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Learning JavaScript Design
Patterns

Addy Osmani

Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Sebastopol • Tokyo

Learning JavaScript Design Patterns
by Addy Osmani

Copyright © 2012 Addy Osmani. All rights reserved.

Revision History for the :

2012-05-01 Early release revision 1
See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449331818 for release details.

ISBN: 978-1-449-33181-8
1335906805
 Table of Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. What is a Pattern? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
We already use patterns everyday 4

3. 'Pattern'-ity Testing, Proto-Patterns & The Rule Of Three . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4. The Structure Of A Design Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

5. Writing Design Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

6. Anti-Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

7. Categories Of Design Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Creational Design Patterns 15
Structural Design Patterns 16
Behavioral Design Patterns 16

8. Design Pattern Categorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

A brief note on classes 17

9. JavaScript Design Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

The Creational Pattern 22
The Constructor Pattern 23
Basic Constructors 23
Constructors With Prototypes 24
The Singleton Pattern 24
The Module Pattern 27

iii
 Modules 27
Object Literals 27
The Module Pattern 29
The Revealing Module Pattern 36
The Observer Pattern 37
Advantages 38
Disadvantages 39
Implementations 39
The Mediator Pattern 49
Advantages & Disadvantages 50
Mediator Vs. Observer 51
Mediator Vs. Facade 51
The Prototype Pattern 52
The Command Pattern 54
The Facade Pattern 56
The Factory Pattern 58
When To Use The Factory Pattern 59
When Not To Use The Factory Pattern 59
The Mixin Pattern 60
The Decorator Pattern 61
Subclassing 61
Decorators 63
Example 1: Basic decoration of existing object constructors with new
functionality 63
Example 2: Simply decorate objects with multiple decorators 64
Pseudo-classical decorators 65
Interfaces 65
This variation of decorators and abstract decorators 66
Implementing decorators with jQuery 69
Pros and cons of the pattern 70

10. Flyweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Flyweight and the data layer 72
Converting code to use the Flyweight pattern 72
A Basic Factory 74
Managing the extrinsic states 74
The Flyweight pattern and the DOM 76
Example 1: Centralized event handling 76
Example 2: Using the Flyweight for Performance Gains 77

11. MV* Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

MVC 79
Smalltalk-80 MVC 79

iv | Table of Contents
 MVC For JavaScript Developers 80
Models 81
Views 82
Controllers 85
Controllers in another library (Spine.js) vs Backbone.js 86
What does MVC give us? 87
Delving deeper 88
Summary 88
MVP 88
Models, Views & Presenters 89
MVP or MVC? 90
MVC, MVP and Backbone.js 90
MVVM 92
History 92
Model 93
View 94
ViewModel 96
Recap: The View and the ViewModel 98
Recap: The ViewModel and the Model 98
Pros and Cons 98
Advantages 98
Disadvantages 98
MVVM With Looser Data-Bindings 99
MVC Vs. MVP Vs. MVVM 103
Backbone.js Vs. KnockoutJS 103
Namespacing Patterns 104
What is namespacing? 104
Advanced namespacing patterns 105
Automating nested namespacing 105
Dependency declaration pattern 107
Deep object extension 108
Namespacing Fundamentals 110
1.Single global variables 111
2. Prefix namespacing 111
3. Object literal notation 112
4. Nested namespacing 114
5. Immediately-invoked Function Expressions (IIFE)s 115
6. Namespace injection 117

12. Design Patterns in jQuery Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Module Pattern 121
Lazy Initialization 122
The Composite Pattern 123

Table of Contents | v
 The Adapter Pattern 123
The Facade Pattern 124
The Observer Pattern 125
The Iterator Pattern 126
The Strategy Pattern 127
The Proxy Pattern 127
The Builder Pattern 128
The Prototype Pattern 128

