Introduction

to
Computer & its Architecture

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 Syllabus/Scheme/Books
• http://www.svnit.ac.in/qlinks/Revised_Syllabu
s_for_First_Year_of_BTech_and_MSc_(Integra
ted)_Programmes.pdf

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 Which one is the computer?

Rock Calculator Television

Modern Airplane Washing Machine Computer Workstation

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 Is a rock a computer?
• Does not act or process
• Takes no input and
produces no output

• Computers must be able to handle input and

output
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Is a washing machine a computer?
• Input: dirty clothes
• Output: clean clothes
• Does not handle
information

• Computers input and output as information

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 Is a television set a computer?
• Input: information from
cables or radio waves
• Output: information as
sound and picture
• Does not process
information

• Computers process information by computing

new results and answering queries
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 Is a modern airplane a computer?
• Input: information from
radio waves
• Output: manipulations to
the airplane
• Can only handle specific
information necessary for
flight control

• Computers are general purpose because they can

perform many different tasks
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 Is an ordinary calculator a computer?
• Input: numbers and
mathematical operations
• Output: answer
• Handles any numeric task
• Cannot remember which
buttons are pressed

• Computers are programmable so they can

remember sequences of operations
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 Definition of a Computer
• a general purpose,
• programmable,
• information processor
• with input and output
• A computer is an electronic device that
performs mathematical and non-
mathematical operations with the help of
instructions to process the information in
order to achieve desired results.
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 Characteristics of Computer
1. Speed
2. Accuracy
3. Reliability
4. Diligence
5. Versatility
6. Storage Capability
7. No I.Q
8. No Feelings

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 ...Characteristics of Computer...

Speed...
 Process data at an extremely fast rate

 Work done as enormous speed as compare

to human beings

 Speed of Computer is calculated in

MHz(MegaHertz) i.e. one million instructions

per second. MIBS

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 ...Characteristics of Computer...

Accuracy...
 Work with the highest Accuracy

 Accuracy depends upon the "Design of

Computer“ i.e. instructions and the type

of machine being used

 Human Errors are like wrong command,

inaccurate data input etc.

 GIGO  Garbage In Garbage Out

 Error Detecting Techniques

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 ...Characteristics of Computer...

Reliability…
• Measurement of performance of Computer

• perform operation without any failure

• at hardware level, it does not require any human

intervention between its processing operations.

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 ...Characteristics of Computer...

Diligence...
 Free from "Tiredness"

 Free from Lack of

"Concentration"

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 ...Characteristics of Computer...

Versatility...
• Can perform all kind of job

simultaneously

• Can do diverse nature of works

like calculations,graphics

work,searching etc. at the same

time

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 ...Characteristics of Computer...

Storage Capability...
• Unlike human being Computer can store huge amount of data

• Loss or Deletion of data is done by User

• The computer memory is small and it can hold only a certain amount of

information

• The data is stored on storage devices such as magnetic tape or disk.

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 ...Characteristics of Computer...

No IQ...
• Not a thinking machine

• Not Intelligent

• Never does a task as it own

• Follow Human Instructions

• Only perform what it is programmed to do :

nothing more & nothing less

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 ...Characteristics of Computer...

No Feeling...
• No taste

• No emotions

• No knowledge

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 Chinese Abacus
Roman Abacus
NAPIER’S BONES

Russian Abacus

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Pascaline
Slide Rule

Difference Engine

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Punch Card
Generation
of
Computer

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 Generations of Computer
 ‘Generation’ : stage of technological development or
innovation.

 According to the kind of ‘processor’ installed in a machine,

there are five generations of computer

The First generation

The Second Generation
The Third Generation
The Fourth Generation
The Fifth Generation 23
 The First Generation
• Magnetic drums
• 1940-1956 memory
• Vacuum Tube • Input
– Heat
– Punched cards
– Burnout
• Output
• Machine language (0/1)
– Printout
Characteristics of 1st Generation Computers
 Computers big and clumsy
 Electricity consumption is high
 Hardware failure occurred regularly - computers not very
reliable
 Large air conditioner was necessary because the
computers generated heat
non-portable, lacked in versatility & speed
 Batch processing (one problem at a time) 24
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1940-1956
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1940-1956
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 The Second Generation
 1956-1963  Storage
› Magnetic cores – primary
 Transistor memory
› Smaller › Magnetic disks – secondary
› Less heat memory
› Faster  Programming languages
› More reliable › Assembly language (mnemonics)
› FORTRAN (1954)
› COBOL(1959)
› Input: Punched card
› Output: Printout

