PYTHON

Contents
Introduction .......................................................................4

Variables ..........................................................................11

Data Types .......................................................................17

Predefined Function .........................................................19

List...................................................................................42

Tuple................................................................................55

Set ...................................................................................60

Dictionary ........................................................................67

Python Built-In Functions .............................................. 108

Modules ......................................................................... 114

Class & Object ............................................................... 119

Constructor.................................................................... 122

Inheritance..................................................................... 128

Exception Handling ........................................................ 141

Pickle Module ................................................................. 153

Method Overloading: ...................................................... 154

Method Overriding ......................................................... 156

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Operator Overloading ..................................................... 158

Polymorphism ................................................................ 162

Multithreading ............................................................... 165

Date Time Module .......................................................... 168

Abstract Class In Python:............................................... 169

Duck Typing .................................................................. 172

Searching Algorithm ...................................................... 173

Mysql Connectivity ......................................................... 177

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 INTRODUCTION

What is Python?

Python is a popular programming language. It was created

by Guido Van Rossum and released in 1991.

The PYTHON name is used in the Famous TV show Monty

Python Flying Circus.

Why it is popular?

Today world famous website

 - Netflix, Instagram, YouTube,spotify etc.,

 Google (Most of the website development using python)
 Microsoft .Net , Support by Python.

It is used for:

 Web Development (server-side),

 Windows Development,

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  Software Development,
 Data science,(Math’s)
 System Scripting.
 Game Programming

Special Features

 Interpreter.
 Support object oriented programming.
 Other libraries attached to python.
 Python libraries attached to other languages.
 Extension library.
 Open source.
 Cpython – is a original python version 2.0,3.0 .

OOPS:
 Object programming language aims to implement
real time entities like
inheritance,polymorphism,hiding,etc. in
programming.
 The main aim of oops to bind together the data
and function

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 That operates on them so that no other part of the
code can access this data except that function.

HOW TO DOWNLOAD PYTHON

Go to browser and search python.org .

Welcome to python.org -> downloads -> to display two
version
Select 3.10 .

What can Python do?

 Python can be used on a server to create web

applications.
 Python can be used alongside software to create
workflows.
 Python can connect to database systems. It can also
read and modify files.
 Python can be used to handle big data and perform
complex mathematics.

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  Python can be used for rapid prototyping, or for
production-ready software development.

Why Python?

 Python works on different platforms (Windows, Mac,

Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc).
 Python has a simple syntax similar to the English
language.
 Python has syntax that allows developers to write
programs with fewer lines than some other
programming languages.
 Python runs on an interpreter system, meaning that
code can be executed as soon as it is written. This
means that prototyping can be very quick.
 Python can be treated in a procedural way, an object-
oriented way or a functional way.

 The most recent major version of Python is Python 3,

which we shall be using in this tutorial. However,
Python 2, although not being updated with anything
other than security updates, is still quite popular.

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 Execute Python Syntax
As we learned in the previous page, Python syntax can
be executed by writing directly in the Command Line:

>>> print("Hello, World!")

Hello, World!

Python Indentation

 Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning

of a code line.
 Where in other programming languages the
indentation in code is for readability only, the
indentation in Python is very important.
 Python uses indentation to indicate a block of
code.

Example

if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")

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Example

Syntax Error:

if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")

Comments

 Python has commenting capability for the purpose of

in-code documentation.
 Comments start with a #, and Python will render the
rest of the line as a comment:

Example

Comments in Python:

#This is a comment.
print("Hello, World!")

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Multi Line Comments

Python does not really have a syntax for multi line

comments.

To add a multiline comment you could insert a # for each

line:

Example

#This is a comment
#written in
#more than just one line
print("Hello, World!)

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 VARIABLES

Variables are containers for storing data values.

Creating Variables

 Python has no command for declaring a variable.

 A variable is created the moment you first assign a
value to it.

Example

x=5
y = "John"
print(x)
print(y)

Example

x=4 # x is of type int

x = "Sally" # x is now of type str
print(x)

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single or Double Quotes?

String variables can be declared either by using single

or double quotes.

Example

x = "John"
# is the same as
x = 'John'

Case-Sensitive

Variable names are case-sensitive.

Example

This will create two variables:

a=4
A = "Sally"
print(a)
print(A)

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RULES

 A variable name must start with a letter or the

underscore character
 A variable name cannot start with a number
 A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric
characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
 Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE
are three different variables)

Example
Legal variable names:

myvar = "John"
my_var = "John"
_my_var = "John"
myVar = "John"
MYVAR = "John"
myvar2 = "John"

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 Example
Illegal variable names:

2myvar = "John"
my-var = "John"
my var = "John"

Multi Words Variable Names

 Variable names with more than one word can be

difficult to read.
 There are several techniques you can use to make
them more readable:

Camel Case

 Each word, except the first, starts with a capital letter:

myVariableName = "John"

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 Pascal Case

Each word starts with a capital letter:

MyVariableName = "John"

Snake Case

Each word is separated by an underscore character:

my_variable_name = "John"

Many Values to Multiple Variables

 Python allows you to assign values to multiple

variables in one line:

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 Example

x, y, z = "Orange", "Banana", "Cherry"

print(x)
print(y)
print(z)

 One Value to Multiple Variables

 And you can assign the same value to multiple
variables in one line:

Example

x = y = z = "Orange"
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)

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 DATA TYPES

 In programming, data type is an important concept.

