52 Logarithmic Functions Atthe end of this Section, the following are expected trom you; Define = logarithmic function. + Change logarithmic form to exponential form, and vice versa. + Graph logarithmic functions, « Evaluate logarithmic functions. 1960 Chile Earthquake ¢ State and apply properties of logarithmic functions The strongest earthquake that + Recognize and — evaluate struck the world ever recorded since natural logarithmic functions, 1900 occurred on May 22, 1960 in © Use logarithmic functions to Chile. It had a magnitude of 9.5 on the model and solve real life Richter scale. In the Philippines, the strongest earthquake hit Mindanao on August 17, 1976 with a magnitude of 7.9. The second strongest earthquake in the country hit Luzon in July 16, 1990 with a magnitude of 7.8. ‘Measuring the magnitude of an earthquake on the Richter scale is an important application of logarithmic functions. ‘This Section discusses logarithmic functions, their properties and real-life applications. problems. 1990 Philippine Earthquake CONTEMPORARY MATHEMATICS Scanned with CamScannernt b such that 6 > 0 and 6 «} Definition For any real number x > 0 and constat y = logy x is equivalent to 6” =x. The function f(x) = 16g, x is the logarithmic funetion with base b. The equations y = loge.x and b” = x are are equivalent logarithmic form exponential form y= logyx bp =x Remember: A log: This means that the logarithm y is the exponent to which base 6 is raised to obtain x, In logarithmic and exponential form, y is the exponent and b is the base, Example 1 Write each logarithmic equation in its equivalent exponential form. y = Ke x i -3= — a. y=log2 x b. 2=logsx c. -3= 1086 7699 Solution: Remember that the logarithmic form y = logy x is equivalent to the exponential form” =x. [Logarithmic Form [ Exponential Form a. y=log2* Wax b. 2=logsx 52 =x 1 a 1086 7000 1000 Example 2 Write each exponential equation in its equivalent logarithmic form. a. b> =243 b. 72x c. zy -4 3) 27 Solution [xponential Form | Logarithmic Form 5 2243 logy 243=5 bt =x logy x=-2 ye eG 27 3 BESO contemporary maTHEMatics Scanned with CamScannerple 3 Evaluate the followin, logarithmi a ogni 8 logarithmic expressions, . logy 91 . log25> b. : ©. log77 c. 1083} 81 To evaluate logarithm; ion: logarithm ‘ ret 'o expressions, remember that a logarithm is an The exponent to which 2 i. . a meee must be raised to get 16 is.4 since 2" =16, and so, ‘ iL t. The exponent to which 25 must be raised to get 5 is 4 since 252 =~ 25 =5, and fi 25 =5, 1 s0, logas5= 5. l c. The exponent to which 3 must be raised to get 1 is -4 since 3-4 =, and so, 1 —|=-4. wex( d. The exponent to which 10 must be raised to get 1 is 0 since 10° =1, and so, Jogig1=0. In general, log, 1=0. e. The exponent to which 7 must be raised to get 7 is 1 since-7!=7, and so, logy 7=1. In general, log, b=1. Example 3 illustrates basic properties of logarithms. These properties follow fiom the definition of a logarithmic function. Basic Properties of Logarithms 1, logy1=0 since 8° =1 2. logy b=1 since 6! =b Challenge Your Mind Show ‘that the logarithmic function g(x)=logy x is the inverse of the exponential function f(x) = 6*- CONTEMPORARY MATHEMATICS, Hm l Scanned with CamScannerGraphs of Logarithmic Functions en exponential and logarithmic functions. Example 4 Graph the giv’ b. g(x) =log2 x. a. fo) = 2 Solution: A table of values for fix) = 2* was obtained in Section 5.1 Example 2, 5 3]2]-1 01 [2]3 yafoaF 1p lh iyi 2/4/8 8] 4] 2 Since exponential and logarithmic functions are inverse functions of each o, you can simply reverse the coordinates of f(x) = 2 to make a table of ordered pairs f,, t g(x) =log2 x. x 1/2/4/8 nis A 4 2 ]- joo | 0/1/2}3 oo y = g(x)= log2 x | ~ Plot the ordered pairs. The graphs of f(x) = 2* and g(x) =/ogz x are sketched in the same coordinate plane below. F 104 of at 23456789101 A1A0-9 8-7-6 5-8-3 -2 -1 6 Te wt at 10 ‘The domain of the logarithmic function g(x) =/og x is