.

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 WELCOME TO
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
2023
FORM ONE

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.

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 SUB TOPICS TO BE COVERED
1.0 Software concepts
(i) Define computer software
(ii) State types of computer software
(iii)Differentiate between systems software
from application software.
(iv) Relate software and hardware
2.0 Operating system
(i) Define the operating system
(ii) List various types of operating system
(iii) State function of operating system

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2.0.1 Using operating system
(i) Applying correct procedure of switching
on/off the computer.
(ii) Use operating system to manage files and
folders
(iii) Use the help facility

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 1.0 Software concepts
The sets of instructions are called Programs.
Software
Refers to a set of programs that makes the
hardware perform a particular set of
tasks in particular order.
Software -Is program that computer use to
operate , manage ,and organize files in the
computer.

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 Software- is the invisible logic instructions
which enable the user to perform a certain
task.
Computer without software is useless

COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Is simply described as a set of instructions
which tells the Computer what and how to
do.

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Software and Hardware

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Generally, there are two major types of
software

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 System softwares
Are sets of programs, responsible for running the
computer, controlling various operations of
computer systems and management of computer
resources.
System software is the program that control all the
operations in the computer.
For example the system software assists the user
to:
(a) Manage files and folders
(b) Detect any peripherals attached to the computer
(c) Allow application programs to communicate each
other.

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 System Software
Categorized into two types namely:
(i) Operating Systems
(ii) Utility Programs

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 Operating Systems (OS)
An operating system (OS) - is a system
software that provides an interface for a user
to communicate with the computer, manages
hardware devices (disk drives, keyboard,
monitor), manages and maintains disk file
systems and supports application programs.

Operating system tells the computer how to

interpret data also provides instructions of
running peripherals equipments like printers
, keyboards , and disk drives.

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Operating system (OS): Is a program that acts
as intermediary between a user of a computer
and the computer hardware.
The purpose of operating system is to provide an
environment in which a user can execute
programs.

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Structure of operating system

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.

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An operating system software package is a
collection of complex programs designed to
operate , control and extend the processing
capabilities of the computer.
It interprets the commands you give to run
programs and allows you to interact with the
programs while are running.

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When Operating system start to operate ?
Operating system is automatically loaded
into main memory as soon as you turn on
or “boot” the computer, where by this
process is called BIOS (Basic Input-Output
system).

BIOS -A program that starts (boots) a

computer when it is turned on and controls
communications with the keyboard , disk
drivers , and other components

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 BOOTING
Refers to the process of loading an operating
system into computer’s main memory from
the secondary storage
Types of booting
(i) Cold booting
Cold booting -is the process of starting a
computer by turning on the unit's power
switch.
(ii) Warm booting
Warm booting - is a process of restarting a
computer while power is on , clears the
memory and reloads the operation system.

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 Software User Interface
Operating system ,along with every other type of
software , contain a set of instructions called a
User interface that allows the user to
communicate with the software and the software
to communicate with the user. Both the manner
in which the user enters data and commands
and the way information and processing options
are presented on the screen are controlled by
the program's interface.
Therefore the user interface of the operating
system and the user interface of the
application software must be compatible , that
is , able to work together.

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There are two types of user interface have been
developed for personal computer
(i) Command Line Interface (CLI)
(ii) Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Command Line Interface (CLI)
Is a user interface , like the one created by the
DOS (operating system) that makes use of typed
commands.
It is the interface used by the early personal
computer operation systems , including CP/M
(Control Program for Microcomputer ) and DOS
(Disk Operating System) .
This interface presented the user with a symbol
called a prompt (For example C:\>) , which
indicate that the computer was ready to receive
a command.

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The user would respond by typing in a line of
codes telling the computer what to do,
For example
Copy command: (A\INCOME.STM C:\) ,would
tell the computer to copy the file named
INCOME.STM , located on drive A to drive C.
Command line interfaces were ideal for early
personal computers with their limited graphical
display capabilities , but they could also be
complicated and difficult to line.
Command line Interface involved long
sequences of codes and mistyped letter would
lead to an error message , forcing the user to
type the command again.

