Python Basics - Q&A

1. Define function in Python:

In Python, a function is defined using the 'def' keyword followed by the function name,
parentheses (which may include parameters), and a colon. The body of the function is
indented.

Syntax:
def function_name(parameters):
# code block
return result

Example:

def greet():
print("Hello, World!")

2. Explain two ways to add objects/elements to list:

1. append() – Adds one item to the end of the list

fruits = ["apple", "banana"]

fruits.append("orange")

2. extend() – Adds multiple items to the list

fruits = ["apple", "banana"]

fruits.extend(["orange", "grape"])

3. Use of any four methods in math module:

1. math.sqrt(x): Returns square root
Example: math.sqrt(16) → 4.0

2. math.pow(x, y): Returns x raised to the power y

Example: math.pow(2, 3) → 8.0

3. math.floor(x): Rounds down a float to nearest integer

Example: math.floor(3.7) → 3

4. math.pi: Returns the constant π

Example: math.pi → 3.14159...
4. Describe any two data conversion functions:
1. int(): Converts a value to an integer

x = "10"
y = int(x)
print(y) # Output: 10

2. str(): Converts a value to a string

num = 25
text = str(num)
print(text) # Output: '25'

5. Define Data Hiding concept with advantages:

Data Hiding is an OOP concept where internal class details (like variables) are kept private
to prevent direct access from outside the class.

Example:
class Person:
def __init__(self, name):
self.__name = name

Advantages:

1. Security and protection of internal object state

2. Supports encapsulation and modular code design

6. Use of lambda function in Python:

A lambda function is a small anonymous function used for short tasks, especially useful in
functions like map(), filter(), etc.

Example:
add = lambda a, b: a + b
print(add(3, 4)) # Output: 7

7. List of built-in class attributes in Python:

1. __dict__ – Dictionary of class namespace

2. __doc__ – Documentation string

3. __name__ – Class name

4. __module__ – Module name where class is defined

5. __bases__ – Tuple of base classes

8. Compare between local and global variable:

Local Variable Global Variable

Declared inside a function Declared outside all functions

Accessible only within that function Accessible anywhere in the code

9. Two differences between List and Tuple:

List Tuple

Mutable (can be changed) Immutable (cannot be changed)

Defined with square brackets [] Defined with parentheses ()

10. Syntax of defining class in Python:

Example:
class ClassName:
def __init__(self, parameter1):
self.parameter1 = parameter1

def method_name(self):
print("This is a method")

Here’s a well-structured answer to the question:

1. Describe Module in Python with its Advantages
✅ What is a Module in Python?

A module in Python is simply a file containing Python code (functions, classes, or variables)
which can be imported and used in other Python programs.

Modules help organize and reuse code efficiently.

✅ How to Use a Module:

You can import a module using the import statement.

Example:

import math

print(math.sqrt(25)) # Output: 5.0

✅ Advantages of Using Modules in Python:

1. Code Reusability:
Functions and classes written in one module can be reused in different programs
without rewriting them.

2. Improved Organization:
Breaks down a large codebase into smaller, logical pieces, making the program more
readable and manageable.

3. Avoids Name Conflicts:

Modules maintain their own namespaces, which helps prevent variable and function
name conflicts.

4. Access to Built-in Functions:

Python provides many useful standard modules like math, datetime, random, etc.,
that save time and effort.

Sure! Here's a clear and simple answer for your second question:

2. Describe 'self' Parameter with Example

✅ What is self in Python?

 In Python, self represents the instance of the class.

 It is used to access variables and methods associated with the current object.
  self must be the first parameter of any method inside a class, although it's not
passed when the method is called — Python handles it automatically.

✅ Why is self important?

 It allows each object to keep its own data.

 It helps differentiate between instance variables and local variables inside a

method.

✅ Example:

class Student:

def __init__(self, name):

self.name = name # 'self.name' is an instance variable

def greet(self):

print("Hello, my name is", self.name)

# Create an object

s1 = Student("Alice")

s1.greet() # Output: Hello, my name is Alice

In this example:

 self.name = name assigns the passed name to the instance.

 self lets each object keep its own name.

