of relationship are the
relatives of the destitute compelled to assist
them with money, food, or clothing, or by
taking charge of part of their families?
10. To what extent and under what regulations
are they assisted by loans?

Impotent Through Age.

1. To what extent and under what regulations are
there almshouses or other institutions for the
reception of those who, through age, are
incapable of earning their subsistence?
2. To what extent and under what regulations is
relief in food, fuel, clothing, or money afforded
them at their homes?
3. To what extent, and under what regulations,
are they boarded with individuals?
4. To what extent and under what regulations are
they quartered or billeted on householders?
5. To what extent and under what regulations,
and to what degree of relationship, are their
relatives compelled to assist them with money,
food, or clothing, or by taking part of their
families?

Sick.
1. To what extent and under what regulations are
there district institutions for the reception of
the sick?
2. To what extent and under what regulations are
surgical and medical relief afforded to the poor
at their own homes?
3. To what extent and under what regulations are
there institutions for affording food, fuel,
clothing, or money to the sick?
4. To what extent and under what regulations is
assistance given to lying-in women at their
homes, or in public establishments?
5. To what extent and under what regulations are
there any other modes of affording public
assistance to the sick?

Children:
Illegitimate.
1. Upon whom does the support of illegitimate
children fall; wholly upon the mothers, or
wholly upon the fathers; or is the expense
distributed between them, and in what
proportion, and under what regulations?
2. To what extent and under what regulations are
the relatives of the mothers or fathers ever
compelled to assist in the maintenance of
bastards?
3. To what extent and under what regulations are
illegitimate children supported at the public
expense?

Orphans, Foundlings, or Deserted Children.

4. To what extent and under what regulations are

they taken into establishments for their
reception?
5. To what extent and under what regulations are
they billeted or quartered on householders?
6. To what extent and under what regulations are
they boarded with individuals?
7. To what extent and under what regulations, and
to what degree of relationship, are their
relatives compelled to support them?

Cripples, Deaf and Dumb, and Blind.

1. To what extent and under what regulations are
there establishments for their reception?
2. To what extent and under what regulations are
they billeted or quartered on householders?
 3. To what extent and under what regulations are
they boarded with individuals?
4. To what extent and under what regulations, and
to what degree of relationship, are their
relatives compelled to support them?

Idiots and Lunatics.

1. To what extent and under what regulations are
there establishments for their reception?
2. To what extent and under what regulations are
they billeted or quartered on householders?
3. To what extent and under what regulations are
they boarded with individuals?
4. To what extent and under what regulations, and
to what degree of relationship, are their
relatives compelled to support them?

Effects of the foregoing Institutions.

You are requested to state whether the receipt, or
the expectation of relief, appears to produce any and
what effect,

1st. On the industry of the labourers?

2nd. On their frugality?
3rd. On the age at which they marry?
4th. On the mutual dependence and affection of
parents, children and other relatives?
5th. What, on the whole, is the condition of the
able-bodied and self-supporting labourer of the
 lowest class, as compared with the condition of
the person subsisting on alms or public charity.
Is the condition of the latter, as to food and
freedom from labour more or less eligible? See
p. 261 and 335 of the Poor Law Extracts.

You are also requested to read the accompanying

volume[1], published by the English Poor Law
Commissioners, and to state the existence of any
similar mal-administration of the charitable funds of
the country in which you reside, and what are its
effects?
You are also requested to forward all the dietaries
which you can procure of prisons, workhouses,
almshouses and other institutions, with translations
expressing the amounts and quantities in English
money, weights and measures, and to state what
changes (if any) are proposed in the laws or
institutions respecting relief in the country in which
you reside, and on what grounds?

In reply to the following Questions respecting

Labourers, you are requested to distinguish
Agriculturists from Artisans, and the Skilled from the
Unskilled.