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 Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Is a computer interface that enables a user to
control the computer and launch commands
by pointing and clicking at graphical objects
such as windows , icons , and menu
items.
The GUI introduced in 1983 by Apple
computer (Macintosh computer) by its Lisa
Computer which had an entirely new kind of
operating system (OS) and screen display
known as graphical user interface or GUI
(pronounced as gooey)

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 Some operating systems such as Microsoft
Windows and Apple (Macintosh ) use
graphical user interface (GUI) .Other
operating system (OS) such as UNIX use
Shell interface
Features of a graphical user interface
A typical graphical user interface offers many
features that makes a user's task easier ,
these features are:
(i) Menus of options for key features
(ii) Icon that represents common commands

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(iii)On screen desktop
(iv)Display windows
(v)Dialog boxes
(vi)Online help
Factors to consider when your are choosing
an operating system (OS) for a business or
any other industry
(i) The hardware platform used
(ii) The number of user and attendant system
security requirement
(iii) The different applications that will be
employed /installed

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Operating system are divided into several
categories.
Types of operating system according to user
interface.
(i) Single user ,single task operating system
(ii)Single user ,Multi-tasking operating system
(iii)Multi-User Operating system
Some examples of operating system (OS)
(i) Windows -Based operating system -
Licensed program for single user
(Microsoft Windows) and Macintosh OS
(Apple)

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• Windows 3.1
• Windows 95
• Windows 98
• Windows 2000
• Windows Millennium Edition (Windows ME)
• Windows XP
• Windows Vista
• Windows 7
• Windows 8
• Windows 10

(ii) Unix - is open source non-licensed for multi -

users
(iii) Linux-Is open source non-licensed for users
(iv) Solaris-Is open source non-licensed for users

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 Types Of Operating System
There are four (4) types of operating system
(i) Real- Time Operating System (RTOS):
RTOS-Are used to control machinery ,
scientific instruments , and industrial system
In general the user does not have much
control over the functions performed
For examples of RTOS are industrial system
machine and scientific instruments; these
are most equipments or instruments that use
RTOS
(ii) Single User – Single Task Operating
System:

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Is the type of operating system that allow one user to
do one thing /task at a time. For example of single
user- single task operating system (OS) is operating
system used by Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)
also known as handheld computers operating system
(iii) Single User-Multi tasking Operating System:
Is the type of operating system that allow one user to
simultaneously run multiple applications or tasks on
their computer at a time. For examples of single
user-multi tasking operating system (OS) is windows
operating system .
Windows that support Single User ,Multitasking
Operating system are Macintosh (Mac OS) for Apple
and Microsoft (Windows) ,Single User-Multi tasking
Operating System platforms are used in Desk top
computers as well as in laptop computers.

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 (iv) Multi – User Operating System:
Is the type of operating system that allow
multiple users to simultaneously use the
resource on a single computer at time. For
example of Multi-user operating system is
UNIX operating system.

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 Functions Of Operating System
(i) Managing resources
(ii) Providing user interface
(iii) Running user applications
(iv)Managing file storage
(v) Provides protection and security. Example
Microsoft security essentials

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Utility Programs (Service programs)

Utility programs- are generally used to

support and enhance existing programs in a
computer system.
Utility programs are a broad category of
software such as compress (zip)/uncompress
(unzip) files software, anti virus software,
split and join files software.

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 Examples Utility programs-
(i)Disk cleaner: Allows to clear unnecessary files
from hard disk;
(ii)Disk defragmenter: This utility remove
fragments hard disk volumes so that computer
runs faster and more efficiently
(iii) Anti - virus software/program

Functions of Utility Programs

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 Application software
Application software is a set of programs, which
are written to perform specific tasks, for
example: An application package for managing
library known as library information system is
used to manage information of library such as:
keeping book details, account holder details,
book issue details, book return details
Another application package for managing
student details is called student’s information
system, manages student’s roll no,
name, parents name, address, class, section,
processing of examination results

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Application software -is developed for specific
jobs.
They performs useful work on general purpose
tasks such as; word processing, graphics,
spreadsheet, Database and Desktop Publishing
Application software can be broadly
classified into two types:
(a) Generalized purpose packages
(b) Customized purpose packages

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 Generalized Packages
These are user friendly softwares written to
cater to user’s very general needs such as
preparing documents , drawing pictures
database to manage data/information,
preparing presentations and play games.

