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Armstrong Subero

Programming Microcontrollers with

Python
Experience the Power of Embedded Python
1st ed.
Armstrong Subero
Basse Terre, Moruga, Trinidad and Tobago

Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the

author in this book is available to readers on GitHub via the book’s
product page, located at www.​apress.​com/​978-1-4842-7057-8. For
more detailed information, please visit http://​www.​apress.​com/​
source-code.

ISBN 978-1-4842-7057-8 e-ISBN 978-1-4842-7058-5

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7058-5

© Armstrong Subero 2021

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively
licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in
any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks,

service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the
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use.

The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the
advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate
at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
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material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
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This Apress imprint is published by the registered company APress

Media, LLC part of Springer Nature.
The registered company address is: 1 New York Plaza, New York, NY
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To all those who tinker to keep the world running
Acknowledgments
I want to thank my family.
I want to thank everyone who ever said anything positive to me or
taught me something. I heard it all, and it meant something.
I want to thank God most of all, because without God I wouldn’t be
able to do any of this.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1:​Getting Ready
Introduction to Microcontrollers​
Firmware, Memory, and Clock Speed
8-Bit vs.​32-Bit
Microcontroller Programming Languages
Assembly Language
C
C++
BASIC
Rust
Python
Selecting a Development Board
Adafruit Metro M0 Express
Adafruit Feather M0 Express
Adafruit Metro M4 Express
Adafruit Grand Central M4 Express
The Arduino Zero
The STM32F746ZG Nucleo
Device Comparison
The Component List
The Mu Editor
Other Serial Communication Tools
Setting Up Your Own Board
Conclusion
Chapter 2:​Electronics Primer
 Electrical Wires
The Breadboard
Electronic Schematics
Passive Components
Resistors
Capacitors
Polarized Capacitors
Non-polarized Capacitors
Capacitor Schematic Symbols
Inductors
Semiconductors
Diode
Light-Emitting Diode
Transistor
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors
Integrated Circuits
Digital Logic
Logic Level Conversion
Flip-Flop
Registers and the Shift Register
Multiplexers and Demultiplexers
Conclusion
Chapter 3:​Embedded Systems Overview
An Overview of Embedded Systems
Microcontroller vs.​Application Processor
Embedded Systems Structure
The Hardware System
The Software System
The Toolchain
Software Testing
Embedded Software Architecture
The Driver Layer
Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)
Board Support Package (BSP)
Middleware
Software Framework
Code Generator
Platform
Embedded Systems Constraints
Cost
Performance
Energy Budget
Embedded Systems Classification
Small-Scale Systems
Medium-Scale Systems
High-Performance Systems
Distributed Embedded Systems
Seven Steps to Developing an Embedded Product
Step 1:​Idea Creation
Step 2:​Requirements Specifications
Step 3:​Functional Design
Step 4:​Rapid Prototyping
 Step 5:​Testing
Step 6:​Securing Your System
Step 7:​Bringing to Market
Conclusion
Chapter 4:​Python Programming
Writing Python Programs
Whitespace
Comments
Variables and Constants
Data Types
Operators
Lists
Tuples
If Statement
else Statement
elif Statement
short if
for Loop
while Loop
Functions
Lambda Functions
Exception Handling
Object-Oriented Programming
Random and Time
Python vs.​CircuitPython
How Does My Python Program Run?​
 Conclusion
Chapter 5:​Digital Control
I/​O Pins
Output and Input on Microcontroller Hardware
Going Deeper into Microcontroller I/​O
Using Output:​Lighting an LED
LED Control
Building the Circuit
Lighting an LED with CircuitPython
Blinking an LED
Using Input:​Adding a Pushbutton
Pull-Up vs.​Pull-Down Resistors
Switch Debouncing
Input with MCU Schematic (Pull-Up)
Pushbutton Pull-Up Circuit Connection Tips
Pushbutton Pull-Up with CircuitPython Program
Input with MCU Schematic (Pull-Down)
Pushbutton Pull-Down Circuit Connection Tips
Pushbutton Pull-Down with CircuitPython Program
Conclusion
Chapter 6:​Data Conversion
Analog to Digital Conversion
ADC Hardware
Going Deeper into ADC
The Potentiometer
Analog to Digital Conversion in CircuitPython
 ADC with MCU Schematic
ADC Circuit Connection Tips
CircuitPython with Potentiometer Program
Photoresistor
Photoresistor with MCU Schematic
Photoresistor Circuit Connection Tips
Photoresistor with CircuitPython Program
Temperature Sensor
Temperature Sensor with MCU Schematic
Temperature Sensor Circuit Connection Tips
Temperature Sensor with CircuitPython Program
Conclusion
Chapter 7:​Communication Protocols
Microcontroller Communications
USART Communications
Deeper into UART
UART in CircuitPython
USB-UART with MCU Schematic
MCU with USB-UART Circuit Connection Tips
UART with CircuitPython Program
SPI Communications
Deeper into SPI
SPI Circuit Connection
SPI with CircuitPython Program
I2C Communications
Deeper into I2C
 I2C Support in CircuitPython
The MPU6050
I2C with MCU Schematic
I2C Circuit Connection Tips
I2C with CircuitPython Program
Adding Libraries
MPU6050 with CircuitPython Program
Conclusion
Chapter 8:​Display Interfacing
The Liquid Crystal Display
Using a GLCD
Monochrome GLCD Schematic
PCD8544 with CircuitPython
Troubleshooting
The Framebuffer
OLED
Using an OLED
MCU with OLED Schematic
CircuitPython with OLED Program
Conclusion
Chapter 9:​Controlling DC Actuators
DC Motors
Driving DC Motors
Pulse Width Modulation
PWM in CircuitPython
PWM with CircuitPython Program
 Controlling Motor Speed
The H-Bridge
H-Bridge with MCU Schematic
H-Bridge with CircuitPython Program
Servo Motors
Servo Motors in CircuitPython
Servo Motor with MCU Schematic
Servo Motor with CircuitPython Program
Stepper Motors
Stepper Motors in CircuitPython
Stepper Motor with MCU Schematic
Stepper Motor with CircuitPython Program
Conclusion
Chapter 10:​Python MCU Interfacing
RGB LED
RGB LED with MCU Schematic
RGB LED Circuit Connection Tips
Libraries We’ll Need
RGB LED with CircuitPython Program
HC-SR04
HC-SR04 with MCU Schematic
HC-SR04 Circuit Connection Tips
Libraries We’ll Need
HC-SR04 with CircuitPython Program
Piezo Speaker
Piezo with MCU Schematic
 Piezo Circuit Connection Tips
Libraries We’ll Need
Piezo with CircuitPython Program
DHT11
DHT11 with MCU Schematic
DHT11 Sensor Circuit Connection Tips
Libraries We’ll Need
DHT11 Sensor with CircuitPython Program
Conclusion
Index
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