 Variables can store data of different types, and
different types can do different things.

Python has the following data types built-in by default, in

these categories:

Text Type: str

Numeric Types: int, float, complex

Sequence Types: list, tuple, range

Mapping Type: dict

Set Types: set

Boolean Type: bool

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String
a='hai'
print(a)
a="hai"
print(a)

integer

a=1
b=2
c=3
print(a+b+c)

float

a=10.5
b=20.5
c=a+b
print( c)

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 PREDEFINED FUNCTION

 type conversion
 input function
 Isinstance function
 type function

type conversion
int(), float(),str() are the functions used to convert
respective types

Eg:1

a='2'
b='3'
c=a+b
print(c)
print(int(a)+int(b))

Eg:2

a='2.25'

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b='3.23'
print(float(a)+float(b))

Eg:3

a=2
b=3
print(str(a)+str(b))

input function:
 to get values (input) from users
 all inputs are in string format
Eg:1

a=input("enter a number: ")

b=input ("Enter b number: ")
c=int(a)+int(b)
print(c)

Eg:2

a=int(input("enter a number: "))

b=int(input("enter b number: "))
c=a+b
print(c)

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Eg 2.1:
print(int(input("enter a number: "))+ int(input("enter a
number: ")))

Eg:3

z="*"*20
print(z)
z="12"*2
print(z)

Eg:4

z="PYTHON"*int(input("enter a number"))
print(z)

Isinstance function:

 syntax: isinstance(variable_name,datatype)
 to check whether the given variable belongs to given
datatype , if yes return "True" else "False"

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Eg:1

c=5+3j
print(isinstance(c,complex))
a=34
print(isinstance(a,int))
z=34.5
print(isinstance(z,complex))

type function:

 syntax: type(variable_name or value)

 to return datatype of the variable or value

Eg:1

z=12
print(type(z))

Eg:2

z=1.2

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print(type(z))

Eg:3

z="12"
print(type(z))

Eg:4

z="Hello"
print(type(z))

OUTPUT FORMATTING:

x=5;y=10
print('The value of x is {} and y is {}'.format (x,y))

print('I would like to eat {0} and {1}'.format ('pizza','Burger'))

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print('Hello {name},{greeting}'.format (greeting='Good
morning',name='Ramesh')))

print(1,2,3,4)
print(1,2,3,4,sep='*')
print(1,3,5,7,sep='#',end='&')

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 OPERATORS

Operators are used to perform operations on variables and

values.

Python divides the operators in the following groups:

• Arithmetic operators
• Assignment operators
• Comparison operators
• Logical operators
• Identity operators
• Membership operators
• Bitwise operators

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1.Arithmetic Operators

Operator Name Example

+ Addition x+y
- Subtraction x-y
* Multiplication x*y
/ Division x/y
% Modulus x% y
** Exponentiation x ** y
// Floor division x // y

ADDITION
x=5
y=3
print(x + y)

SUBRACTION
x=5
y=3
print(x - y)

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MULTIPLICATION
x=5
y=3
print(x * y)

DIVISION
x=5
y=3
print(x / y)

MODULUS
x=5
y=3
print(x % y)

EXPONENTIATION
x=2
y=5
print(x ** y) #same as 2*2*2*2*2

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FLOOR DIVISION
x = 15
y=2
print(x // y)
#the floor division rounds the result down to the nearest
#whole number

2.Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to

variables:

Operator Example Same As

= x=5 x=5
+= x += 3 x=x+3
-= x -= 3 x=x–3
*= x *= 3 x=x*3
/= x /= 3 x=x/3
%= x %= 3 x=x% 3
//= x //= 3 x = x // 3
**= x **= 3 x = x ** 3

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EXAMPLE 1:
x=5
x+=3
print(x) #OUTPUT IS 8

EXAMPLE 2:
x=5
x-=3
print(x) # OUTPUT IS 2

EXAMPLE 3:
x=5
x*=3
print(x) #OUTPUT IS 15

EXAMPLE 4:
x=5
x/=3
print(x) #OUTPUT IS 1.6

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EXAMPLE 5:
x=5
x%=3
print(x) #OUTPUT IS 2

EXAMPLE 6:
x=5
x//=3
print(x) #OUTPUT IS 1

EXAMPLE 7:
x=5
x**=3
print(x) #OUTPUT IS 125

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3.Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values:

Operator Name Example

== Equal x == y
!= Not equal x != y
> Greater than x>y
< Less than x<y
>= Greater than or x >= y
equal to
<= Less than or equal x <= y
to

EXAMPLE
a=5
b=3
print(a>b) #True
print(a<b) #False

print(a>=b) #False

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print(a<=b) #False
print(a==b) #False
print(a!=b) #True

4.Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to combine conditional

statements:

Operator Description Example

and Returns True if x < 5 and x < 10
both statements
are true
Or Returns True if x < 5 or x < 4
one of the
statements is true
Not Reverse the not(x < 5 and x <
result, returns 10)
False if the result
is true
Example:

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and operator
x=5
print(x < 3 and x < 10) #False

or operator
x=5
print(x < 6 or x > 4) #True

not operator
x=5
print(not(x < 6 or x > 4)) #False

5.Identity Operators
Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if
they are equal, but if they are actually the same object,
with the same memory location:
Operator Description Example
is Returns True if x is y
both variables are
the same object
is not Returns True if x is not y
both variables are

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 not the same
object

Example (is operator)

x = ["apple", "banana"]
y = ["apple", "banana"]
z=x
print(x is z)

# returns True because z is the same object as x

print(x is y)

# returns False because x is not the same object as y, even

if they have the same content

print(x == y)

# to demonstrate the difference betweeen "is" and "==": this

comparison returns True because x is equal to y

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EXAMPLE(is not)

x = ["apple", "banana"]
y = ["apple", "banana"]
z=x

print(x is not z)
# returns False because z is the same object as x

print(x is not y)
# returns True because x is not the same object as y, even
if they have the same content

print(x != y)
# to demonstrate the difference betweeen "is not" and "!=":
this comparison returns False because x is equal to y

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6.Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to test if a sequence is

presented in an object:

Operator Description Example

in Returns True if a x in y
sequence with the
specified value is
present in the
object
not in Returns True if a x not in y
sequence with the
specified value is
not present in the
object

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EXAMPLE

IN OPERATOR

x = ["apple", "banana"]
print("banana" in x)

# returns True because a sequence with the value "banana"

is in the list

x = ["apple", "banana"]
print("orange" in x)

OUTPUT
False

NOT IN OPERATOR

x = ["apple", "banana"]
print("pineapple" not in x)
# returns True because a sequence with the value
"pineapple" is not in the list

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Output
True

x = ["apple", "banana"]
print("apple" not in x)

output
false

7.Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators are used to compare (binary) numbers:

Operator Name Description

& AND Sets each bit to 1
if both bits are 1
| OR Sets each bit to 1
if one of two bits
is 1
^ XOR Sets each bit to 1
if only one of two

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 bits is 1
~ NOT Inverts all the bits
<< Zero fill left shift Shift left by
pushing zeros in
from the right
and let the
leftmost bits fall
off
>> Signed right shift Shift right by
pushing copies of
the leftmost bit in
from the left, and
let the rightmost
bits fall off

EXAMPLE 1:
a=2
b=6
print(a&b) # OUTPUT IS 2

EXAMPLE 2:

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a=2
b=6
print(a|b) # OUTPUT IS 6

EXAMPLE 3:
a=2
b=6
print(a^b) # OUTPUT IS 4

Exercise:

1. Write a program to add two number.

2. Write a python program to find square root.

3. Write a python program to calculate area of triangle.

S=(a+b+c)/2
Formula for Area:
Area =√(s ∗ (s − a) ∗ (s − b) ∗ (s − c))

4. Write a python program to calculate simple interest

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and compound interest.
SI=PNR/100
CI=P(1+R/100)n

5. Write a python program to convert Celsius to

Fahrenheit.
F=C*9/5+32

6. Write a python program to convert Fahrenheit to

Celsius.
C=(F-32)*5/9

7. Write a python program to swap two variable values

using temp variable.

8. Write a python program to swap two variable values

without using temp variable.

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 LIST

 Lists are used to store multiple items in a single

variable.
 enclosed with square bracket[ ].
 List have different data types.
 List items are ordered, changeable, and allow
duplicate values.
 List items are indexed, the first item has index [0], the
second item has index [1] etc.

Eg1:Empty List

x=[]

Eg2:list of integers

x=[1,2,3,4]
print(x)
print(type(x))
<class list>

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Eg3:

a= ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

print(a)

Eg4:mixed datatypes

x=[22,3.45,'a',"Siva KUMAR"]
print(x)

Eg5:accessing elements using index

x=[22,33,44]
print(x[2])

Note:

x=[11,22,33] x[0]  11 x[1]  22 x[2]  33

seq.name index

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 index always starts with zero

Eg6:negative indexing

x=[22,33,44]
print(x[0])
print(x[1])
print(x[2])
print(x[-1])
print(x[-2])
print(x[-3])

Note:
 -1 index denotes last element
 -2 index denotes 2nd element from last
 +ve index starts with 0
 -ve index starts with -1
 +ve index denotes elements from left to right
 -ve index denotes elements from right to left
 x=[22,33,44]

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 0 1 2
-3 -2 -1

Eg7:Slicing

x=['a','b','c','d','e']
print(x[2:4]) #elements from 2nd index to 3rd #index
print(x[:4]) #elements from 0th index to 3rd index
print(x[2:]) #elements from 2nd index to last #index
print(x[:])#all elements
print(x[1:-2]) #elements from 2nd index to 2nd element
from last

Eg8:change the elements

x=[22,33,44,55,66,77,88]
x[1]=11
print(x)

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Allow Duplicates

Since lists are indexed, lists can have items with the same
value:

Example

Lists allow duplicate values:

Eg:9

a= ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple", "cherry"]

print(a)

Append Items

To add an item to the end of the list, use

the append() method:

Eg:10

x=[1,2,3]
x.append(33)
print(x)

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Extend List

To append elements from another list to the current list,

use the extend() method.

