8/18/2025

Module 3: Rate Analysis & Schedule of Rates Purpose of Rate Analysis

• Purpose of rate analysis • Rate Analysis is the process of determining the per-unit cost of an item of

• Factors affecting rate analysis work, considering all the inputs required such as materials, labour,
equipment, overheads, and profit.
• Labour & Material requirement for important items of work
• Objectives:
• Analysis of rates for various Items of buildings
1. To determine the actual cost per unit of a construction item.
• Local schedule of rates 2. To serve as a basis for preparing estimates and tenders.
• Rates of important items of work from different Government schedule 3. To fix standard rates for government works (through Schedule of Rates).
of rates. 4. To provide data for comparison and cost control in future projects.
5. To decide the feasibility and economic viability of a project.

18-Aug-25 Dr. Santanu Pathak, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College 1 18-Aug-25 Dr. Santanu Pathak, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College 2

Purpose of Rate Analysis Factors Affecting Rate Analysis

Example: If you want to know the cost of 1 m³ of brick masonry, rate analysis 1. Material Cost
helps break down the cost into: • Availability of local materials.
• Transportation cost from source to site.
1. Bricks Components share of rate analysis
• Quality of materials used.
2. Cement mortar 10%
10% 2. Labour Charges
40%
3. Labour (mason, mazdoor, etc.) • Local wage rates as per Labour Department notifications.
4. Tools and plants • Productivity and efficiency of workers.
25%
5. Contractor’s profit • Availability of skilled and unskilled labour.
3. Tools, Plants & Equipment
• Cost of machinery, depreciation, fuel, and maintenance.
15%
Bricks Cement mortar Labour Tools and plant Contractor's profit
• Hire charges if machinery is rented.
18-Aug-25 Dr. Santanu Pathak, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College 3 18-Aug-25 Dr. Santanu Pathak, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College 4

Factors Affecting Rate Analysis Factors Affecting Rate Analysis

4. Location of Work Table 3.1: Summary of Factors Affecting Rate Analysis
• Site conditions (urban vs. rural, remote areas).
• Climatic conditions (rainy season, flood-prone areas). Factor Example of Impact
5. Specifications of Work Material Cost Imported tiles cost more than locally available tiles
• Higher grade of materials (e.g., M30 concrete vs. M15) increases
Labour Urban labour wages are higher than rural areas
cost.
• Fineness of finish required. Equipment Machine mixing concrete costs more than hand mixing
6. Overheads & Contractor’s Profit Location Hilly terrain increases transportation cost
• Office establishment charges, site supervision, water charges, etc.
Specification RCC M30 is costlier than RCC M20
• Contractor’s profit (generally 10%–15%).
Overheads & Profit Contractor profit margin affects final rate

18-Aug-25 Dr. Santanu Pathak, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College 5 18-Aug-25 Dr. Santanu Pathak, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College 6

1
 8/18/2025

Labour Requirement: Out-turn or Task Factors Affecting Out-turn

• In civil engineering estimation and costing, out-turn refers to the 1. Nature of Work: Simple vs. complex items (earthwork vs. RCC).
average quantity of work done by a labourer (or a group of labourers)
2. Type of Materials: Bricks vs. stone blocks, smooth vs. rough surfaces.
in one day under ordinary conditions.
3. Labour Skill: Skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled.
• It is also known as task work or labour constants.
• Unit of out-turn is generally expressed as: Work done per day per person. 4. Tools & Equipment: Manual vs. mechanized.
• Examples: 5. Site Conditions: Weather, space, accessibility.
1. A mason may execute 1.25 m³ of brickwork in a day.
6. Work Organization: Proper supervision and gang formation.
2. A painter may cover 15 m² of surface with enamel paint in a day.
• Out-turn values are empirical norms developed through years of observation, 7. Local Practices: Regional variations in productivity.
and are standardized in codes such as IS 7272 (Part 1) and government
publications like CPWD Analysis of Rates (DAR/DSR).