13. Modern Modular JavaScript Design Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

The Importance Of Decoupling Your Application 131
A Note On Script Loaders 132
AMD 132
A Format For Writing Modular JavaScript In The Browser 132
Getting Started With Modules 133
AMD Modules With Dojo 137
AMD Module Design Patterns (Dojo) 138
AMD Modules With jQuery 139
AMD Conclusions 141
CommonJS 141
A Module Format Optimized For The Server 141
Getting Started 141
AMD && CommonJS Competing, But Equally Valid Standards 144
Basic AMD Hybrid Format (John Hann) 145
AMD/CommonJS Universal Module Definition (Variation 2, UMDjs) 145
Extensible UMD Plugins With (Variation by myself and Thomas Davis). 146
ES Harmony 148
Modules Of The Future 148
Modules With Imports And Exports 148
Modules Loaded From Remote Sources 149
Module Loader API 150
CommonJS-like Modules For The Server 150
Classes With Constructors, Getters & Setters 150
Conclusions And Further Reading A Review 152

14. Bonus: jQuery Plugin Design Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Patterns 154
Note 154
A Lightweight Start 155
Further Reading 156
“Complete” Widget Factory 157
Further Reading 159
Namespacing And Nested Namespacing 159

vi | Table of Contents
 Further Reading 161
Custom Events For Pub/Sub (With The Widget factory) 161
Further Reading 162
Prototypal Inheritance With The DOM-To-Object Bridge Pattern 162
Further Reading 164
jQuery UI Widget Factory Bridge 164
Further Reading 166
jQuery Mobile Widgets With The Widget factory 167
RequireJS And The jQuery UI Widget Factory 169
Further Reading 172
Globally And Per-Call Overridable Options (Best Options Pattern) 172
Further Reading 174
A Highly Configurable And Mutable Plugin 174
Further Reading 176
UMD: AMD And CommonJS-Compatible Modules For Plugins 176
Further Reading 179
What Makes A Good Plugin Beyond Patterns? 179

15. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

16. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Table of Contents | vii

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 Preface

Design patterns are reusable solutions to commonly occurring problems in software

design. They are both exciting and a fascinating topic to explore in any programming
language.
One reason for this is that they help us build upon the combined experience of many
developers that came before us and ensure we structure our code in an optimized way,
meeting the needs of problems we're attempting to solve.
Design patterns also provide us a common vocabulary to describe solutions. This can
be significantly simpler than describing syntax and semantics when we're attempting
to convey a way of structuring a solution in code form to others.
In this book we will explore applying both classical and modern design patterns to the
JavaScript programming language.

Target Audience
This book is targeted at professional developers wishing to improve their knowledge
of design patterns and how they can be applied to the JavaScript programming lan-
guage.
Some of the concepts covered (closures, prototypal inheritance) will assume a level of
basic prior knowledge and understanding. If you find yourself needing to read further
about these topics, a list of suggested titles is provided for convenience.
If you would like to learn how to write beautiful, structured and organized code, I
believe this is the book for you.

Acknowledgments
I will always be grateful for the talented technical reviewers who helped review and
improve this book, including those from the community at large. The knowledge and
enthusiasm they brought to the project was simply amazing. The official technical re-

ix
viewers tweets and blogs are also a regular source of both ideas and inspiration and I
wholeheartedly recommend checking them out.
• Luke Smith (http://lucassmith.name, @ls_n)
• Nicholas Zakas (http://nczonline.net, @slicknet)
• Andrée Hansson (http://andreehansson.se, @peolanha)
• Alex Sexton (http://alexsexton.com, @slexaxton)
I would also like to thank Rebecca Murphey (http://rebeccamurphey.com, @rmur-
phey) for providing the inspiration to write this book and more importantly, continue
to make it both available on GitHub and via O'Reilly.
Finally, I would like to thank my wonderful wife Ellie, for all of her support while I was
putting together this publication.

Credits
Whilst some of the patterns covered in this book were implemented based on personal
experience, many of them have been previously identified by the JavaScript community.
This work is as such the production of the combined experience of a number of devel-
opers. Similar to Stoyan Stefanov's logical approach to preventing interruption of the
narrative with credits (in JavaScript Patterns), I have listed credits and suggested reading
for any content covered in the references section.
If any articles or links have been missed in the list of references, please accept my
heartfelt apologies. If you contact me I'll be sure to update them to include you on the
list.