Eg:11

x.extend([11,22,44])
print(x)

Insert Items

To insert a list item at a specified index, use

the insert() method.

The insert() method inserts an item at the specified index:

Eg:12

Insert an item as the second position:

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a = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
a.insert(1, "orange")
print(a)

Eg13:inserting an element

x=[1,2,3]
x.insert(1,22)
x[2:2]=[4,5,6]
print(x)

Eg14:deletion

x=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
del x[1]
print(x)

x.remove(9)
print(x)

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Eg:15
pop

print(x.pop(1)) # removes the element at given index and

#returns the removed element
print(x)

Eg:16
clear

x.clear()
print(x)

Eg17:index,count sorted,reverse methods

x=[1,2,3,4,2]
print(x.index(3))
print(x.count(2))
x.sort()#list is sorted
print(x)
x=[22,11,44,55,3]
print(sorted(x)) #return sorted list, doesnt sort the #list
x.reverse()

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print(x)

Eg18:using membership operator

z=[1,2,3,4]
print(2 in z)
print(2 not in z)

Eg19:all,any,len,max,min,sum methods

x=[1,2,3,4]
print(all(x)) #if all elements are non zero returns #True
print(any(x)) #if any one element is non zero #returns True
print(len(x))
print(max(x))
print(min(x))
print(sum(x))

Matrix addition in list

Eg20:method1:

l1=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]

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l2=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]
l3=[]
for i in range(3):
for j in range(3):
l3.append(l1[i][j] + l2[i][j])
print(l3)

Eg21:method2:

l1=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]
l2=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]
l3=[[0,0,0],[0,0,0],[0,0,0]]
for i in range(3):
for j in range(3):
l3[i][j]=l1[i][j] + l2[i][j]
print(l3)

Join Two Lists

There are several ways to join, or concatenate, two or more

lists in Python.

One of the easiest ways are by using the + operator.

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Example

Join two list:

list1 = ["a", "b", "c"]

list2 = [1, 2, 3]

list3 = list1 + list2

print(list3)

>>nums=[25,12,36,95,14]
>>nums
[25,12,36,95,14]
>>nums[0]
25
>>nums[-5]
25
>>nums[4]
14
>>nums[2:]
[36,95,14]
>>nums[-1]

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14
names=[“navin”,”kiran”,”john”]
>>names
[‘navin’,’kiran’,’john’]
>>values=[9.5,’Navin’,25] # enter different type of
data type & it accept
>>mil=[nums,names]
>>mil
[[25,12,36,95,14],[‘navin’,’kiran’,’john’]]
>>nums.append(45) # Add it last value
>>nums
[25,12,36,95,14,45]
>>nums.insert(2,77)
[25,12,77,38,95,14,45]
>>nums.remove(14) # delete value
>>nums
[25,12,77,36,95,45]
>>nums.pop(1) # delete value using index
value
12
>>>nums
[25,77,36,95,45]
>>nums.pop() # Without specifying

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 delete last element
45
>>del num[2:]
>>nums
25,77
>>nums.extend([29,12,14,36])
>>nums
[25,77,29,12,14,36]

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 TUPLE

 Tuple is an ordered sequence of items same as list.

 Only difference is immutable(can’t modified).
 Tuples are used to store multiple items in a single
variable.
 Tuple always mentioned within ().
 A tuple is a collection which is ordered
and unchangeable.
 It contain duplicate value.

Eg1:empty tuple
t=()
print(t)
type(t)
<class tuple>

Eg2:
t=(1,2,3,4)
print(t)

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t=(1,2,3,"deepak")
print(t)

Eg3:indexing ,slicing
t=(1,2,3,4)
print(t[2])
print(t[2:3])

Eg4:unpacking a tuple
t=(1,2,3)
print(t)
x,y,z=t
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)

Eg5:changing elements
t=(1,2,3)
t[1]=22 #error

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print(t)

Eg6:deletion
t=(1,2,3)
del t[2] #error

del t #deleted

Eg7:count,index methods
t=(1,2,3,4,2)
print(t.count(2))
print(t.index(3)) #2

len

Tuple Length

To determine how many items a tuple has, use

the len() function:

Eg8:len,max,min methods
t=(1,2,3,4,5)

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print(len(t))
print(max(t))
print(min(t))

Join Two Tuples

To join two or more tuples you can use the + operator:

Example

Join two tuples:

tuple1 = ("a", "b" ,"c")

tuple2 = (1, 2, 3)

tuple3 = tuple1 + tuple2

print(tuple3)

Multiply Tuples

If you want to multiply the content of a tuple a given

number of times, you can use the * operator:

Example

Multiply the fruits tuple by 2:

CODERZ ACADEMY
fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
mytuple = fruits * 2

print(mytuple)

CODERZ ACADEMY
 SET

 unordered collection
 have unique elements
 immuatable elements
 elements enclosed with curly braces {}
 operations:
o union,intersection,difference,...