18-Aug-25 Dr. Santanu Pathak, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College 7 18-Aug-25 Dr. Santanu Pathak, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College 8

Out-turn Out-turn
Sl.
Sl. Particulars of items Quantity Per day
Particulars of items Quantity Per day No.
No.
8 Cement concrete 1:2:4 5.00 cu m per mason
1 Brickwork in lime or cement mortar in 1.25 cu m per mason
foundation and plinth + 1 helper 9 Reinforced brickwork 1.00 cu m per mason
2 ‒‒Do‒‒ in superstructure 1.00 cu m per mason 10 RCC work 3.00 cu m per mason
3 Brickwork in mud mortar in foundation 1.50 cu m per mason 11 12 mm (1/2’’) plastering with cement or 8.00 sq m per mason
and plinth lime mortar + 1 helper
4 ‒‒Do‒‒ in superstructure 1.25 cu m per mason 12 Pointing with cement or lime mortar 10.00 sq m per mason
5 Brick in lime or cement mortar in arches 0.55 cu m per mason 13 Painting large surface one coat 35.00 sq m per painter
6 ‒‒Do‒‒ in jack arches 0.55 cu m per mason 14 Distempering one coat 35.00 sq m per painter
7 Half brick wall in partition 5.00 sq m per mason 15 2.5 cmm (1’’) C.C. floor 7.50 sq m per mason
18-Aug-25 Dr. Santanu Pathak, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College 9 18-Aug-25 Dr. Santanu Pathak, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College 10

Labour Required for Different Work Labour Required for Different Work
A. Earthwork per 28.30 cu m (1000 cu ft): B. Cement concrete work per 2.83 cu m (100 cu ft):
• Excavation in foundations, trenches, etc. in ordinary soil including • Laying cement concrete – 2 Beldars, 3 Mazdoors, ¾ Bhisti, and ¼
disposal up to 30 m (100 ft) and lift of 1.5 m (5 ft) – 5 Beldars and 4 Mason can do 2.83 cu m (100 cu ft) per day.
Mazdoors can do 28.30 cu m (1000 cu ft) per day. C. R.C.C. work:

• Refilling excavated earth in foundations, plinth, etc., including • Laying reinforced concrete – 3 Beldars, 3 Mazdoors, 1 ½ Bhisti, and
consolidation in 15 cm (6’’) layers – 3 Beldars, 2 Mazdoors, and ½ ½ Mason can do 2.83 cu m (100 cu ft) per day.

Bhisti can do 28.30 cu m (1000 cu ft) per day. • Centering and shuttering for flat surfaces – 4 Beldars and 4
Carpenters can do 9.6 sq m (96 sq ft) per day.
• Disposal of surplus earth within a lead of 30 m (100 ft) – 1 Mazdoor
• Reinforcement work for RCC – 1 Blacksmith or fitter and 1 Beldar
can do 2.83 cu m (100 cu ft) per day.
can bend and place in 1 quintal of steel per day.

18-Aug-25 Dr. Santanu Pathak, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College 11 18-Aug-25 Dr. Santanu Pathak, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College 12

2
 8/18/2025

Step-by-Step Example Practice Numerical

Problem 1: Calculate the labour cost of 10 m³ of brickwork in CM (1:6). Problem 2: Find the labour cost of 100 m² of plastering (12 mm thick), given
• Out-turn given: 1 mason + 1 helper = 1.25 m³/day. out-turn = 10 m²/day, wages: mason = ₹700/day, helper = ₹500/day.
• Work required: 10 m³. Problem 3: Calculate the cost of labour for 5 m³ of cement concrete (1:2:4), if
• Total mason-days: 10/1.25=810/1.25=8 mason-days. one mason with 2 helpers can produce 2.5 m³/day.
• Total helper-days: Same = 8 helper-days. Problem 4: If 1000 m² plastering is required, with 2 masons and 2 helpers,
• Wages: Mason ₹700/day, Helper ₹500/day. calculate time needed.
• Cost of mason: 8 × 700 = ₹5600.
• Cost of helper: 8 × 500 = ₹4000.
• Total labour cost: ₹9600.
• Labour rate per m³: ₹ 9600÷10 = ₹960/𝑚3.

18-Aug-25 Dr. Santanu Pathak, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College 13 18-Aug-25 Dr. Santanu Pathak, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College 14

Materials for Different Items of Works Materials for Different Items of Works
Materials required for 100 cu m of concrete: Problem 5: To find the materials for 10 cu m of cement of 1:4:8 proportion.