Used primarily by business,

university, government

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 The Second Generation
Computers became smaller
Generate less heat
Electricity consumption lower
More
More reliable - less prone to hardware failure
Better portability
Assembly language used to program
computers – programming became
more time efficient

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1956-1963
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 The Third Generation
 1964- Early 1970
 Integrated Circuit
› Electronic circuit on 1. Computers smaller,
small silicon chip faster and more
› Transistors and reliable
resistors fabricated on 2. Power consumption
it lower
› Reliability
› Compactness 3. High-level
› Low cost languages appeared
› Inexpensive – mass-
produced

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1964-1970
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 The Third Generation
Easily portable and more reliable
Instead of punched cards and printout, for
interaction with computer keyboard and
monitors were used
Size of computer was smaller compared to
previous generation
Commercial production become easier and
cheaper

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 The Fourth Generation
 Early 1970s – Till Date • Integrated circuits, smaller and
 Microprocessor faster
› General-purpose • Micro computer series such as
processor on a chip IBM and APPLE developed
› All the components of • Portable computers developed
a computer are on a • Great development in data
chip communication
 Explosive growth • Different types of secondary
› Digital watches memory with high storage
› Pocket calculators capacity and fast access
› Personal computers
› Cars developed
› Copy machines
› Television sets

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 The Fourth Generation
• Large Scale Integration (LSI): thousand of
transistors are constructed on small chip
• Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI): hundreds of
thousands of components on single chip
• Ultra – Large Scale Integration (ULSI): millions
of components on single chip

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 The Fourth Generation
• Powerful, compact, reliable and affordable – personal computer
(PC)
• Faster random access main memory
• Hard disk became economical, smaller and bigger in capacity
• Cheapest among all the other generation
• Hardware failure is negligible, so minimum maintenance required
• Generate negligible amount of heat, hence do not required air
conditioning
• Interconnection with computer leads to better resource sharing
and communication, also developed pointing devices
• Disadvantage: Required complex and sophisticated technology for
manufacturing of CPU and the other components.

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 The Fifth Generation
• Still in development stage • Perform multiple
• Use Super Large Scale simultaneous instructions
Integrated (SLSI) chips
• Artificial Intelligence
• Knowledge based problem
solving techniques
• Input and Output:
Graphical image and
natural language

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1989 - today
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Classification of Computers

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I. ACCORDING TO FUNCTION OR PURPOSE
1. SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTER is a computer that is designed to operate on a
restricted class of problems. It is dedicated to one function only.
Examples: ATM Machine, Washing Machine, Cash Registers etc.

2. GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTER is a computer that can be programmed to do many

different kinds of tasks, rather than one that is limited by design to a specific task.
Most computers are general purpose, and can have software installed for many
different uses. Lack in speed and efficiency
Examples: Desktop computer, Laptop Computer

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II. ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF DATA HANDLED

1. ANALOG COMPUTERS.
were the first type to be produced. They measure continuous variable, physical
quantities such as electrical potential, fluid pressure, mechanical motion etc.
Do not deal with numbers. Measure continuous physical magnitudes.(temperature,
pressure)
Give approximate results, very fast and less accurate

Examples:
Speedometer of a Car, Seismometer, Gasoline Pump

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2. DIGITAL COMPUTERS.
 handle information that can be counted. Uses digital circuits and are designed to
operate on two states, namely bits 0 and 1.
 These bits can be combined to denote information such as numbers, letters,
graphics, images and program instructions.
 Digital computers are suitable for complex computation and have higher
processing speeds. They are programmable.
 Very accurate

Examples:
Desktop Computers, Laptop, smart phones, etc..

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3. HYBRID COMPUTERS
• is a combination of both analog and digital computer. Can handle both analog
and digital data.
• A hybrid computer combines the best characteristics of both the analog and
digital computer. It can accept data in both analog and digital form

Application areas such as manufacturing, transportation,

power systems and others

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 III. ACCORDING TO SIZE & PROCESSING POWERS
1. MICROCOMPUTERS
A microcomputer is a small, low cost computer with a microprocessor as its central
processing unit. They are physically small compared to mainframe and
minicomputers. Many microcomputers (when equipped with a keyboard and screen
for input and output) are also personal computers (in the generic sense).