Reading
Whilst this book is targeted at both beginners and intermediate developers, a basic
understanding of JavaScript fundamentals is assumed. Should you wish to learn more
about the language, I am happy to recommend the following titles:
• JavaScript: The Definitive Guide by David Flanagan
• Eloquent JavaScript by Marijn Haverbeke
• JavaScript Patterns by Stoyan Stefanov
• Writing Maintainable JavaScript by Nicholas Zakas
• JavaScript: The Good Parts by Douglas Crockford

x | Preface
 CHAPTER 1
Introduction

One of the most important aspects of writing maintainable code is being able to notice
the recurring themes in that code and optimize them. This is an area where knowledge
of design patterns can prove invaluable.
In the first part of this book, we will explore the history and importance of design
patterns which can really be applied to any programming language. If you're already
sold on or are familiar with this history, feel free to skip to the chapter 'What is a
Pattern?' to continue reading.
Design patterns can be traced back to the early work of a civil engineer named Chris-
topher Alexander. He would often write publications about his experience in solving
design issues and how they related to buildings and towns. One day, it occurred to
Alexander that when used time and time again, certain design constructs lead to a
desired optimal effect.
In collaboration with Sara Ishikawa and Murray Silverstein, Alexander produced a
pattern language that would help empower anyone wishing to design and build at any
scale. This was published back in 1977 in a paper titled 'A Pattern Language', which
was later released as a complete hardcover book.
Some 30 years ago, software engineers began to incorporate the principles Alexander
had written about into the first documentation about design patterns, which was to be
a guide for novice developers looking to improve their coding skills. It's important to
note that the concepts behind design patterns have actually been around in the pro-
gramming industry since its inception, albeit in a less formalized form.
One of the first and arguably most iconic formal works published on design patterns
in software engineering was a book in 1995 called Design Patterns: Elements Of Reusable
Object-Oriented Software. This was written by Erich Gamma,Richard Helm,Ralph
Johnson andJohn Vlissides - a group that became known as the Gang of Four (or GoF
for short).
The GoF's publication is considered quite instrumental to pushing the concept of de-
sign patterns further in our field as it describes a number of development techniques

1
and pitfalls as well as providing twenty-three core Object-Oriented design patterns
frequently used around the world today. We will be covering these patterns in more
detail in the section ‘Categories of Design Patterns’.
In this book, we will take a look at a number of popular JavaScript design patterns and
explore why certain patterns may be more suitable for your projects than others. Re-
member that patterns can be applied not just to vanilla JavaScript (i.e standard Java-
Script code), but also to abstracted libraries such as jQuery or dojo as well. Before we
begin, let’s look at the exact definition of a ‘pattern’ in software design.

2 | Chapter 1: Introduction
 CHAPTER 2
What is a Pattern?

A pattern is a reusable solution that can be applied to commonly occurring problems

in software design - in our case - in writing JavaScript-powered applications. Another
way of looking at patterns are as templates for how you solve problems - ones which
can be used in quite a few different situations.
So, why is it important to understand patterns and be familiar with them?. Design
patterns have three main benefits:
1. Patterns are proven solutions: They provide solid approaches to solving issues
in software development using proven solutions that reflect the experience and
insights the developers that helped define and improve them bring to the pattern.
2. Patterns can be easily reused:A pattern usually reflects an out of the box solution
that can be adapted to suit your own needs. This feature makes them quite robust.
3. Patterns can be expressive:When you look at a pattern there’s generally a set
structure and ‘vocabulary’ to the solution presented that can help express rather
large solutions quite elegantly.
Patterns are not an exact solution. It’s important that we remember the role of a pattern
is merely to provide us with a solution scheme. Patterns don’t solve all design problems
nor do they replace good software designers, however, they do support them. Next
we’ll take a look at some of the other advantages patterns have to offer.
• Reusing patterns assists in preventing minor issues that can cause major
problems in the application development process.What this means is when
code is built on proven patterns, we can afford to spend less time worrying about
the structure of our code and more time focusing on the quality of our overall
solution. This is because patterns can encourage us to code in a more structured
and organized fashion avoiding the need to refactor it for cleanliness purposes in
the future.
• Patterns can provide generalized solutions which are documented in a fash-
ion that doesn't require them to be tied to a specific problem. This generalized
approach means that regardless of the application (and in many cases the pro-

