TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION Definition of a function,

domain, range

Composition of two
COMPOSITION functions

03 INVERSE • Inverse of a function

• Inverse of composite
functions
Introduction
 MAPPINGS
The rule connecting the input and output values can be
written algebraically as 𝑥 ↦ 𝑥 + 1.
This is read as ‘𝑥 is mapped to 𝑥 + 1’

Mapping Diagram
 MAPPINGS

ONE-ONE ONE-MANY

MANY-ONE MANY-MANY
Types of mappings
 Function

✓ A mapping is a function if and only

if each object has only one image.
✓ Thus, both one-one and many-one
mapping represent functions.
 Example
Which of the following numerical mappings is a function?

Multiply by 2 and Take the square

add 5 root of the number

This is a function This is not a function

 Defining Functions
We must have:
● A set of object (input) values
● A rule telling you what to do with the object values
● Some idea of what the image (output) values might be
● A name for the function

The set of object values is called domain.

The set of output values we can obtain called the range.
 Domain and
Range of
Function
The set of input values for a function is
called the domain of the function.
The set of output values for a function
is called the range of the function.
We say "f of x equals x squared"
FUNCTION
NAME
FINDING THE VALUE OF A FUNCTION
You are given the function
𝑓: → 2𝑥 + 5; 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, −2 < 𝑥 < 5.
Find:
a. 𝑓 2
b. the range of the function
SOLUTION
a. 𝑓 2 = 2 2 + 5 = 9
b. The graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is shown. It is linear and
𝑥 can take any real value between -2 and
5. Thus, the range 1 < 𝑓 𝑥 < 15.
Example 1

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏, 𝒙 ∈ ℝ, −𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑

a. The domain of the function is −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3.

b. Sketch the graph of the function f.

c. The range of the function f is −3 ≤ 𝑓 𝑥 ≤

5.
Example 2
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙−𝟐 𝟐 + 𝟑, 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ∈ ℝ, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟔 .

The minimum value of the expression is 0 + 3

= 3 and this minimum occurs when 𝑥 = 2.

So the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2 2 + 3 will have a

minimum point at the point (2,3).

When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 7

When 𝑥 = 6, 𝑦 = 19

The range is 3 ≤ 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 19
Which is the function between these two picture?
Which is the function between these two picture?
Is the following diagram a function?
Is the following diagram a function?
Is the following diagram a function?
Is the following diagram a function?
 Practice!
Find the range of the following functions.

1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 5, −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 7

2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 7 − 2𝑥, −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4

3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 2, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5

4. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 , −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3

5. 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

6. 𝑔 𝑥 = 10 − 𝑥 − 3 2 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 7
Practice!
Practice!
Practice!
Composition of
Functions
 COMPOSITE FUNCTION
The function 𝑥 → 2𝑥 + 5 is the function
'multiply by 2 and then add 5'. It is a
combination of the two functions g and f
where:
𝑔: 𝑥 → 2𝑥 (the function 'multiply by 2')
𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑥 + 5 (the function 'add 5')
So, 𝑥 → 2𝑥 + 5 is the function 'first do g
then do f’.
 EXAMPLE 1

Question Answer
The function f is defined by 𝑓 𝑥
𝑓𝑔 7 = 𝑓 4 = 4 − 2 2
= 𝑥 − 2 2 − 3 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > (−2).
−3=1
The function g is defined by
2𝑥+6
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥−2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 2. Find
𝑓𝑔(7).
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 1 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 5 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
2
EXAMPLE 2

𝑓𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 2 (𝑥)

𝑓𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥 2 + 5) 𝑔𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔(2𝑥 − 1) 𝑓 2 𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥)

= 2 𝑥2 + 5 − 1 = 2𝑥 − 1 2 + 5 = 𝑓(2𝑥 − 1)
= 2𝑥 2 + 10 − 1 = 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 + 5 = 2 2𝑥 − 1 − 1
= 2𝑥 2 + 9 = 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 6 = 4𝑥 − 2 − 1
= 4𝑥 − 3
Very interesting
practice!
𝑓: 𝑥 ↦ 2𝑥 + 3 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑔: 𝑥 ↦ 𝑥 − 1 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
2

Find 𝑓𝑔 2 .
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
2

𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 3 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
Find the value of 𝑔𝑓(5).
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+2 2
− 1 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
Find 𝑓 3 .
2
The function f is defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 1
+ 𝑥 − 2 for 𝑥 ≥ 2.
10
The function g is defined by 𝑔 𝑥 = − 1 for
𝑥

𝑥 > 0.
Find 𝑔𝑓(18).
The function f is defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1 2 + 3 for
𝑥 > −1 .
2𝑥+4
The function g is defined by 𝑔 𝑥 = for 𝑥 > 5.
𝑥−5

Find 𝑓𝑔(7).
The function f is defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 1 for 𝑥
∈ ℝ.
10
The function g is defined by 𝑔 𝑥 = for 𝑥 ≠ 2.
2−𝑥

Solve the equation 𝑔𝑓 𝑥 = 5.

