Faculty of Computer Applications &

Information Technology

BCA

210301501 WEBSITE DEVELOPMENT USING

PHP & MySQL

Unit 3
Strings, Date and Time, Working with Forms
Strings

PHP string is a sequence of characters i.e., used to store and
manipulate text.

PHP supports only 256-character set and so that it does not offer
native Unicode support.

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 strtolower() Function

Convert all characters to lowercase:

Syntax:

strtolower(string)


<?php

echo strtolower("Hello WORLD.");

?>

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 strtoupper() Function


Convert all characters to uppercase:

Syntax:

strtoupper(string)


<?php

echo strtoupper("Hello WORLD!");

?>

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 ucfirst() Function

Convert the first character of "hello" to uppercase:

Syntax
ucfirst(string)

<?php
echo ucfirst("hello world!");
?>
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 lcfirst() Function

The lcfirst() function converts the first character of a

string to lowercase.
Syntax
lcfirst(string)

<?php
echo lcfirst("hello world!");
?> Faculty of Computer Applications & IT
 ucwords() Function

Convert the first character of each word to uppercase.

Syntax
ucwords(string)
<?php
echo ucwords("hello world");
?>
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 Strrev() Function

The strrev() function reverses a string.

Syntax
strrev(string)

<?php
echo strrev("Hello World!");
?>
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 strlen() Function

The strlen() function returns the length of a string.

Syntax
strlen(string)

<?php
echo strlen("Hello");
?>
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 strpos() Function

The strpos() function finds the position of the first occurrence of a string
inside another string.
The strpos() function is case-sensitive.
Syntax
strpos(string,find,start)
Parameter Description
string Required. Specifies the string to search
find Required. Specifies the string to find
start Optional. Specifies where to begin the search
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 strpos() Function

<?php
echo strpos("I love php, I love php too!","php");
?>

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 str_replace() Function
The str_replace() function replaces some characters with some other characters in a string.

This function is case-sensitive.

Syntax

str_replace(find,replace,string,count)

Parameter Description

find Required. Specifies the value to find

replace Required. Specifies the value to replace the value in find

string Required. Specifies the string to be searched

count Optional. A variable that counts the number of

replacements

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 str_replace() Function
<?php

$oldstr = "The cat was black";

$newstr = str_replace("black", "white", $oldstr, $a);

// Displays: The cat was white

echo $newstr;

echo $a;

?>

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 str_split() Function

The str_split() function splits a string into an array.

Syntax
str_split(string,length)
Parameter Description
string Required. Specifies the string to split
length Optional. Specifies the length of each
array element. Default is 1

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 str_split() Function

<?php
print_r(str_split("Hello"));
?>

<?php
$a = str_split("Hello");
print_r($a);
echo $a[0];
?> Faculty of Computer Applications & IT
 str_word_count() Function
The str_word_count() function counts the number of words in a string.

Syntax

str_word_count(string,return,char)

Parameter Description

string Required. Specifies the string to check

return Optional. Specifies the return value of the str_word_count() function.

Possible values:

0 - Default. Returns the number of words found

1 - Returns an array with the words from the string

2 - Returns an associative array where keys are positions of the words in the string, and values are
the words themselves.

char Optional. Specifies special characters to be considered as words.

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 str_word_count() Function

<?php
$str = "Hello world, PHP is great!";
echo
< str_word_count($str);
// Output: 5
?>

<?php
$str = "Hello world, PHP is great!";
print_r(str_word_count($str, 1));

/*
Output:
Array
(
[0] => Hello
[1] => world
[2] => PHP
[3] => is
[4] => great
)
*/
?> Faculty of Computer Applications & IT
 str_word_count() Function

<?php
$str = "Hello world, PHP is great!";
print_r(str_word_count($str, 2));

/*
Output:
Array
(
[0] => Hello
[6] => world
[13] => PHP
[17] => is
[20] => great
)
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*/
 str_word_count() Function

<?php
$str = "It's a well-known fact";
print_r(str_word_count($str, 1, "'-"));

/*
Output:
Array
(
[0] => It's
[1] => a
[2] => well-known
[3] => fact
)
*/
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?>
 str_word_count() Function

<?php
$str = "It's a well-known fact";
print_r(str_word_count($str, 1));
?>

Output
Array
(
[0] => It
[1] => s
[2] => a
[3] => well
[4] => known
[5] => fact Faculty of Computer Applications & IT
 str_word_count() Function

<?php

print_r(str_word_count("Hello world & good morning!",1));

?>

Array

[0] => Hello

[1] => world

[2] => good

[3] => morning

Only letters A–Z and a–z are considered word characters. & is ignored and treated as a separator.