3. Write a Python Program to accept values from user in a list and find the largest
number and smallest number in a list.

numbers = []

n = int(input("How many numbers do you want to enter? "))

for i in range(n):

num = int(input(f"Enter number {i + 1}: "))

numbers.append(num)

# Find largest and smallest number

largest = max(numbers)
smallest = min(numbers)

# Display results

print("Numbers entered:", numbers)

print("Largest number:", largest)

print("Smallest number:", smallest)

4. Design a class Employee with data members: name, department and salary. Create
suitable methods for reading and printing employee information
class Employee:

def __init__(self):

self.name = ""

self.department = ""

self.salary = 0.0

def read_info(self):

self.name = input("Enter employee name: ")

self.department = input("Enter department: ")

self.salary = float(input("Enter salary: "))

def display_info(self):

print("\nEmployee Information:")

print("Name:", self.name)

print("Department:", self.department)

print("Salary:", self.salary)

# Create object and use methods

emp = Employee()

emp.read_info()

emp.display_info()
 5. Write a program for importing module for addition and subtraction of two numbers.

Here's a simple way to create a Python program that imports a module and performs
addition and subtraction using functions defined in that module.

Step 1: Create a module named mymath.py

# mymath.py

def add(a, b):

return a + b

def subtract(a, b):

return a - b

✅ Step 2: Create another Python file to import and use the module

# main.py

import mymath

# Input from user

num1 = int(input("Enter first number: "))

num2 = int(input("Enter second number: "))

# Perform operations

sum_result = mymath.add(num1, num2)

diff_result = mymath.subtract(num1, num2)

# Display results

print("Addition:", sum_result)

print("Subtraction:", diff_result)

6. Write any four methods of dictionary.

dict.keys()
Returns a list of all the keys in the dictionary.

my_dict = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}

print(my_dict.keys()) # Output: dict_keys(['name', 'age'])

dict.values()
Returns a list of all the values in the dictionary.
 print(my_dict.values()) # Output: dict_values(['Alice', 25])

dict.items()
Returns all key-value pairs as a list of tuples.

print(my_dict.items()) # Output: dict_items([('name', 'Alice'), ('age', 25)])

dict.get(key)
Returns the value of the specified key. Returns None if the key is not found.

print(my_dict.get("name")) # Output: Alice

print(my_dict.get("city")) # Output: None

7. Illustrate with example method over loading.

Method Overloading in Python

🔹 What is Method Overloading?

 Method Overloading means defining multiple methods with the same name but
different numbers or types of parameters.

 Python does not support method overloading like some other languages (e.g.,
Java or C++).

 But we can simulate it using default arguments or variable-length arguments.

✅ Example using default arguments:

class Calculator:

def add(self, a=0, b=0, c=0):

return a + b + c

# Create object

calc = Calculator()

# Call method with different number of arguments

print(calc.add(5, 10)) # Output: 15

print(calc.add(2, 3, 4)) # Output: 9

print(calc.add()) # Output: 0

🧠 In this example:

 One method add() handles 0, 2, or 3 arguments using default values.

  This is a way to simulate method overloading in Python.

Would you like me to add this explanation and example to your Word document?

9. Explain four built-in list functions.

Four Built-in List Functions in Python

append()
Adds a single element to the end of the list.

fruits = ["apple", "banana"]

fruits.append("orange")

print(fruits) # Output: ['apple', 'banana', 'orange']

remove()
Removes the first occurrence of the specified value.

fruits.remove("banana")

print(fruits) # Output: ['apple', 'orange']

sort()
Sorts the list in ascending order (by default).

numbers = [5, 2, 9, 1]

numbers.sort()

print(numbers) # Output: [1, 2, 5, 9]

pop()
Removes and returns the last item (or an item at a specific index).

item = numbers.pop()

print(item) # Output: 9

print(numbers) # Output: [1, 2, 5]

10. Explain different functions or ways to remove key : value pair from Dictionary.
. Wys to Remove Key:Value Pair from a Dictionary

1. pop(key)

 Removes the specified key and returns its value.

 Raises KeyError if the key is not found (unless default value is given).

my_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}

value = my_dict.pop('b')

print(my_dict) # Output: {'a': 1, 'c': 3}

2. popitem()

 Removes and returns the last inserted key-value pair (in Python 3.7+).

pair = my_dict.popitem()

print(pair) # Output: ('c', 3)

print(my_dict) # Output: {'a': 1}

3. del Statement

 Deletes the key-value pair by key.

my_dict = {'x': 10, 'y': 20}

del my_dict['y']

print(my_dict) # Output: {'x': 10}

4. clear()

 Removes all items from the dictionary (empties it).

my_dict.clear()

print(my_dict) # Output: {}