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The following are some of the generalized
packages of application software:

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 Customized Packages
These are the applications software that are
customized or developed to meet the specific
requirements of an organization/institution.
For examples:
(i) Student information details application
(ii) Payroll packages application
(iii) inventory control application

These packages are developed using high-

level computer language

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 Computer Languages
Languages are a means of communication.
Normally people interact with each other through
language.

On the same pattern, communication with

computers is carried out through a language.
This language is understood both by user and the
machine.

Just as every language like English, Hindi has it

grammatical rules; every computer language is
Bound by rules known as SYNTAX of that language.

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 Computer languages are broadly classified as:
(i) Low Level Language:
The term low level means closeness to the way
in which machine understand.

(a) Machine Language

This is the language (in the form of 0’s and 1’s,
called binary numbers) understood directly by the
computer.

(b) Assembly Language

This is the language where the machine codes
comprising of 0’s and 1’s are substituted by
symbolic codes (called mnemonics) to improve
their understanding.

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.

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 (ii). High Level Language
Higher level languages are computer independent and
programming languages.
Various high level languages are
 BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction
Code)
 COBOL (Common Business Oriented language): A
standardized language used for commercial
applications.
 FORTRAN (Formula Translation): Developed for
solving
mathematical and scientific problems.
 C: Structured Programming Language used for all
purpose
such as scientific application, commercial application,
developing games
 C++: Popular object oriented programming language,
used
for general purpose.

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Types of application softwares

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.

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The difference between system software and application
software

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.

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 WINDOWS BASICS
INTRODUCTION
(i)What is a Window ?
(ii) What is Windows?
(iii) What is the Difference between a Window
and Windows?

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A Window is a rectangular box that appears
when a program is opened

Windows is a type of Operating System

developed by Microsoft corporation

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 Versions of Windows operating system
 Windows 3.1
 Windows 95
 Windows 98
 Windows 2000
 Windows Millennium Edition (Windows ME)
 Windows XP
 Windows Vista
 Windows 7
 Windows 8
 Windows 10

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 FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM
 managing resources,
 providing user interface,
 running user applications
 Managing file storage
 Provides protection and security. E.g.
Microsoft security essentials

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 2.0.1 Using operating system
(i) SWITCH ON A COMPUTER
1. Make sure all cables are well connected.
2. Identify Power buttons for System Unit and that
of Monitor.
3. Switch ON the Power button for System Unit
followed by that of Monitor.
4. Wait for Operating System to be loaded in RAM
NOTE
 You might be required to choose OS you want.
 You might be required to LOG IN by providing
Username and Password given to you by System
Administrator.

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.

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 WINDOWS SCREEN
A Windows screen is referred to a
Desktop.
A Desktop contains various icons and
Taskbar
(a) ICON
Is any object that can represent a file, a
folder, a program or a drive.

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ICONS ON THE DESKTOP

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 The main icons on Desktop includes
• My Documents

• My Computer

• My Network Places

• Recycle Bin

• Internet Explorer.

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 (b) TASKBAR
Is simply a bar that lies at the bottom of
the Desktop.
Taskbar it displays the following
-Start button
-Quick launch (Windows Explorer)
-Running application
-System tray.

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.

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 Working With Mouse
The following are the terms used when working
with a Mouse.
1. POINT: Means moving a mouse pointer over
the object.
2. CLICK: Means pressing left mouse button
once. This will select (Highlight) the object.
3. DOUBLE CLICK: Means quickly pressing
the left mouse button twice. This will open
the object.
4. RIGHT CLICK: Means pressing right mouse
button once. This will display a Pop up
menu.
5. DRAGGING: Means moving an object to
another location using mouse.

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.

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 Working With Keyboard
The keys in a keyboard are divided into
several categories as follows.

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i. Function keys: Used in special
operations. Example F1 – F12
ii. Numerical keys (Keypad): Used to
type numbers, operators
iii.Character keys (typing keys): Used
to type letters A-Z, numbers 0-9,
symbols .
iv.Special keys: Used for special
purposes.
(a) Space bar (Long) key: Used to
provide a space between words
during typing.