Creation:

Method1:
s={1,2,3,4}

Eg1:set of integers

s={22,33,76,2}
print(s)
type(s)

Eg2:set of mixed data types

CODERZ ACADEMY
s={22,3.3,"Arun",'A'}
print(s)

Eg3:can't have dup.elements

s={22,3,3}
print(s) # duplicate elements omitted

Eg4:empty set
s={}
print(type(s))
s=set() # s={} --> not an set its dictionary
print(type(s))

Eg5:add method: to add an element

s={1,2,3}
print(s)
s.add(4)
print(s)

CODERZ ACADEMY
Eg6:update method: to add multiple elements

s={1,2,3}
print(s)
s.update([11,22,33])
print(s)

Eg7:discard

s={1,2,3}
print(s)
s.discard(3)
print(s)

Eg8:pop- to remove and return an element

s={1,2,3}
print(s)
print(s.pop())
print(s)

Eg9:clear - to clear set

CODERZ ACADEMY
s={1,2,3}
print(s)
s.clear()
print(s)

SET Operations:
1.Union operation:
 using '|'('OR') operator
 using union method

S1 S2
1,2,3 4,5 6,7,8

Eg1:

s1={1,2,3,4,5} union

s2={4,5,6,7,8}
print(s1|s2)
print(s1.union(s2))

2.Intersection Operation:

 using '&'('AND') operator

 using intersection method

CODERZ ACADEMY
Eg2: S1 S2
1,2,3 4,5 6,7,8
s1={1,2,3,4,5}
s2={4,5,6,7,8}
print(s1&s2)
intersection
print(s1.intersection(s2))

3.Difference Operation:

 using '-'('MINUS') operator

 using difference method

Eg3:
S1 S2
1,2,3 4,5 6,7,8

s1={1,2,3,4,5}
s2={4,5,6,7,8}
print(s1-s2) S1-S2

print(s1.difference(s2)) S1 S2
print(s2-s1) 1,2,3 4,5 6,7,8

print(s2.difference(s1)

CODERZ ACADEMY
4.Symmetric Difference Operation:
S2-S1

 using '^'('XOR') operator

 using symmetric_difference method

Eg4:

s1={1,2,3,4,5}
s2={4,5,6,7,8}
print(s1^s2)
print(s1.symmetric_difference(s2))

Eg5:using membersip operator

s={1,2,3,4}
print( 1 in s)
print( 1 not in s)
print( 11 not in s)

Eg6:max,min,sum method

s={1,2,7,3,4}
print("MAX:", max(s))

CODERZ ACADEMY
print("MIN:" ,min(s))
print("SUM:", sum(s))
print("Any true value: ", any(s))
print("All true values: ", all(s))
print("Sorted: ", sorted(s))
print("Length:" , len(s))

Eg7:vowels counting

s={'p','y','t','h','o','n','l','e','a','r','n'}
c=0

for a in s:
if a in {'a','e','i','o','u'}:
c=c+1
print("No of vowels:" ,c)

CODERZ ACADEMY
 DICTIONARY

 unordered collection of items

 a dictionary has a key:value pair
 all elements are combination of key and value
 elements enclosed with curly braces { }
 keys must be unique and immutable

Eg1:Empty dict

d={}
print(d)
print(type(d))

Eg2:integer keys

d={1:'one',2:'two'}
print(d)

CODERZ ACADEMY
Eg3:mixed keys

d={'num':201,'name':'kavin',1:'semester'}
print(d)

Eg4:using dict() method

d=dict({1:'one',2:'two'})
print(d)

eg5:access elements

d={'num':201,'name':'kavin',1:'semester'}
print(d['num'])
print(d['name'])
print(d[1])

Eg6:change value

CODERZ ACADEMY
d={'num':201,'name':'kavin',1:'semester'}
d['num']=303
print(d)

Eg7:add elements

d={'num':201,'name':'kavin',1:'semester'}
d['mark']=88
print(d)

Eg8:pop() method

d={'num':201,'name':'kavin',1:'semester'}
print(d.pop(1))
print(d)

Eg9:popitem() method
- to remove last item

d={'num':201,'name':'kavin',1:'semester'}

CODERZ ACADEMY
print(d.popitem())
print(d)

Eg10:del

d={'num':201,'name':'kavin',1:'semester'}
del d['num']
print(d)

Eg11:clear

d={'num':201,'name':'kavin',1:'semester'}
d.clear()
print(d)
d={'num':201,'name':'kavin',1:'semester'}
del d
print(d)

Eg12:items, keys,sorted method

d={'num':201,'name':'kavin','semester':2}
for i in d.items():

CODERZ ACADEMY
 print(i)

x=list(sorted(d.keys()))
print(x)

Eg13:using for loop

Method1:
d={}
for x in {1,2,3}:
d[x]=x
print(d)

method2:
d={ }
for x in range(10):
d[x]=x
print(d)

method3:

d={x:x for x in range(10) }

CODERZ ACADEMY
print(d)

d={x:x*x for x in range(10) }

print(d)

d={x:x*x for x in range(10) if x%2==0 }

print(d)

