Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

Ministry of Higher Education

Herat University
Computer Science Faculty

Introduction to Practical Computer Science 1 (Semester 1)

Elementary Programming (Variables)
Lecture 04

Lecturer: Mohammed Hamed Amiry

[email protected]

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Content…
• What is Error? Which type of error do you know?
• What is different between runtime and logical error?
• What are differences between Identifiers and Keywords?
• What is comment and how many type of comment do we have?
• What are differences between Primitive type and Non-Primitive
type?

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Programming Elements
• There are the most programming element, which also use in java.

• Keywords • Variables
• Identifiers • Constants
• Separators • Literals
• White Space • Operators
• Comments • Expression
• Statements
• Data Types
• Blocks
• Scope

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Java Programming Elements
Variables
• A variable represents a value stored in the computer’s memory.

• A variable is a storage location in memory that a programmer

can use to store data.
• Variables are used to represent values that may be changed in the
program.
• All programming languages use the concept of variables to reference data in
memory.
• In Java, a variable can hold
1.primitive data types
2.Arrays
3.Non- primitive Data types

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Java Programming Elements
variables

• With variables you can:

1.Store data
2.Read the data
3.Perform a lot of calculations
• In Java, with variables you can not:
1.Store data of a different type in a while.

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Java Programming Elements
Variables

• In Java, a variable has three parts:

1.Type
2.Name
3.Value
• The name can be used to get access to the variable
• Store a value

• Read the value

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Java Programming Elements
Declaration

• Before a variable can be used, it has to be declared first.

• To decelerate a variable, its type and name are written in the source
code
• This is followed by the symbol ‘ ; ’

DataType VariableName;
• Names of variables should always start with a small letter.
• Examples:
• int age;
• String name;

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Java Programming Elements
Assignment

• To store a value into a variable, we must use the symbol ‘ = ’

into the source code and followed by the symbol ‘ ; ’

Name = Value ;
• Examples:
age = 25;
name = “Mohammad”;

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Java Programming Elements
Initialization

• Declaration and Assignment can do in one step:

DataType VariableName = Value ;

• Examples:
int age = 25;
String name = “Mohammad”;

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Java Programming Elements
Initialization: Example

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Java Programming Elements
Hello World with Variable

public class HelloWorld {

public static void main (String args [ ]) {
String myFirstString = "Hello World";
System.out.println(myFirstString);
}
}

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Java Programming Elements
Reading Input from the Console

• Reading input from the console enables the program to accept input from
the user.
• Scanner class for console input.
• Java uses System.out to refer to the standard output device, and
System.in to the standard input device.
• To perform console input, you need to use the Scanner class to
create an object to read input from System.in, as follows:
• Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

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Java Programming Elements
Reading Input from the Console

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Java Programming Elements
Constant
• Constants are variables with values that can’t be changed.
• The value is assigned to a constant when it is declared.
• Use the word final in front of a normal variable declaration to make it a
constant.

public class HelloWorld{

public static void main (String args [ ]){
final double PI = 3.14;
}
}

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Java Programming Elements
Literals

• A literal is not a name – it is the value itself.

• A literal can be a number, a boolean or a character.
• In the expression, x = 3;
x is a variable 3 is a literal

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Java Programming Elements
Operators

• It is a symbol that operates on one or more operands to produce a result.

• Operators works with variables and make an operation.
• In the example below x and y are operands and + is the operator
int result = x+y;

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Java Programming Elements
Operators
• These operators are divided in 4 categories :
• Arithmetic operators
• Relational and conditional operators
• logical operators (binary)
• Assignment operators

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Operators
Arithmetic Operators
• Arithmetic operators refer to the standard mathematical operators
you learned in elementary school.

• Addition: operand1 + operand2;

• Subtraction: operand1 - operand2;
• Multiplication: operand1 * operand2;
• Division: operand1 / operand2;
• Modulus: operand1 % operand2;

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Operators
Arithmetic Operators

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Operators
Arithmetic Operators

• Let’s see them in java

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Operators
Relational and conditional operators
• A relational operator compares two values and returns true or false
depending on the relationship between them.
• They are commonly used in Conditions statements.
• Java provides six relational operators

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Operators
Relational and conditional operators

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Operators
Relational and conditional operators

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Operators
logical operators
• Logical operators return a true or false value based on the state of the
Variables.
• logical operand must be a boolean data type, and the result is always a
boolean data type.

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Operators
logical operators

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Operators
Assignment operators

• The Java assignment operator has the following syntax:

variable = expression
int result = 10+20;
puts the value 30 into the variable called result.
• When using assignment statements, the value to the right-hand side of the =
is assigned to the variable on the left-hand side.

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Operators
Assignment operators

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Operators
Operators Example

• Let’s see them in java

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Operators
Precedence revisited
• Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression.
• This affects how an expression is evaluated.
• Certain operators have higher precedence than others.
• What would be the result of the following expression:

int x = 7 + 3 * 2;
• Here x is assigned 13, not 20
• The operator * has higher precedence than + so it first get multiplied with
3*2 and then adds into 7

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Operators
Precedence revisited

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Java Programming Elements
Expression
• Series of variables, operators, and method calls that evaluates to a single value.
• Expressions are the simplest form of statements in Java.
• Job of expression:
• Perform computation.
• Return value, result of computation.

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Java Programming Elements
Expression

• Example:
• x = 3, y = 2, z = 1;

int result = x * y * z; //result = 6;

• int result = x * y - z;
int result = (x * y) - z; / / result = 5
int result = x * (y - z); / / result = 3

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Java Programming Elements
Statements
There are different kind of statements in java:
• Expression Statements
• aValue = 42; //assignment statement
• aValue++; //increment statement
• Declaration Statements
• int aValue;
• Object creation statement
• Student stObject = new Student();
• Control Flow Statements
• while, for
• if, switch

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Data Types
Blocks

• A collection of statements that is bounded by the braces { }.

• They bound the class definitions, method definitions and other statement
that should be executed in a group.

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Data Types
Blocks

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Data Types
Scope

• Blocks divide a program into smaller parts.

• Variables are only valid in the block they have been created in.
• The area where a variable is created and run in is called scope.

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Data Types
Scope: Example

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Summary
• There are some other programming element, such as:
Literal, Operators, Expression, Statements, Blocks and Scope.
• Literal is the value itself.
• Operators are symbol that operates on one or more operands to
produce a result.
• Expression are series of variables, operators, and method calls that
evaluates to a single value.
• Block is a collection of statements that is bounded by the braces .
• The area where a variable is created in is called scope.

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For more study
• Chapter 2 • Chapter 2

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Next Lecture On
• Selections

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 Q &A SECTION

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