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(b) Enter (Return) key: Used to moves
cursor to a second line.
(c)Caps Lock key: Used to switch
between uppercase and lowercase.
(d) Shift key: - Used to switch between
uppercase and lowercase when Caps
Lock key is OFF. Also is used to
access a second character when a
key has two characters.

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(e) Backspace key: Used to delete (erase)
characters at the left side of the cursor
position.
v .Cursor control keys: Used to control
movements of cursor.
(a)Arrow keys: Used to move cursor one
character to the direction of arrow.
(b)Home key: Used to move cursor direct
to the beginning of line.
(c)End key: Used to move cursor to direct
to the end of line.
(d)Delete key: Used to erase (delete)
characters at the cursor position.

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(ii) Use operating system to manage
files and folders
(a) The System Properties Screen
1. Right click on “My Computer” icon
2. Click on “Properties” command
Note
A System Properties dialog box will
appear. Under General tab you will
see the information about your
Computer

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 Example
(i)Type of Operating System
(ii)Size of RAM
(iii)Type of Processor
(iv) Clock speed.
Click on “Ok” when you finish.

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 (b).FILES AND FOLDERS
A Directories- is an electronic container that
stores files and folders
Always directories appears left hand side of
your computer screen
Examples of directories ,favorite, download
, libraries.

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 A FOLDERS
A Folder: is an electronic container that
stores files.

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 Types of folders
(i)Subfolder
(ii)Parent folder

Subfolder-is a folder that stored within other

folder.

A Parent folder- is a folder that stores

subfolders.

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To create a Folder on Desktop
i. Right click on a blank area of the
Desktop
ii. Highlight on “New” command.
iii. Click on “Folder” option
iv. Type folder’s name
v. Press “Enter” key

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Creating Folders in other locations
i. Open the location you wish to create
a new folder. Example Drive (C:)
ii. Right click on a blank area.
iii. Select “New” command
iv. Click on “Folder” option
v. Type a name of your folder
vi. Press “Enter” key
• Note: If the location is one of the drives,
start by opening My Computer, then open
the drive.

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Creating Folders in other locations

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 Creating a Subfolder
i. Open a Parent (Main) folder.
ii. Right click on a blank area.
iii. Select “New” command
iv. Click on “Folder” option
v. Type a new name.
vi. Press “Enter” key

Parent (main folder) Subfolder

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 A FILES
A File - is simply defined as the collection of related
information stored under one name.
You can create a file by using any application
program.
A file is identified using three factors . File name,
File location and File extension (File type)
File extension consists of three letters, separated
from the file name by a period (.)
Example
Utandawazi.doc
Maisha.rtf
Mazingira.txt
Pension.xls
Frag.jpg
Form two results.pdf

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 .doc – document files (Microsoft word)

 .rtf – rich text format files (WordPad application)

 .xls – Excel files (Microsoft Excel)

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 Creating a File.
◦ Open the program you wish to create a
file.
◦ Type (Enter) your information (Data)
◦ Save your file.
Opening a Simple Editing Program
◦ Click on “Start” button.
◦ Select “Programs” command.
◦ Select “Accessories” option.
◦ Click on the program you want.
Example. Notepad, WordPad, Microsoft
word or Excel

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 Saving a New file
i. Click on “File” menu
ii. Click on “Save” or “Save As…”
command
Note:
You will see a Save As dialog box.
i. Select the location, under Save In text
box. Example. Desktop, My Document,
Floppy (A:)
ii. Type a name of the file, under File
Name text box.
iii. Specify the file extension, under File
type text box.
iv. Click on “Save” button.

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Opening an Existing (Saved) file.
i. Click on “File” menu
ii. Click on “Open” command
Note
You will see a Open dialog box.
(i)Select the location, under Look In text
box. Example. Desktop, My Document,
Floppy (A:)
(ii) Click on a name of the file you wish
to open.
(iii) Click on “Open” button

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 Editing a file

Editing- is reviewing and changing

file name by making additions,
deletions, corrections, revising,
or adapting.