Eg15:membership operator(use keys only )

d={'num':201,'name':'kavin','semester',2}
print('num' in d)

Eg18:iteration

d={'num':201,'name':'kavin','semester':2}
for i in d:

CODERZ ACADEMY
 print(d[i])

Eg19:has_key,len,sorted,values,items methods

d={'num':201,'name':'kavin','semester':2}
print(len(d))
print(sorted(d))
print(d.keys())
print(d.values())
print(d.items())

Eg20:updation

d1={1:11,2:22}
d2={3:33,4:44}
d2.update(d1)
print(d2)

More Examples:

>>>data={1:’navin’,2:’kiran’,3:’harsh’}

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>>>data
{1:’navin’,2:’kiran’,3:’harsh’}

>>>data[3]
‘harsh’

>>>data.get(4) #key error

>>>print(data.get(4))
None

>>>data.get(4,’not found’)
‘not found’

>>>data.get(1,’not found’)
‘navin’

Here we creating dict with list

>>>keys=[‘navin’,’kiran’,’harsh’]

>>>value=[‘python’,’Java’,’Js’]

CODERZ ACADEMY
>>>data=dict(zip(keys,value))

>>>data
{‘navin’:’python’,’kiran’:’Java’,’harsh’:’Js’}

Add value to dict

>>>data[‘monika’]=’cs’
>>>data
{‘navin’:’python’,’kiran’:’Java’,’harsh’:’Js’,’monika’:’cs’}

Delete data

>>>del data[‘harsh’]

>>>data
{‘navin’:’python’,’kiran’:’Java’,’monika’:’cs’}

Dict inside dict

>>>prog={‘Js’:’Atom’,’Cs’:’VS’,’python’:[‘pychram’,’sublime’],’j

CODERZ ACADEMY
ava’:{‘JSE’:’Netbeans’,’Jee’:’Eclipse’}}

>>>prog[‘js’]
‘Atom’

>>>prog[‘python’]
[‘pychram’,sublime’]

>>>prog[‘python][1]
‘sublime’

>>>prog[‘Java’]
{‘JSE’:’Netbeans’,’Jee’:’Eclipse’}
>>>prog[‘Java’][‘JEE’]
‘Eclipse’

CODERZ ACADEMY
 CONDITIONAL STATEMENT

Simple if:
Syntax:
if test expression:
Statement(S)
if the text expression is false,the statement (S) is not
executed.

Program to find greater of two numbers.

Example for if without else.

a=int(input(“Enter First number..”))

b=int(input(“Enter Second number..”))
if a>b:
print(“A is greater”)
if b>a:
print(“B is greater”)

CODERZ ACADEMY
Exercise: Write a program to check the given number is
positive, negative or zero without else part.

If else statement:
Syntax:
if test expression:
Body of if statement
else:
Body of else statement

 Indentation is used to separate the blocks.

Program to input a number check whether it is divisible

by 3 or not.
num=int(input(“Enter a number…”))
if num%3==0:
print(num,”is divisible by 3”)
else:
print(num,”is not divisible by 3”)

CODERZ ACADEMY
EXERCISE:
Write a program to check if the number is positive or
negative.

if….elif….else
syntax:
if test expression:
Body of if statement(S)
elif test expression:
Body of elif statement(S)
else:
Body of else statement(S)

elifshort of else if

Find the greatest of three number.

a=int(input(“enter first number…”))
b=int(input(“enter second number…”))
c=int(input(“enter third number… ”))
if a>b and a>c:

CODERZ ACADEMY
 print(“greatest is a”)
elif b>c:
print(“greatest is b”)
else:
print(“greatest is c”)

Exercise:
Program to input day of week in number (1…7) and print
its character equivalent.

Nested if statement :
We can have a if...elif...else statement inside
another if..elif..else statement. This is called nesting in
computer programming.

Example:

num=float(input(“enter a no:”))
if num>=0:
if num==0:
print(“zero”)
else:
print(“positive number”)

CODERZ ACADEMY
else:
print(“negative number”)

Example 2:
Program to find the greater of three number.
a=20
b=30
c=15
if a>b:
if a>c:
res=a
else:
res=c
elif b>c:
res=b
else:
res=c
print(“greatest value=”,res)

Note: There is no switch case statement in python.

CODERZ ACADEMY
Exercise: write a python program-
(1) to find given year is leap year or not.
(2) to find second maximum of three number.
(3) to input three subject mark and check all are above 40
or using nested if.
If all are above 40 – its eligible.
If any one is below 40 – its not eligible.
(4) to input months value between 1…12 and find the
month fall in which quarter.

