Python Glossary

This glossary was designed to make it easier for you to understand the main concepts that we will see in the

course. We invite you to complement it with your notes!

A
● This function allows you to add a new item to the set. It is written
my_set.add(item_to_add).
● Aggregation: (type of relationship) This relationship occurs between a TODO class and
a PART class that is a component of EVERYTHING.
● Files are the oldest, primitive, and simplest way to store data. But
Believe it or not, this mechanism is still being used in more than one application;
even in quite sophisticated programs.
● And: It is the conjunction operator, that is, the one that groups through union, it is
the logical operator AND, known in Spanish as Y.
● Association: (type of relationship) Specifies a semantic relationship between objects not
related. This type of relationships allows the creation of associations that capture
the participants in a semantic relationship.
● Attributes: Everyday things like a computer or a car
they can be represented with classes. These classes have different
characteristics, which in the case of the computer could be the brand or model.
We will call these characteristics attributes.
B
● BackEnd: It is the part that connects with the database and the server that uses the
website, it is called server-side. Server-side API development
and databases. The database is connected to the web/app interface.
● Database: an alternative to store and explore data. These are
complex and generally require the installation of some engine or program
that allows us to use them.
● In Python, the break statement gives you the opportunity to close a
loop when an external condition is activated. You must put the break statement.
inside the code block under the instruction of your loop, generally
after a conditional if statement.
● Loops in Python: using loops in Python allows us to automate and repeat
tasks efficiently. However, sometimes, a factor may be
external influences the way your program is executed.

C
● Strings: they are a type of data made up of sequences of
characters that represent text. These strings of text are of type str and
delimit using single or double quotes.
● This integrated function serves to return the same.
string but with its first character in uppercase and the rest of the characters
make them lowercase, using the capitalize() method. It is written as:
string.capitalize()
● Clear: Just like in lists, we will be able to delete all values from a set.
simply using the clear function.
● Collections: The collections module helps us to complete and manipulate the
efficient data structures.
● this built-in function is used to return a copy of a
set. It is written as: set.copy()
● Conditional: conditional control statements are those that allow us to
allow evaluating whether one or more conditions are met, to determine what action
We are going to execute. The evaluation of conditions can only yield 1 of 2.
True or False.
● A set is an unordered collection of unique objects, meaning it does not have
duplicate elements. Python provides this type of data by default just like
other more conventional collections like lists, tuples, and dictionaries.
● The continue instruction gives the option to skip the part of a loop in
that activates an external condition, but continues to complete the rest of the
loop. That is, the current iteration of the loop will be interrupted, but the program
will return to the top of the loop.
● Count: If we need to know how many times a substring appears within the
same chain, using the count() method. It is written as: string.count()
● CRUD is the acronym for "Create, Read, Update, and Delete" (from the original in English:
Create, Read, Update and Delete). It is also known as ABM in other contexts.
environments (Additions, Deletions, and Modifications). It is the act of adding, modifying, deleting
to access data from a database.

D
● Data: a discrete set of objective factors about a real fact. Within
In a business context, the concept of data is defined as a record of
Transactions. A piece of data says nothing about the why of things and by itself
it has little or no relevance or purpose.
● From: to del dict, if the element passed as an argument to del() is not within the
dict is simply ignored. It is written as my_dict["key"].
● Flowchart: They express our algorithms in the form of a diagram through
a graphical representation based on geometric figures that vary according to the
code structure.
● Dictionary: it is an unordered collection of objects. That is why for
to identify any value within it, we specify a key (unlike
from lists and tuples, whose elements are identified by their position.
● This function finds all the non-common elements between two
set, that is to say, it returns a set of different items between each set. It is written
like: set1.difference(set2)
● Difference_update: similar to difference, but this function keeps the items for us.
different in the original set, that is, it assigns the items as a new value
different. It is written as: set1.difference_update(set2)
● Discard: If add allows you to add an item to the set, discard does the opposite.
remove the item from the set, without changing the rest of the set, if the element passed as
the argument to discard() that is not in the set is simply ignored.
● Duck Typing: The term polymorphism viewed from the perspective of Python is
complicated to explain without talking about duck typing. It's a concept that applies to
certain object-oriented languages.

E
● Enumerate: the built-in function enumerate(list/tuple_of_values) takes
how to argue an iterable object and return another whose elements are tuples of
two objects.
● Virtual environments: Virtual environments can be described as directories.
of isolated installation. This isolation allows you to locate the installation of the
dependencies of your project, without forcing you to install them system-wide.
● Input or input: is a program, it is the data that arrives at the program from the
exterior. Currently, the most common source is the keyboard. Python has a
function called input() which allows obtaining text written by keyboard. When reaching
to the function, the program stops waiting for something to be typed and the key to be pressed
Enter key.
● Exceptions: The errors detected during execution are called
exceptions, and they are not unconditionally fatal.
● Expressions: a set formed by operands and the operation.
● Nested expressions: there exists a lot of different expressions and like
you can suppose, it is possible to create combinations between these. This is called
calls nested expressions.