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 Example Format Fonts.
1. Select the text you wish to format.
2. Click on “Format” menu.
3. Click on “Fonts” command.
Note: Fonts dialog box will appear.
1. Select the options you want. Example
Font, Font type, Font size, Font
color
2. Click on “Ok” button.

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Saving changes in existing file.
i. Click on “File” menu
ii. Click on “Save” command
Or: - Click on “Save” icon on Standard
toolbar.
Or: - Press and hold down “Ctrl”, then
press on “S” key. ( Ctrl + S)

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 ORGANIZING FILES
When accessing a hard disk (whether it is a
local or located on a network), Windows uses
the system of drive letters to save as logical
pointers to the different physical drives you
have access to.
From each drive letter it is possible to access
all of your files stored on that particular
drive.
If all of the files were held together in one place
on each drive, the system would be very
difficult to use because of sheer number of
files involved.

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 To help organize your files
You are advised to create folders to held divide
and even sub divide the files stored within
the various logical drives available.

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 THE WINDOWS EXPLORER
Windows Explorer is the option that
permits you to explore all aspects of your
system using a hierarchical view.

Opening Windows Explorer

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1. Click on “Start” button
2. Click on “Programs” command
3. Click on “Accessories” option
4. Click on “Windows Explorer”
OR:
Right click on “Start” button, then click on
“Explore” command.

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 Windows Explorer Screen
The Windows Explorer is split into two
separate views.
(i) Left window view
(ii) Right window view
The left window View
Refers to folders/directories pane it displays
the folders ,directories and disk drives
arranged in Tree format.
To expand a tree click on a plus sign (+) where
as to collapse a tree click on a minus sign (-).

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Windows Explorer Screen

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 The right window View
Refers to Contents pane; displays the
contents of a selected item from the left
window.

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Managing Files and Folders using Windows
Explorer
(a) Changing icons View mode.
i. Right click on a blank area in
contents pane.
ii. Select “View” command
iii. Click on the option you want.
Example List

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.

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(b) Changing icons Arrangement
i. Right click on a blank area in
content pane.
ii. Select “Arrange Icons” command
iii. Click on the option you want.
Example sort By Date.

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(c) Copying items within the same location
i. Right click on the item you wish to copy.
ii. Click on “Copy” command
iii. Right click on a blank area.
iv. Click on “Paste” command.
OR
i. Select the item you wish to copy
ii. Click on “Home” menu, then click on “Copy”
command
iii. Click on the blank area.
iv. Click on “Home” menu, then click on “Paste”
command

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(d) Moving items in another location
i. Right click on the item you wish to move.
ii. Click on “Cut” command
iii. Right click on a blank area.
iv. Click on “Paste” command.
OR
i. Select the item you wish to copy
ii. Click on “Home” menu, then click on “Cut”
command
iii. Open the location you wish to place your file.
iv. Click on “Home” menu, then click on “Paste”
command

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 (e) Removing items
i. Right click on the item you wish to
remove.
ii. Click on “Delete” command
iii. Click on “Yes” button
OR
i. Select the item you wish to remove
ii. Click on “File” menu
iii. Click on “Delete” command
iv. Click on “Yes” button

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 (f) Un-deleting items
i. Open the Recycle bin.
ii. Right click on the item you wish to recover.
iii. Click on “Restore” command
OR
i. Select the item you wish to recover.
ii. Click on “File” menu
iii. Click on “Restore” command
Note:
• You can’t restore any item deleted from the
Recycle bin or external storage device like
Diskette

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 (g) Renaming items
i. Right click on the item you wish to rename.
ii. Click on “Rename” command
iii. Type a new name
iv. Press “Enter” key
OR
i. Select the item you wish to rename
ii. Click on “File” menu
iii. Click on “Rename” command
iv. Type a new name
v. Press “Enter” key.

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(h)Multiple Selection technique
A. Continuous Selection
i. Select first item
ii. Press and hold down “Shift” key.
iii. Select last item, then release shift
key.
B. Non-continuous Selection
i. Press and hold down “Ctrl” key
ii. Click on each item you wish to select.

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(i) Searching Files or Folders
i. Click on “Start” button
ii. Click on “Search” command
iii. Click on “For Files or Folders…”
option
iv. Enter a filename or folder name on
a text box provided
v. Click on “Search” button.

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