SQL FUNCTIONS
Single-Row Functions:
Single-row functions return a single result row for every
row of a queried table or view. These functions can
appear in select lists, WHERE clauses, START WITH
and CONNECT BY clauses, and HAVING clauses.
Type of Single-Row Functions:
Numeric Functions
Character Fucntions
Datetime Fucntions
Conversion Functions
ABSOLUTE
ABS returns the absolute value of n.
Ex:
select abs(-87) "Absolute" from dual;
Absolute
----------------
87
CEIL
CEIL returns the highest integer of the given number.
Ex:
select ceil(3.456) "Ceil" from dual;
Ceil
----------------
4
FLOOR
FLOOR returns the lowest integer of the given number.
Ex:
select floor(3.456) "Floor" from dual;
Floor
----------------
3
MOD
MOD returns the remainder after dividing m with n.
Ex:
select mod(30,4) "Mod" from dual;
Mod
----------------
2
POWER
POWER returns the power of m, raised to n.
Ex:
select power(2,3) "Power" from dual;
Power
----------------
8
ROUND
ROUND returns a decimal number rounded to a given
decimal positions.
Ex:
select round(3.4573,2) "Round" from dual;
Round
----------------
3.46
TRUNC
TRUNC returns a decimal number truncated to a given
decimal positions.
Ex:
select trunc(3.4573,2) "Trunc" from dual;
Trunc
----------------
3.45
SQRT
SQRT returns the square root of a given number.
Ex:
select sqrt(16) "Sqrt" from dual;
Sqrt
----------------
4
LOWER
LOWER returns a given string in lower case.
Ex:
select lower('HELLO') "Lower" from dual;
Lower
----------------
hello
UPPER
UPPER returns a given string in upper case.
Ex:
select upper('hello') "Upper" from dual;
Upper
----------------
HELLO
INITCAP
INITCAP returns a given string with Initial letter in
capital.
Ex:
select initcap('database management system') "Init Cap"
from dual;
Init Cap
----------------
Database Management System
LENGTH
LENGTH returns the length of a given string.
Ex:
select length('database management system') "Length"
from dual;
Length
----------------
26
SUBSTR
SUBSTR returns a substring from a given string,
starting from position p to n characters.
Ex:
select substr('database management system',10,3)
"Substr" from dual;
Substr
----------------
man
INSTR
INSTR tests whether a given character occurs in the
given string or not. If the character occurs in the string
then returns the first position of its occurrence
otherwise returns 0.
Ex:
select instr('database management system','a') "Instr"
from dual;
Instr
----------------
2
REPLACE
REPLACE a given set of characters in a string with
another set of characters.
Ex:
select replace('Information System','System','Technology')
"Replace" from dual;
Replace
----------------
Information Technology
TRANSLATE
The SQL TRANSLATE function replaces a sequence of
characters in a string with another sequence of
characters.
Ex:
SELECT TRANSLATE( '+91 25-2469782464',
'0123456789-+','6789012345+-' ) "encode_number"
FROM dual;
Encode_number
-----------------------
-57 81+8025348020
LTRIM
LTRIM trims blank spaces from a given string from left.
Ex:
select ltrim(' Hello ') "Ltrim" from dual;
Ltrim
----------------
Hello
RTRIM
RTRIM trims blank spaces from a given string from
Right.
Ex:
select rtrim(' Hello ') "Rtrim" from dual;
Ltrim
----------------
Hello
TRIM
TRIM trims a given character from left or right or both
from a given string.
Ex:
select trim(' Hello ') “Trim" from dual;
Trim
----------------
Hello
LPAD
LPAD returns expr1, left-padded to length n characters
with the sequence of characters in expr2. This function
is useful for formatting the output of a query.
Ex:
SELECT LPAD('Page 1',15,'*.') "LPAD"
FROM DUAL;
LPAD
---------------------
*.*.*.*.*Page 1
RPAD
RPAD returns expr1, right-padded to length n
characters with the sequence of characters in expr2.
This function is useful for formatting the output of a
query.
Ex:
SELECT RPAD('Page 1',15,'*.') “RPAD"
FROM DUAL;
RPAD
---------------------
Page 1 *.*.*.*.*
CONCAT
CONCAT returns char1 concatenated with char2.
Ex:
SELECT CONCAT('Single',' Lane') “Merge" from dual;
Merge
------------------
Single Lane
GREATEST
GREATEST returns greatest value from the list.
Ex:
select greatest(10,20,50,20,30) "Greatest" from dual;
Greatest
----------------
50
Ex:
select greatest('SAMI','SCOTT','RAVI','SMITH','TANYA')
"Greatest" from dual;
Greatest
----------------
TANYA
LEAST
LEAST returns least value from the list.
Ex:
select least(10,20,50,20,30) "Least" from dual;
Least
----------------
10
Ex:
select least('SAMI','SCOTT','RAVI','SMITH','TANYA') "Least"
from dual;
Least
----------------
RAVI
ADD_MONTHS
ADD_MONTHS returns the date “date” plus “integer”
months.
Ex:
SELECT Add_Months(sysdate,1) “Next Month" from
dual;
Next Month
------------------
16-Oct-16
EXTRACT
EXTRACT extracts and returns the value of a specified
datetime field from a datetime or interval expression.
Ex:
SELECT EXTRACT(month FROM sysdate) “Month”
FROM DUAL;
Result: 9
SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM DATE '1998-03-07')
FROM DUAL;
Result: 1998
TO_CHAR(DATETIME)
TO_CHAR (datetime) converts a datetime.
Ex:
SELECT TO_CHAR(sysdate, 'DD-MON-YYYY’) AS
“cur_date” FROM dual
Result: 16-sep-2016
SELECT TO_CHAR(sysdate, 'DD-MON-YYYY
HH24:MI:SS') AS “cur_date” FROM dual
Result: 16-SEP-2016 11:30:25
TO_DATE(DATETIME)
TO_DATE converts char of CHAR, VARCHAR2 data
type to a value of DATE data type.
Ex:
SELECT TO_DATE('January 15, 1989, 11:00 A.M.',
'Month dd, YYYY, HH:MI A.M.') FROM DUAL;
Result: 15-JAN-1989
SELECT TO_CHAR(sysdate, 'DD-MON-YYYY
HH24:MI:SS') AS “cur_date” FROM dual
Result: 16-SEP-2016 11:30:25
COALESCE
COALESCE returns the first non-null expr in the
expression list. You must specify at least two
expressions. If all occurrences of expr evaluate to null,
then the function returns null.
Ex:
SELECT COALESCE(NULL, NULL, 23+5) from dual;
Result: 23
Ex:
SELECT COALESCE(lname, fname, NULL) from staff
NVL
NVL lets you replace null (returned as a blank) with a
string in the results of a query.
Ex:
SELECT NVL(NULL, 'NODATA') from dual;
Result: NODATA
Ex:
SELECT NVL(lname, 'NA') from staff;
NVL2
NVL2 lets you determine the value returned by a query
based on whether a specified expression is null or not
null.
Ex:
SELECT NVL2('HELLO', 'DATA', 'NODATA') from dual;
Result: DATA
Ex:
SELECT NVL2(lname, 'DATA', 'NA') from staff;