Write a python to find second maximum of three

number.
a=int(input(“enter a value:”))
b=int(input(“enter b value:“))
c=int(input(“enter c value:”))
if a>b and a>c:
if b>c:
print(“2nd largest is:”,b)
else:
print(“2nd largest is:”,c)
elif b>c and b>a:
if c>a:

CODERZ ACADEMY
 print(“2nd largest is:”,c)
else:
print(“2nd largest :”,a)
elif a>b:
print(“2nd largest is:”,a)
else:
print(“2nd largest is:”,b)

CODERZ ACADEMY
 LOOPING STATEMENTS

for looping structure:

 The for loop in python is used to iterate over a
sequence (list,tuple,string) or other iterable obj.
 iterating over a sequence is called traversed.

syntax:
for var in sequence:
body of for loop statement.

var - variable that takes the value of the item inside the
sequence on each iteration.

Program1:

for i in “coderz”:
print(i)

output:
c
o

CODERZ ACADEMY
 d
e
r
z

the range function:

its generate sequence of number using range ()
function.
range (5)generate 0 to 4(5 numbers)
we can also define start,stop and step size as
range (start,stop,step size)

step size  default to 1 if not provided.

Advantage:
This function does not solve all the value in memory,
it would be inefficient. so it remember the start,stop,step
size and generate the next number on the go.

for i in range (5,50,5):

print(i)

CODERZ ACADEMY
o/p:
5
10
:
45

Exercise:
1. program to sum the even number 2…n.
2. program to calculate the average of number in a given
list.
3. program to find given number is a perfect number or
not.

for loop with else

digits=[1,2,3,4,5]
for i in digits:
print(i)
else:
print (“no items left”)

o/p:

CODERZ ACADEMY
 1
2
3
4
5
no items left

while loop structure:

It is used to iterate over a block of code as
long as the test expression(condition) is true.
usually,we use this loop we don’t know before
hand,the no of time to iterate.
syntax:
while <test_expression>:
body of while loop

CODERZ ACADEMY
program to add natural number 1+2+3+…..+n

n=int(input(“enter a number:”))
sum=0
i=1
while i<=n:
sum=sum+i
i=i+1
print (“the sum is”,sum)

while loop with else:

i=1
while i<=3:
print (“\n inside loop”)
i=i+1
else:
print(“\n finally print while cond is false”)

CODERZ ACADEMY
Exercise:write a python program

(1)write a program to find factorial of number.

(2)write a program to print fibonacci series upto n.
(3) to check armstrong number.
(4) program to reverse a given number.
(5) to check if a number is a palindrome.
(3) to count the number of digits in a number.
(6) program to sum of digits (ex:343  3+4+3).
(7) program to count the no of odd & even digits ina no
(ex:1234  2 even,2 odd).
(8) write a program to check prime number.
(9) to find armstrong number in an interval.
(10) write a program to print all prime number in a
internal.

break statement:
for val in “string”:
if val==”i”:
break
print(val)
print(“the end”)

CODERZ ACADEMY
o/p:
s
t
r
the end

continue statement:
for val in “string”:
if val ==”i”:
continue
print(val)
print(“the end”)

o/p:
s
t
r
n
g
the end

CODERZ ACADEMY
pass statement:
syntax:pass

pass is a null statement.

The different between comment & pass is:

comment - interpreter ignores completely
pass - pass is not ignored but nothing will
happen ,result into no operation(nop)

write a python program to find perfect number.

n=int(input(“enter any no:”))
sum=0
for i in range(1,n):
if(n%i==0):
sum=sum+i
if(sum==n):
print(“the number is a perfect number ”)
else:
print(“the number is not a perfect number”)

CODERZ ACADEMY
 FUNCTIONS

Function help break our program into smaller and

modular chunks. As our program grow larger and larger ,
functions make it more organized and manageable.

SYNTAX:
def func_name(parameters):
”””doc string”””
statements

def  Keyword
:  end of function header

Example:
def welcome_func(name): #func definition
print(“Hello,” + name + “Good morning!”)

welcome_func(‘Ram’) #func calling

OUTPUT:
Hello,Ram Good morning!

CODERZ ACADEMY
The Return Statement:

SYNTAX:
return [expression_list]

1.program to find square value of a number.

def sample(a):
c=a*a
return(c)

n=int(input(“Enter a number:”))
res= sample(n) #function calling
print(“The square of %d is %d”%(n,res))

2.write a program for factorial of number

def fact(n):
x=1
for i in range (1,n+1):

CODERZ ACADEMY
 x=x*i
return x

m= input(“Enter a number…”)
print(“factorial value ={}”.format(fact(int(m))))

FUNCTIONS ARGUMENTS:

def welcome_func(name,msg):
print(“Hello”, name + ‘,’ + msg)

welcome_func(“priya”,”good morning”)

OUTPUT:

hello priya,Good morning

Above function has two parameters

If we call it with one argument , shows error.

CODERZ ACADEMY
VARIABLE FUNCTION ARGUMENTS:

1.PYTHON DEFALUT ARGUMENTS:

def welcome_func(name,msg=”Good Morning!”):

print(“Hello”,name+’,’+msg)

welcome_func(“kumaresan”)
welcome_func(“Prakash”,”have a nice day”)

2.PYTHON KEYWORD ARGUMENTS:

def welcome_func(name,msg):
print(“hai”,name,msg)

name=”karthick”
welcome_func(name=”karthick”,msg=”Have a nice day”)
welcome_func(msg=”have a nice day”, name=”karthick”)
welcome_func(name,msg= “have a nice day”)

CODERZ ACADEMY
name,msg  Keyword

3.PYTHON ARBITARY ARGUMENTS:

sometimes, we don’t know in advance the number of

arguments that will be passed into a function.
we can use this by using arbitrary number of
arguments.
That is, we going to pass n number of values into one
argument.