the set of positive re#! numbers and its range is the set of real numbers. Observe that the graph of g(t) * fogs * is increasing and continuous with an x-intercept 1. It continuously approaches the negative y-axis but will not intersect it. The y-axis is called the vertical asymptote of the graph. (REGEN contemporary maTHemarics Scanned with CamScannerample 4 Graph the given exponential ps sae and logy a. h(x) * (3) bkO) lon ye. solttion ithmic functions, a Make a table of ordered. pairs for kin) log ,, x by reversing the = : 2. yak) = logy i 2 The graphs of h(x) = (3) and ks) =log fn x are shown below. we aaare 2d CONTEMPORARY MATHEMATICS [BB] Scanned with CamScanner-nmic function k(%) =log ,, ¥ is the set of posit sane doman ore rogartmc % Positive 5s the set of real numbers. The graph of g(x) =logs x i intercept 1. It continuously approaches the Posi ive is with an x-i E 1 it, The y-axis is the vertical asymptote of the graph, and its range " ind continuou! I not intersec! umbers increasing 2 syeaxis but Wil e Logarithmic Function S(x)=logyx properties of th :thmic function f(x) = logs x is the set of all positive 1, The domain of the logarit real numbers. 2. The range of the logarithmic function f(x) = logs x is the set of all real numbers. 5, The y-axis is the vertical asymptote of the graph of f(x) = logy x. 4, The graph of f(x) = logy x passes through the point (1, 0). 5. The graph of f(x) =logy x is continuous, with no holes or jumps. 6. The function f(x) =log, x is One-to-One. 7. If b> 1, the graph of f(x) =logy x is increasing (as x increases, f(x) increases). 8. If 0<6 <1, the graph of f(x) =logy x is decreasing (as x increases, L) dacreacec) Historical tidbits! John Napier (1550-1617) \ \ ! John Napier, a Scottish mathematician, is credited with the | invention of logarithms which a method of simplifying tedious | computations. His book ‘A Description of the Wonderful Canon of | Logarithms’ included the first set of logarithmic tables. Ths | computational tool was immediately accepted by astronomers | scientists. It is said that the English mathematician Henry, Briggs | was so influenced by the discovery of logarithms that he traveled? ! Scotland just e meet Napier which resulted to a cooperativ® { improvement of logarithmic concepts includ tof logarithm with base 10 or common oper oe f Ge ee ee we ee ee ne ee ee ee ss 1 1 ' 1 ! 1 1 ' 1 ' ' 1 ' ' Common and Natural Logarithmic Functions Definition ~+ The common logarithmic function is the logarithmic function Wi" base 10. The function f(x) =logigx is usually written as f(x) =logx CONTEMPORARY MATHEMATICS, Scanned with CamScannerfinition ~ The natural fo efi ae - . pee, The function FG) a tertmie function isthe logarithms lunelion win O8e * is usually written as Sx) =Inx, Common logarithms are also called arith a Bi jso called Napierian logarithms, Bea rithms directly follow from iggsian logarithms. Natural logarithms rithm Properties of common and natural the basic Properties of logarithms, Basic Common and Natural Logarithmic Properties jog =O since 10° =1- In1=0 since e =1 iogl0=1 since 10! =10 Ine=1=1 since e! =e The graphs of f(x) =logx and f(x)=In xare shown below. ithmic values can be easily obtained even i f calculators, logarithmic val e ct using eaten tables, Many calculators have function keys labeled [L0G ] | The function key | yog_ | can be used to ¢valuate common logarithms and the function key common logarithms. withor and LN | can be used to evaluate CONTEMPORARY MATHEMATICS - Scanned with CamScanneraaanae Be = s ACTIVITY 2 : and Natural Logarithms Using Calculators es Common pen Joulator to evaluate common and natural logarithms, For sily evaluated as follows. ene eee eee te Answer Display 0.30103 Keystrokes (roc]2LentEr] or the following common logarithms and show to your classmates how you obtained the values using a calculator. a. logi00 blog 25 c. log d. log & te the following common logarithms and show to