1.
Introduction
• Java is a high-level, object-oriented, platform-independent programming language.
• Developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (1995).
• Motto: “Write Once, Run Anywhere” (WORA).
2. Features of Java
• Platform Independent → Runs on JVM (Java Virtual Machine).
• Object-Oriented → Based on classes & objects.
• Robust → Strong memory management & exception handling.
• Secure → No explicit pointers, bytecode verification.
• Multithreaded → Supports concurrent execution.
• Portable → Same code runs on different platforms.
3. Java Program Structure
class Hello {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
}
• class → blueprint for objects.
• main() → entry point.
• System.out.println() → prints output.
4. Data Types
Primitive Data Types:
• byte → 1 byte (–128 to 127)
• short → 2 bytes
• int → 4 bytes
• long → 8 bytes
• float → 4 bytes (decimal)
• double → 8 bytes (decimal)
• char → 2 bytes (Unicode)
• boolean → true/false
Non-Primitive:
• String, Arrays, Classes, Interfaces
5. Variables
int age = 25;
final double PI = 3.14; // constant
• Local Variable → declared inside a method.
• Instance Variable → declared inside class but outside methods.
• Static Variable → shared among all objects.
6. Operators
• Arithmetic → +, -, *, /, %
• Relational → ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
• Logical → &&, ||, !
• Assignment → =, +=, -=
• Unary → ++, --
7. Control Statements
Conditional:
if (a > b) {
...
} else if (a == b) {
...
} else {
...
}
Switch:
switch(day) {
case 1: System.out.println("Mon"); break;
case 2: System.out.println("Tue"); break;
default: System.out.println("Invalid");
}
Loops:
• for → for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
• while → while(i<5)
• do-while → executes at least once
8. OOPs Concepts
1. Class → blueprint
2. Object → instance of a class
3. Inheritance → acquiring properties (extends)
4. Polymorphism → method overloading/overriding
5. Encapsulation → data hiding using private
6. Abstraction → abstract classes & interfaces
9. Methods
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
• Method Overloading → same name, different parameters.
• Method Overriding → child class redefines parent method.
10. Constructors
class Student {
Student() { // default constructor
System.out.println("Student created");
}
}
• Default (no arguments)
• Parameterized (arguments given)
• Constructor Overloading supported.
11. Arrays
int[] arr = {10, 20, 30};
for(int i : arr) {
System.out.println(i);
}
• Single Dimensional → int[] arr = new int[5];
• Multi-Dimensional → int[][] matrix = new int[3][3];
12. Strings
String s = "Java";
System.out.println(s.length());
System.out.println(s.toUpperCase());
• Immutable → cannot be changed.
• Use StringBuilder/StringBuffer for mutable strings.
13. Exception Handling
try {
int x = 10/0;
} catch(Exception e) {
System.out.println(e);
} finally {
System.out.println("Always executed");
}
• Checked Exception → compile-time (IOException).
• Unchecked Exception → runtime (ArithmeticException).
14. Collections Framework
• List → ArrayList, LinkedList
• Set → HashSet, TreeSet
• Map → HashMap, TreeMap
15. Multithreading
class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
System.out.println("Thread running");
}
}
MyThread t = new MyThread();
t.start();
• Thread creation → extends Thread / implements Runnable
• Methods: start(), run(), sleep(), join().
16. File Handling
import java.io.*;
class FileDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
FileWriter fw = new FileWriter("test.txt");
fw.write("Hello Java");
fw.close();
}
}
17. Java Keywords
• abstract, break, class, continue, do, else, final, for, if, import, new, package,
private, protected, public, return, static, super, switch, this, try, while, void,
volatile, synchronized etc.
18. Java Versions (Highlights)
• Java 5 → Generics, Enum, Autoboxing.
• Java 8 → Lambda expressions, Streams, Default methods.
• Java 11+ → var keyword, new HTTP Client, Records.