3
 gramming language) you are working with, design patterns can be applied to im-
prove the structure of your code.
• Certain patterns can actually decrease the overall file-size footprint of your
code by avoiding repetition.By encouraging developers to look more closely at
their solutions for areas where instant reductions in repetition can be made, e.g.
reducing the number of functions performing similar processes in favor of a single
generalized function, the overall size of your codebase can be decreased.
• Patterns add to a developers vocabulary, which makes communication
faster.
• Patterns that are frequently used can be improved over time by harnessing
the collective experiences other developers using those patterns contribute
back to the design pattern community. In some cases this leads to the creation
of entirely new design patterns whilst in others it can lead to the provision of im-
proved guidelines on how specific patterns can be best used. This can ensure that
pattern-based solutions continue to become more robust than ad-hoc solutions
may be.

We already use patterns everyday

To understand how useful patterns can be, let's review a very simple element selection
problem that the jQuery library solves for us everyday.
If we imagine that we have a script where for each DOM element on a page with class
"foo" we want to increment a counter, what's the simplest efficient way to query for
the list we need?. Well, there are a few different ways this problem could be tackled:
1. Select all of the elements in the page and then store them. Next, filter this list and
use regular expressions (or another means) to only store those with the class "foo".
2. Use a modern native browser feature such as querySelectorAll() to select all of
the elements with the class "foo".
3. Use a native feature such as getElementsByClassName() to similarly get back the
desired list.
So, which of these is the fastest?. You might be interested to know that it's actually
number 3. by a factor of 8-10 times the alternatives. In a real-world application however,
3. will not work in versions of Internet Explorer below 9 and thus it's necessary to use
1. where 3. isn't supported.
Developers using jQuery don't have to worry about this problem, as it's luckily ab-
stracted away for us. The library opts for the most optimal approach to selecting ele-
ments depending on what your browser supports.
Core internally uses a number of different design patterns, the most frequent one
being a facade. This provides a simple set of abstracted interfaces (e.g $el.css(),
$el.animate()) to several more complex underlying bodies of code.

4 | Chapter 2: What is a Pattern?

We're probably all also familiar with jQuery's $('selector'). This is significantly more
easy to use for selecting HTML elements on a page versus having to manually handle
opt for getElementById(), getElementsByClassName(), getElementByTagName and so on.
Although we know that querySelectorAll() attempts to solve this problem, compare
the effort involved in using jQuery's facade interfaces vs. selecting the most optimal
selection paths ourselves. There's no contest! abstractions using patterns can offer real-
world value.
We'll be looking at this and more design patterns later on in the book.

We already use patterns everyday | 5

 CHAPTER 3
'Pattern'-ity Testing, Proto-Patterns &
The Rule Of Three

Remember that not every algorithm, best-practice or solution represents what might
be considered a complete pattern. There may be a few key ingredients here that are
missing and the pattern community is generally weary of something claiming to be one
unless it has been heavily vetted. Even if something is presented to us which appears
to meet the criteria for a pattern, it should not be considered one until it has undergone
suitable periods of scrutiny and testing by others.
Looking back upon the work by Alexander once more, he claims that a pattern should
both be a process and a ‘thing’. This definition is obtuse on purpose as he follows by
saying that it is the process should create the ‘thing’. This is a reason why patterns
generally focus on addressing a visually identifiable structure i.e you should be able to
visually depict (or draw) a picture representing the structure that placing the pattern
into practice results in.
In studying design patterns, you may come across the term ‘proto-pattern’ quite fre-
quently. What is this? Well, a pattern that has not yet been known to pass the ‘pattern’-
ity tests is usually referred to as a proto-pattern. Proto-patterns may result from the
work of someone that has established a particular solution that is worthy of sharing
with the community, but may not have yet had the opportunity to have been vetted
heavily due to its very young age.
Alternatively, the individual(s) sharing the pattern may not have the time or interest of
going through the ‘pattern’-ity process and might release a short description of their
proto-pattern instead. Brief descriptions or snippets of this type of pattern are known
as patlets.
The work involved in fully documenting a qualified pattern can be quite daunting.
Looking back at some of the earliest work in the field of design patterns, a pattern may
be considered ‘good’ if it does the following:

7
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