your classmates how obtained the values using a calculator. wen bins cin dT. 10 - Applications of Logarithmic Functions famic functions have so many applications in real life situations. Som* Logat applications are discussed below. Measuring Earthquakes Charies F. Richter (1900 — 185) Common logarithms are used to measure the intensity earthquakes on the Richter scale, This logarithmic scale in 1935 devised by Californian scismologist Charles F, Richter to meas magnitudes of earthquakes so that their severity could be compared: WHERE cnrevroany warnenarios Scanned with CamScanneroriginally, the magnitude of an earthquake is me n n i asured on a Ric ale i common logarithm of the maximum seismic wave amplitude in thoeieaira (micrometer), measured on a standard seismograph: eee nso" meter rer Seale Formula 1 Ri ; ‘he intensity J of an earthquake is measured on the Richter scale using, A = log = I s P pore A isthe amplitude (measured in micrometers), and ’ is the period (time of oscillation of Earth’s surface, measured in seconds) Jnter formula which is in terms of the common logarithm of the fhe earthquake provides essentially the same magnitude as Richter Another Ric ergy released by tl jomula 1 Richter Scale Formula 2 the magnitude Mof an earthquake is measured on the Richter scale using FZ Eo 2 21, 3. yy the earthquake, measured in joules, and vhere E is the energy released b} ference earthquake equal toa Fp is the energy released by a very small r 4-40 standard value 10%-4° joules. Richter scale formula 2 can be simplified further in terms of the common ‘eztithm of the intensity of the earthquake. Richter Scale Formula 3 The magnitude R of an earthquake is measured on the Richter scale using Where y , "eis the intensity of the earthquake, and arison equal to 1. I + \ imum intensity for comp: ORARY. MATHEMATICS CONTEMP' Scanned with CamScannerExample 5 A seismograph shows that the amplitude of an earthquake is 2 micrometers and a period of 0.2 seconds. What is the intensity of the earthquake Richter scale? 0 009 ON the Solution: Substitute A = 20 000 and P = 0.2 in Richter formula 1. =log = _,, 20,000 = lo: 0.2 = log 100,000 =o Thus, the earthquake has an intensity of 5 on the Richter scale. 1. What was the magnitude of the 1985 Chile earthquake if it was recorded that it released about 1.26x10!® joules of energy? 2. What is the magnitude of an earthquake on the Richter scale if its intensity is 231x107 per unit area? Sound Intensity Alexander Graham Bell Sound intensity which is measured using decibel scale also uses common logarithm. Decibel is named after Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of telephone. ; Decibel Formula The decibel level D of a sound is defined as 1 D=10log — Jo where J is the intensity of the sound measured in watts per square meter, and Jp is the least audible sound an average healthy young person can hear 12 equal to 107! watt per square meter. WRI contietionany marnemarics a Scanned with CamScannerye ie 6 A heavy traffic is said to t ise it Bt SNe ec have a noise intensity about 8.5x10~" pane y decibels can a healthy persom hear from a heavy trafic noise? jon: Substitute T= 8.5x10~* and Jp= 10~!? in the decibel formula. golttl D=10log + lo 10/og(8.5x108 ) 89.29 decibels ns. the noise from a heavy traffic is about 89.29 decibels. Logarithmic functions are often used for real life situations with pattern of jnerease or decrease that is rapid at first but somewhat level or approaches a certain constant afterwards. ool, the number of high school students that in a private small sch er of years after year Example 7 Suppose can be modeled by f(x) = 400+150lnx, where x is the numb year 2012? 2000, How many students are there in 12in f(x) = 400+150/nx since 2012 is 12 years after 2000. Solution: Substitute x = (f(12)=400+150/n(12) = 400+ 150(2.4849) 2 =72B del that there are 773 students in 2012. Thus, it is predicted by this mov ~ Scanned with CamScanner