The function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 1 for 𝑥
∈ ℝ.
10
The function 𝑔 is defined by 𝑔 𝑥 = for 𝑥 ≠ 2.
2−𝑥
Solve the equation 𝑔𝑓 𝑥 = 5.
 2
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
ℎ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 5 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
Solve the equation 𝑔ℎ 𝑥 = 51
 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3 for 𝑥 > 0
3
𝑔 𝑥 = for 𝑥 > 0
𝑥
Solve the equation 𝑓𝑔 𝑥 = 13
The function 𝑓 is defined, for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, by 𝑓 𝑥
3𝑥+5
= ,𝑥 ≠ 2.
𝑥−2
The function 𝑔 is defined, for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, by 𝑔 𝑥
𝑥−1
= .
2
Solve the equation 𝑔𝑓 𝑥 = 12.
 2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+4 + 3 for 𝑥 > 0
10
𝑔 𝑥 = for 𝑥 > 0
𝑥
Solve the equation 𝑓𝑔 𝑥 = 39.
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.
𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 1 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.
Find the values of 𝑘 for which the equation
𝑓𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑘 has real solutions.
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.
𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 1 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.
Find the values of 𝑘 for which the equation
𝑓𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑘 has real solutions.
“The inverse of a function f(x) is the function
that undoes what f(x) has done.”
The inverse of the function 𝑓 𝑥 is written as 𝑓 −1 (𝑥).
The domain of 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) is the range of 𝑓(𝑥).
The range of 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) is the domain of 𝑓(𝑥).
It is important to remember that not every function
has an inverse.
An inverse function 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) can exist if, and only if, the
function 𝑓(𝑥) is a one-one mapping.
 Example
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 − 5 ,for 𝑥 ≥ −1
a. Find an expression for 𝑓 −1 (𝑥).
b. Solve the equation 𝑓 −1 𝑥
= 𝑓(35).
A self-inverse function is one for which 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥), for
all values of 𝑥 in the domain.
Example:
1
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 for 𝑥 ≠ 0
1
𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑥
Example
𝑓 𝑥 = 5 − 𝑥 − 2 for 𝑘 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
a. State the smallest value of 𝑘 for which 𝑓 has an
inverse.
b. For this value of 𝑘 , find an expression for
𝑓 −1 (𝑥), and state the domain and range of
𝑓 −1 (𝑥).
1

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+5 2
− 7 ,for 𝑥 ≥ −5.
Find an expression for 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) and
state the domain and range of the
inverse.
2

6
Function 𝑓 𝑥 = , for 𝑥 ≥ 0.
𝑥+2

Find an expression for 𝑓 −1 (𝑥).

3

1
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3 2
+ 1 , for 𝑥 ≥ 1 .
2

Find an expression for 𝑓 −1 (𝑥).

4

𝑓 𝑥 = 8 − 𝑥 − 3, for 𝑥 ≥ 3.
Find an expression for 𝑓 −1 (𝑥).
5
𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 − 3 for 𝑥 > 0
7
𝑔 𝑥 = for 𝑥 ≠ 2
2−𝑥

Express 𝑓 −1 𝑥 and 𝑔−1 𝑥 in term of 𝑥.

6

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+2 2 − 5 for 𝑥 > (−2)

a. Find an expression for 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
b. Solve the equation 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 3
7

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−4 2 + 5 for 𝑥 > 4

a. Find an expression for 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
b. Solve the equation 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑓 0
8

2𝑥+3
𝑔 𝑥 = for 𝑥 > 1
𝑥−1

a. Find an expression for 𝑔−1 (𝑥)

b. Solve the equation 𝑔−1 𝑥 = 5
9
𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = + 2 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
2

𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
a. Find 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
b. Solve the equation 𝑓𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 𝑥
10

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 3 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
Solve the equation 𝑔𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔−1 17
11
2𝑥+8
𝑓 𝑥 = for 𝑥 ≠ 2
𝑥−2
𝑥−3
𝑔 𝑥 = for 𝑥 > −5
2

Solve the equation 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔−1 𝑥

12

𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 24 for 𝑥 ≥ 0
Write down the range of 𝑓 −1 (𝑥).
13
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2, for 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑔 𝑥 = 5𝑥 − 4, for 𝑥 ≥ 0
a. Write down the domain of 𝑓 −1 𝑥
b. Write down the range of 𝑔−1 (𝑥)
14

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≥ 5
Find an expression for 𝑓 −1 𝑥 and
state the domain of 𝑓 −1 .
15

𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 10 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≥ 3
Find an expression for 𝑔−1 𝑥 .
16

𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 14 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≥ 𝑘
a. Find the least value of 𝑘 for which f is one-
one.
b. Find an expression for 𝑔−1 (𝑥).
17

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+1 3
− 4 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≥ 0.
Find an expression for 𝑓 −1 (𝑥).
 EXAMPLE
Functions f and g are defined as
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 , for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 5, for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≥ −2.5
Find:
a. 𝑓𝑔(𝑥)
b. 𝑓 −1 𝑥
c. 𝑔−1 𝑥
d. 𝑓𝑔 −1 𝑥
e. 𝑓 −1 𝑔−1
f. 𝑔−1 𝑓 −1
 Inverse of a composite

To find: Types:

Find the Reverse the 𝑔𝑓 −1 (𝑥)

𝑓𝑔 −1 (𝑥)
inverse of order of the
= 𝑓 −1 𝑔−1 (𝑥) = (𝑔−1 𝑓 −1 ) (𝑥)
each components
component
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 5, for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑔 𝑥 = 4 − 2𝑥, for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
a. Find an expression for 𝑓𝑔 −1 (𝑥)

b. Find an expression for 𝑓 −1 𝑔−1 𝑥

c. Find an expression for 𝑔−1 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
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