F
● Find: If we need to find the index at which a substring appears within
from the same chain, we use the find() method. It is written as: string.find(). If
it does not find the string returns a -1.
● Flow: it is a way of understanding the sequence of instructions in a program,
these instructions are executed one after another in an orderly manner and
They usually have the final objective of manipulating information.
● Frameworks: the framework is a set of tools and classes that
they allow us to solve a problem or functionality. They are written in one or
more programming languages. They also establish a certain structure
for the code and all the files, as well as a structured methodology
of the project.
It is a work environment, an ecosystem that allows us to create something, in this case
a website, without much effort.
● Functions: code groupings that can be executed multiple times
sometimes thanks to a unique name that identifies them.
● Built-in functions: Sets in Python have many functions for
use, among all of them we will name the most important.
● FrontEnd: It is the part of a website that interacts with users.
client side. Layout, visible logic of a website. It is what can be seen
a client, and with what they interact.

G
● Git is a free and open source version control system.
designed to handle small to large projects quickly and
Effective. Version control is understood as all the tools that allow us to
allow modifications in our project. A system that records the
changes made to a file or set of files over time.
● Github: Github is a kind of 'social network' for programmers. With this site
We can upload our projects and get other people to collaborate.

H
● Heterogeneous: In other languages, collections have a restriction that
it only allows having one type of data. But in Python, we do not have that restriction.
We can have a heterogeneous set that contains numbers, variables,
strings, or tuples.
● Inheritance: it is a process through which a child class can be created that
inherits from a parent class, sharing its methods and attributes.
I
● IDE: it is a software system for application design that combines
common tools for developers in a single user interface
graphics (GUI).
● To determine if an element belongs to a dict, we use the word
reserved
● Information: it has meaning, relevance, and purpose. It can not only form
potentially to the one who receives it, but it is organized for some purpose.
Data becomes information when its creator adds meaning to it.
We transform data into information by adding value in various ways.
● Iterate: In mathematics, it refers to the process of iterating a function, that is,
applying the function repeatedly, using the output of one iteration as the
entry to the following.
In programming, Iteration is the repetition of a segment of code within
a computer program. It can be used both as a generic term
(as a synonym for repetition) as a way to describe a specific form of
repetition.
● Isdisjoint: this function checks if the set is distinct from another set, that is, if not
there is no common item between them. It is written as: set1.isdisjoint(set2)
● IsSubset: This function checks if the set is a subset of another set, that is, if
all its items are in the other set. It is written as: set1.issubset(set2)
● Issuperset: this function is very similar to issubset, the difference is that this
check if the set contains another set, that is, if it contains all the
items from another set. It is written as: set1.issuperset(set2)
J
● Join: This built-in function is used to return a separated string from
a kind of separator. It is written as: "separator".join("string").

L
● Lists: within them there are functions that are very interesting and important, the
integrated functions. Lists in Python have many functions to use,
among all of them, we will name the most important ones.
● Lower: you can convert a string of characters to lowercase, using the
lower() method. It is written as: string.lower()

M
● Math: built-in module that can be used for mathematical tasks.
● Methods: On the other hand, classes have a set of functionalities. In the
In the case of the computer, it could be printing or reproducing. We will call these
functionalities methods.
● Special methods: The magic methods of Python classes are those
that begin and end with two underscore characters. They are of sum
importance since many of the operations that are done with classes in
Python uses these methods, such as the creation of the object (__init__)
to generate a string that represents them (__str__).
● Agile methodologies: These are the methodologies that allow adapting the way of
work under the project's conditions, providing flexibility and immediacy to
adapt to the circumstances of the environment.
● Model: The model is the part of our project that stores, deletes, modifies
and manipulates the main data flow, relying on some database.
● Mutability: Dictionaries, like lists, are mutable, meaning that
We can reassign their items by referencing the index.

N
● Note: it is the negation or also known as the NO. It is a little special, since
it only affects the logical types True and False; it only requires one operand in a
expression.

0
● Operators: they are applications, calculations that are carried out on two
arguments known as operands.
● Relational operators: they are symbols used to compare two values.
If the result of the comparison is correct, the expression is considered
true, and otherwise it will be false.
● Equality operator: it is used to ask our program if both
operands are equal. It will return True if they are equal, and False if they are different. This
operator is written with two equal signs (==).
● Inequality operator: it is used to ask our program if both
The operands are different. It will return True if they are different, and False if they are equal.
● Less than operator: it is used to ask our program if the first
 the first operand is less than the second operand.
● Less than or equal to operator: it is used to ask our program if the
the first operand is less than the second operand or if both are equal.
● Greater than operator: used to ask our program if the first
the first operand is greater than the second operand.
● Greater than or equal to operator: it is used to ask our program if the
the first operand is greater than the second operand, or if both are equal.
● Logical Operators: There are several types of logical operators in Python. But
we will be focusing on the three most basic and used: Not, Or, And.
● Or: disjunction operator called Or in Spanish O. While AND connected, OR
separate. That is, if I ask Python about two statements, and at least one is
(true) True, Python will tell me that this statement is True.