Classification within this category includes:

 Desktop
 Workstations
 Laptop
 Handheld
 Embedded computers

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 DESKTOP COMPUTERS
are the most common type of personal computer and are designed to fit
conveniently on the surface of a desk or workspace. Desktop computers have
separate display screens, keyboards, internal hard disk storage and other
peripheral devices.
A workstation is simply a desktop computer that has a more powerful processor,
additional memory and enhanced capabilities for performing a special group of task, such
as 3D Graphics or game development.

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 LAPTOP COMPUTER
• also called a notebook, is a personal computer for mobile use.
• A laptop integrates most of the typical components of a desktop computer,
including a display, a keyboard, a pointing device (touchpad or trackpad) and
speakers into a single unit.
• Powered via an AC adapter, and can be used away from an outlet using
a rechargeable battery.
Classification:
 Desktop replacements
 Subnotebook
 Notebook
 Rugged
 Tablet PC
FORMS:
• Slate
• Convertible
• Hybrid

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 Handheld Computer
mobile device (also known as a handheld device, handheld computer or
simply handheld) is a small, hand-held computing device, typically having a display
screen with touch input and/or a small keyboard.

Typical handhelds:
• Information appliance
• Smart phone/Mobile Phone
• Personal digital assistant (PDA)
• Personal Communicator

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 EMBEDDED COMPUTERS
 “Computers on a chip”. A microprocessor or a microcontroller, which is
programmed to perform a small number of tasks.

 are the “brains” behind many everyday mechanisms, such as wireless devices,
cars, climate control systems, traffic signals, and washing machines, ticket
machines at the subway, cameras, airplanes, cars, sewing machines, clocks, etc.

 The software written for many embedded systems is called firmware.

Firmware is software that is embedded in hardware devices, e.g. in one or
more ROM or Flash memory IC chips.

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2. MINI COMPUTERS.
• Minicomputers are mid-range computers whose size, speed and capabilities lie
somewhere, between those of a mainframe and a microcomputer.
• A minicomputer is a class of multi-user computers that lies in the middle range of the
computing spectrum, in between the largest multi-user systems (mainframe computers)
and the smallest single-user systems (microcomputers or personal computers).
• It is capable of supporting 4 to 200 users simultaneously. EX Network Server

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3. MAINFRAME COMPUTERS
 Powerful computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications, typically bulk
data processing such as online transaction processing system, extensive data storage and
retrieval.
 Most of the mainframe computers have the capacities to host multiple operating systems and
can handle hundreds of users (can serve up to 50,000 users simultaneously)

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4. SUPER COMPUTERS
 Fastest, costliest and most powerful. Generally operate at 4 to 10 times faster than the
mainframe.
 designed to work on a single problem at a time.
 Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-intensive tasks such as problems
including quantum physics, weather forecasting, climate research, molecular modeling ,
physical simulations, aircraft and spacecraft designing, encrypting & decoding sensitive
intelligence information

Deep Blue computer play

a chess game against
Garry Kasparov in 1997, it
is an IBM supercomputer
that uses scalable parallel
processing to solve
complex problems. Deep
Blue uses 256 processors
working together to
calculate between 50 and
100 billion chess moves in
under three minutes.
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Applications of COMPUTER

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 Uses of computer in e - commerce

 electronic mail
 video conferencing
 electronic shopping
 electronic banking

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 Education
o Better study moods
o most understandable and easier
o internet facility provides a lot of information
from any corner of the world

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 Medicine & Health care

Patient monitoring
 patient records
 diagnosis
 hospital administration
 medical history records
 life support system

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Entertainment

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Engineering/Architecture/Manufacture

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and many others …

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 Component Interaction

The CPU controls all of the other resources within the system,
in order to accomplish a task.

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 The CPU

The CPU is a silicon chip that contains

millions of tiny electrical components.

The CPU’s three main parts are:

 Control Unit
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
 Registers
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Performs calculations
Arithmetic / Logic Unit
and decisions

Coordinates
Control Unit processing steps

Small, fast
Registers storage areas for
instructions and
data
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 Multiprocessor systems

A computer system which includes only one processor is called

a single-processor system.

Computer system that include more than one processor are

called multiprocessor systems.
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 Multiprocessor systems
• Two popular architectural approaches for
building multiprocessor computer systems
are:
– Symmetric Shared Memory Multiprocessor
– Asymmetric Shared Memory Multiprocessor

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Common pool of memory connected with high speed bus

All processor can access all these memory

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 Asymmetric Multiprocessor
• One processor act as a controller termed as
master processor, which controls memory unit
and other processors.
• Rest of the processor are termed as slave
processor
• The master has access to whole memory but
Slave has access to limited memory

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