Coarse Quantity of Bulkage over Reduction in Sum total quantity of determining the quantity of materials for 10 cu m
Cement Sand
Proportion Aggregate Concrete Volume of Coarse Volume (over sum
(cu m) (cu m) concrete is to divide 15.2 by the sum of the numerals of the proportion
(cu m) (cu m) Aggregate of ingredients)
of the materials which gives the quantity of cement in cu m.
1:2:4 21.00 42.00 84.00 100 16% 47.0%
1:2:5 17.20 34.40 86.00 100 14% 37.6% 15.2 15.2
1:3:6 14.66 44.00 88.00 100 12% 46.66%
Cement = = = 1.17 cu m ≈ 1.15 cu m
1+ 4 + 8 13
1:4:8 11.25 45.00 90.00 100 10% 45.25%
1 : 5 : 10 9.20 46.00 92.00 100 8% 47.20% Sand = 1.15 × 4 = 4.60 cu m
• Shrinkage & voids: The volume of finished concrete is less than the sum of ingredient volumes Aggregate = 1.15 × 8 = 9.20 cu m
because of void filling and shrinkage.
• Reduction is usually taken as 50%–55% of the sum total of dry ingredient volumes. For 100 cu m
of concrete, the total dry ingredient volume ≈ 152 cu m (on average).
18-Aug-25 Dr. Santanu Pathak, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College 15 18-Aug-25 Dr. Santanu Pathak, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College 16

Materials for Different Items of Works Materials for Different Items of Works
Materials required for different proportions of 10 cu m cement concrete Materials required for 100 cu m of cement mortar:
Mixed Dry Mixed Wet Reduction in
Cement Sand Bulkage over
Proportion Aggregate Sand Cement Proportion
(cu cm) (cu cm)
Volume Volume
Sand Volume
Volume (over sum
(cu cm) (cu cm) of ingredients)
1:1½:3 8.40 cu m 4.20 cu m 2.80 cu m (84 bags) 1:6 1000 6000 6250 5800 3.3% reduction 17% reduction
1:4 1000 4000 4400 4200 5% bulkage 16% reduction
1:2:4 8.80 cu m 4.40 cu m 2.20 cu m (66 bags)
1:3 1000 3000 3500 3200 6.7% bulkage 20% reduction
1:3:6 9.00 cu m 4.50 cu m 1.50 cu m (45 bags) 1:2 1000 2000 2500 2300 15% bulkage 23% reduction
• Bulkage of sand occurs due to moisture, which increases sand volume.
1:4:8 9.20 cu m 4.60 cu m 1.15 cu m (34½ bags)
• Reduction in wet mortar volume happens because voids in sand are filled by cement
1:5:10 9.50 cu m 4.75 cu m 0.95 cu m (28½ bags) paste and water.
• Reduction in wet mortar volume over dry ingredients is taken as ~25%.
1:6:12 9.60 cu m 4.80 cu m 0.80 cu m (24 bags) • For 100 cu m of wet mixed mortar, the sum of dry ingredients ≈ 125 cu m.
18-Aug-25 Dr. Santanu Pathak, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College 17 18-Aug-25 Dr. Santanu Pathak, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College 18

3
 8/18/2025

Materials for Different Items of Works Materials for Different Items of Works
Problem 6: Consider a wall 1½ brick thick: 30 cm nominal thickness of 20 m • Mortar requirement = total volume of brickwork – net volume of bricks
length and 5 m height. = 29 – (0.19 × 0.09 × 0.09 × 14500)
• Nominal volume = 20 × 0.3 × 5 = 30 cu m = 6.685 cu m
• Normally mortar joint will be 1 cm; then actual thickness of the wall will be = 6.685 + 15% of 6.685 (frog filling, cut bricks, wastage)
29 cm.
= 7.688 cu m
• Actual volume = 20 × 0.29 × 5 = 29 cu m
= 7.688 + 25% of 7.688 (dry volume)
• Number of standard bricks of 20 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm nominal size:
29 = 9.61 cu m
= 14500 nos. • For 30 cu m of brickwork, dry volume of mortar = 9.61 cu m
0.20× 0.10× 0.10
• Therefore, number of bricks per cu m (nominal) = 14500/30 = 484 nos. • For 10 cu m of brickwork, dry volume of mortar = (9.61 × 10)/30 = 3.2 cu m
• Considering 5% breakages, wastages, etc. this may be taken as 500 nos. per cu
m.
• For 10 cu m of brickwork, 5000 bricks are required.
18-Aug-25 Dr. Santanu Pathak, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College 19 18-Aug-25 Dr. Santanu Pathak, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College 20

Materials for Different Items of Works

• Considering 1:6 cement mortar proportion,
Quantity of cement = 3/(1+6) = 0.43 cu m.
Quantity of sand = 6 × 0.43 = 2.58 cu m
• As cement goes to fill the voids in sand, 0.45 cu m of cement is considered
and 2.7 cu m of sand may be taken for 10 cu m of brickwork.

18-Aug-25 Dr. Santanu Pathak, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Assam Engineering College 21