P
● Programming paradigm: it is a style of program development. That is,
a model to solve computational problems.
● The pass instruction allows you to handle the condition without the loop being visible.
affected in no way; all the code will continue to be read unless
the break instruction or another instruction occurs.
● Persistence: it is what will allow us to store and retrieve the data that
generated in some program (either ours or someone else's).
● OOP: It is a programming style or paradigm that allows us to organize the
code thinking of the problem as a relationship between "things", called
objects.
● Pop: The pop function returns an element randomly (it could not be from
another way, since the elements are not ordered). Thus, the following loop
print and remove one by one the members of a set.
● Programmer: develops applications and software programs, using
the foundations of existing software to create an interface for users with
 commercial, professional or recreational fines.
● Programming: it is the process by which some type of application is created or
software, to materialize a concept or project that requires the use of
from a computer language and thus be carried out.
● Python: It is an open-source, object-oriented programming language.
simple and easy to understand. It has a simple syntax that includes a vast
library of tools that make Python a programming language
unique. It is an interpreted language with dynamic typing, multiparadigm and
multiplatform.

R
● Recursion is a process of repetition in which something repeats itself.
same. It is the effect that occurs when two mirrors are placed facing each other.
● functions the same as discard, but with one difference, in discard if the item to
remover does not exist, it is simply ignored. In remove in this case indicates a
error. It is written as: my_set.remove(item_to_remove)
● This integrated function serves to reverse a list. It is written as:
lista.reverse()
● This built-in function is used to return a string by replacing the
sub indicated characters. It is written as:
string.replace("character_to_replace", "character_that_replaces")
● Rfind: It is exactly the same as the find() method, the difference is that rfind() returns
the index, but of the last occurrence of the substring, that is, the last time that
appears in the string. It is written as: string.rfind(). If the string is not found
returns a -1.
S
● Script: it is a "script" with code instructions, (basically, what we have been
doing until now) saved with a name and executed from the interpreter
(ide), these scripts can take data (arguments) at the time of the
execution.
● Else statement: within conditional statements, the else (otherwise) is a
a kind of 'brother' of if that can be chained at the end of a block of
if statement to check for the opposite cases, that is, the False. When using this
the reserved word else is indicating to Python that we want to execute
a portion of code, or code block, only if none of the
the aforementioned conditions, that is to say, if the result is always False.
● Elif statement: The last conditional statement we can find is the elif.
(if not, yes), we could also say that it is a sibling of if, since it is used in
continuation to the if to be able to chain many more checks. To
by using this reserved word elif we are indicating to Python that we want
execute a piece of code, or block of code, only if the previous condition
it is not met, that is to say, if the result of the if or any elif was False.
It helps us to give multiple options to the program.
● For statement: an iterative statement that we could say is the most used For
It is used to iterate over the elements of an iterable object (list, tuple...) and
execute a block of code, that is, it has a predetermined number of times
that iterates.
● If statement: within conditional statements, the if (if) is possibly the
more famous and used in programming, this is due to the fact that it allows us to
control the flow of the program and divide the execution into different paths.
● While Statement: It is based on repeating a block of code after evaluating a
logical condition, as long as it is True (just like the if statement).
● While statement - else: this else is used to execute a block of code when
the while loop has a False condition or has finished and has not been forced
to exit through a break.
● Split: this built-in function is used to return a list with the string of
characters separated by each index of the list. It is written as:
string.split("string_to_split"). If no string is specified to split
separate by "spaces".
● Strip: This built-in function is used to return a string by removing all the
characters before and after the string. It is written as:
string.strip("character_to_delete")
● Sort: This integrated function is used to automatically sort a list by
value, from lowest to highest. It is written as: list.sort()

T
● Tuples: they are collections of data similar to lists, one of the
The difference is that these are immutable. They are used to ensure that a
a determined collection of data cannot be modified. Python uses tuples in
some functions to return immutable results, therefore, it is advisable to know
identify them. In turn, depending on what we want to do, the tuples
they can be faster than lists.
● Logical type: it is the most basic data type of rational information, and
represents only two possibilities: True or False.
● This built-in function is used to return the same string.
But With The First Character Of Each Word In Uppercase And The Rest Of
to make characters lowercase, using the title() method. It is written as:
string.title()
U
● Union: This function joins one set with another and returns the result in a new set.
It is written as: set1.union(set2)
● Unit test: In Spanish, Unit Tests, refers to the method of verification
of the smallest "units" of software. The smallest components
which can be tested and whose most significant results are the modules.
● Update: To add multiple elements to a set, the update() function is used, which
It can take a list, tuple, string, set, or any object as an argument.
of iterable type. It is written as: my_set.update(item_to_add)
● This integrated function serves to return the same string
but with its characters in uppercase, using the upper() method. It is written
like: string.upper()