1. What is the general amount of wages of an

able-bodied male labourer, by the day, the
week, the month or the year, with and without
provisions, in summer and in winter?
2. Is piece-work general?
3. What, in the whole, might an average labourer,
obtaining an average amount of employment,
 both in day-work and in piece-work, expect to
earn in a year, including harvest-work, and the
value of all his advantages and means of
living?
4. State, as nearly as you can, the average annual
expenditure of labourers of different
descriptions, specifying schooling for children,
religious teachers, &c.
5. Is there any, and what employment for women
and children?
6. What can women, and children under 16, earn
per week, in summer, in winter and harvest,
and how employed?
7. What, in the whole, might a labourer’s wife and
four children, aged 14, 11, 8 and 5 years
respectively (the eldest a boy), expect to earn
in a year, obtaining, as in the former case, an
average amount of employment?
8. Could such a family subsist on the aggregate
earnings of the father, mother and children,
and if so, on what food?
9. Could it lay by anything, and how much?
10. The average quantity of land annexed to a
labourer’s habitation?
11. What class of persons are the usual owners of
labourers’ habitations?
12. The rent of labourers’ habitations, and price
on sale?
13. Whether any lands let to labourers; if so, the
quantity to each, and at what rent?
 14. The proportion of annual deaths to the whole
population?
15. The proportion of annual births to the whole
population?
16. The proportion of annual marriages to the
whole population?
17. The average number of children to a
marriage?
18. Proportion of legitimate to illegitimate births?
19. The proportion of children that die before the
end of their first year?
20. Proportion of children that die before the end
of their tenth year?
21. Proportion of children that die before the end
of their eighteenth year.
22. Average age of marriage, distinguishing males
from females?
23. Causes by which marriages are delayed?
24. Extent to which, 1st, the unmarried; 2nd, the
married, save?
25. Mode in which they invest their savings?

[1] Extracts from the information on the

Administration of the Poor Laws.

These questions, together with the volume to

which they refer, of Extracts of Information on the
Administration of the Poor Laws, were transmitted by
Viscount Palmerston to His Majesty’s Foreign
Ministers and Consuls on the 30th November, 1833.
The replies to them form the remaining contents of
the following pages.
It will be perceived, therefore, that this volume
contains documents of three different kinds:

1. Private Communications.
2. Diplomatic Answers to the general inquiries
suggested by Viscount Palmerston’s circular of
the 12th of August, 1833.
3. Diplomatic Answers to the Questions framed
by the Commissioners, and contained in
Viscount Palmerston’s circular of the 30th
November, 1833.

Unfortunately, only a small portion of these

documents had arrived when the Commissioners
made their Report to His Majesty on the 20th
February, 1834. The documents then received are
contained in the first 115 pages of this volume, and
were printed by order of the House of Commons,
and delivered to Members in May, 1834. Those
subsequently received were transmitted to the
printers as soon as the requisite translations of those
portions which were not written in English or French
could be prepared. If it had been practicable to defer
printing any portion until the whole was ready, they
might have been much more conveniently arranged.
But to this course there were two objections. First,
the impossibility of ascertaining from what places
documents would be received; and secondly, the
difficulty of either printing within a short period so
large a volume, containing so much tabular matter,
or of keeping the press standing for six or seven
months. The Parliamentary printers have a much
larger stock of type than any other establishment,
but even their resources did not enable them to keep
unemployed for months the type required for many
hundred closely-printed folio pages. The
arrangement, therefore, of the following papers is in
a great measure casual, depending much less on the
nature of the documents than on the times at which
they were received. The following short summary of
their contents, may, it is hoped, somewhat diminish
this inconvenience.
I.—The Private Communications consist of,
Page
1. Two Papers by Count Arrivabene, containing an account of the
labouring population of Gaesbeck, a village about nine miles from
Brussels (p. 1.); and a description of the state of the Poor Colonies
of Holland and Belgium in 1829 610
2. A Report, by Captain Brandreth, on the Belgian Poor Colonies, in 1832 15
3. A Statement, by M. Ducpétiaux, of the Situation of the Belgian Poor
Colonies, in 1832 619
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