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 str_word_count() Function

<?php

print_r(str_word_count("Hello world & good morning!",1,"&"));

?>

Array

[0] => Hello

[1] => world The third parameter "&" tells PHP to treat & as part of a
word.
Now & is considered its own "word" between "world" and
[2] => &
"good".
[3] => good

[4] => morning

) Faculty of Computer Applications & IT

 strcmp() Function

The strcmp() function compares two strings.

Syntax
strcmp(string1,string2)

Parameter Description
string1 Required. Specifies the first string to compare
string2 Required. Specifies the second string to
compare

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 strcmp() Function

Return Value: This function returns:

0 - if the two strings are equal

<0 - if string1 is less than string2
>0 - if string1 is greater than string2

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 substr() Function
The substr() function returns a part of a string.

Syntax

substr(string,start,length)

Parameter Description

string Required. Specifies the string to return a part of

start Required. Specifies where to start in the string Start can be any of
following:

A positive number - Start at a specified position in the string

A negative number - Start at a specified position from the end of the string

0 - Start at the first character in string

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 substr() Function

length Optional. Number of characters to extract.

Length can be any of following:

A positive number - The length to be returned from the start parameter

Negative number - The length to be returned from the end of the string

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 substr() Function
H e l l o W o r l d

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

H e l l o W o r l d

-11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

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 substr() Function
Example: Positive start

substr("Hello World", 6); // "World"

Starts at index 6 → "W" and continues to the end.

Example: Negative start

substr("Hello World", -5); // "World"

Starts 5 characters from the end → "W" and continues to the end.

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 substr() Function
Example: Positive start + length

substr("Hello World", 0, 5); // "Hello"

Starts at index 0, takes 5 characters.

Example: Negative length

substr("Hello World", 0, -6); // "Hello"

Starts at index 0, stops 6 characters before the end.

Positive numbers → count from left starting at 0.

Negative numbers → count from right starting at -1.

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 substr() Function

Using the start parameter with different positive and negative numbers:


<?php


echo substr("Hello world",10)."<br>";


echo substr("Hello world",1)."<br>";


echo substr("Hello world",3)."<br>";


echo substr("Hello world",7)."<br>";


echo substr("Hello world",-1)."<br>";


echo substr("Hello world",-10)."<br>";


echo substr("Hello world",-8)."<br>";


echo substr("Hello world",-4)."<br>";


?>
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 substr() Function

<?php


echo substr("Hello world",0,10)."<br>";


echo substr("Hello world",1,8)."<br>";


echo substr("Hello world",0,5)."<br>";


echo substr("Hello world",6,6)."<br>";


echo substr("Hello world",0,-1)."<br>";


echo substr("Hello world",-10,-2)."<br>";


echo substr("Hello world",0,-6)."<br>";


?>

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 strtok() Function
The strtok() function splits a string into smaller strings (tokens).

Syntax

strtok(string,split)

Parameter Description

string Required. Specifies the string to split

split Required. Specifies one or more split characters

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 strtok() Function
<?php

$string = "Hello world. Beautiful day today.";

$token = strtok($string, " ");

while ($token !== false)

echo "$token<br>";

$token = strtok($string, " ");

?>

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 strtok() Function
<?php

$string = "car,cycle,motor,bus,train";

$token = strtok($string, ","); // first token

while ($token !== false) {

echo "$token<br>";

$token = strtok(","); // next token (no $string here)

?>

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 str_repeat() function

The str_repeat() function repeats a string a specified number of times.

Syntax:

str_repeat(string,repeat)

Parameter Description

string Required. Specifies the string to repeat

repeat Required. Specifies the number of times the string will be repeated. Must
be greater or equal to 0

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 str_repeat() function

<?php

echo str_repeat(".",13);

?>

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 substr_count() Function

The substr_count() function counts the number of times a substring occurs in a string.

The substring is case-sensitive.

This function does not count overlapped substrings.

This function generates a warning if the start parameter plus the length parameter is greater than
the string length


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 substr_count() Function

Syntax

substr_count(string,substring,start,length)


Parameter Description

string Required. Specifies the string to check

substring Required. Specifies the string to search for

start Optional. Specifies where in string to start searching

length Optional. Specifies the length of the search

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 substr_count() Function

<?php

$str = "This is nice";

echo strlen($str)."<br>"; // Using strlen() to return the string length

echo substr_count($str,"is")."<br>"; // The number of times "is" occurs in the string

echo substr_count($str,"is",2)."<br>"; // The string is now reduced to "is is nice"

echo substr_count($str,"is",3)."<br>"; // The string is now reduced to "s is nice"

echo substr_count($str,"is",3,3)."<br>"; // The string is now reduced to "s i"

?>

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