Example1:
def arb_func(*names):
for na in names:
print(“hello”,na)

arb_func(“Priyadarshini”,”radika”,”Jayaraman”,”harsh”)

CODERZ ACADEMY
Example2:
def sample_func(*num):
for i in num:
print(i)
print(type(i))

sample_func(10,20)
sample_func(“Raj”,”Kumar’)
sample_func(70,”jayaraman”)

4. **KWARGS IN PYTHON:

def test_variable(sstar,**dstar):
print(“formal arguments:”,sstar)
for v in dstar:
print(“another keyword arg: %s is %s”%(v,dstar[v]))

#using keyword argument

test_variable(sstar=101,name=”Ramkumar”,sal=10000)

CODERZ ACADEMY
5.PYTHON RECURSION:
python program using recursive to find prime or not

def check(n,div=None):
if div is None:
div=n-1
while div>=2:
if n%div==0:
print(“not a prime number”)
return False
else:
return check(n,div-1)
else:
print(“no is prime”)
return True

n=int(input(“enter number:”))
check(n)

CODERZ ACADEMY
6.PYTHON LAMBDA FUNCTION:
In Python , anonymous function is a function that is
defined without name is called as lambda function.
It is also called as anonymous function.

syntax:
lambda arguments:expression

Lambda have any number of arguments but only

one expression.
Example1:
f=lambda x,y:x+y
a=f(5,1)
print a

CODERZ ACADEMY
Example2:
same as above
def sumtwo(x,y):
return(x+y)
print (“addition of two value is:”,sumtwo(5,1))

Exercise:
1.write a program for SI and CI using functions
3.write a recursive program to find factorial of number.
4.write a recursive program to find sum of n number.
5.write a program power of 2 using anonymous function

CODERZ ACADEMY
 BUILT IN STRING MANIPULATION

Capitalize
Program-1
'i love india'.capitalize()

isalnum
Returns true if the characters in the string <str> are
alphanumeric (alphabets or numbers) and there is at least
one characters ,otherwise false.
Program-2

s="abcd123"
s.isalnum()
True

isalpha
returns true if all characters in the string <str>are
alphabetic and there is at least one character ,otherwise
false.
program-3

s1='hello'

CODERZ ACADEMY
s1.isalpha()
True
s2='hello1'
s2.isalpha()
False

isdigit
returns true if all the characters in the string <str> are
digits
program-4

s3='123'
s3.isdigit()
True
s3='123n'
s3.isdigit()
False

Isspace()
Returns true if there are only whitespace characters in the
string <str> .there must be at least one character.

CODERZ ACADEMY
Program-5

s1=" "
s1.isspace()
True

Isupper
Program-6

a='coderz'
a.isupper()
False

Islower
Program-7

a='CODERZ'
a.islower()
False
a.isupper()
True

Istitle
Program-8
The istitle() method returns True if all words in a text start

CODERZ ACADEMY
with a upper case letter, and the rest of the word are lower
case letters, otherwise False.
Example:
"To Be Or Not To Be".istitle()
True

center() Method

The center() method will center align the string, using a

specified character (space is default) as the fill character.

txt = "banana"
x = txt.center(20)
print(x)

find() Method

The find() method returns the index of first occurrence of

the substring (if found). If not found, it returns -1.

txt = "Hello, welcome to my world."

x = txt.find("welcome")
print(x)

replace() Method

txt = "I like bananas"

CODERZ ACADEMY
x = txt.replace("bananas", "apples")
print(x)

title() Method

txt = "Welcome to my world"

x = txt.title()
print(x)

upper() Method

txt = "Hello my friends"

x = txt.upper()
print(x)

startswith() Method

Return True if the object value is start with the value which
is mentioned within startwith().

txt = "Hello, welcome to my world."

x = txt.startswith("Hello")
print(x)

CODERZ ACADEMY
join() Method

Join in Python is an in-built method used to join an

iterable's elements, separated by a string separator, which
is specified by you.

myTuple = ("John", "Peter", "Vicky")

x = "#".join(myTuple)
print(x)

swapcase()

"Hello World".swapcase()
'hELLO wORLD'

CODERZ ACADEMY
 map(),filter(),reduce()

from functools import reduce

nums=[3,2,6,8,4,6,9,7]
evens=list(filter(lambda n: n%2==0,nums))
print(evens)
doubles=list(map(lambda n:n*2,evens))
print(doubles)
sum=reduce(lambda a,b:a+b,doubles)
print(sum)

DECORATOR
 Decorators allows programmers to modify the behavior
of a function or class.
 It will add extra features into existing function at
compile time itself.

Example:

def div(a,b):
print(a/b)
def smart_div(func):

CODERZ ACADEMY
 def inner(a,b):
if a<b:
a,b=b,a
return func(a,b)
return inner
div=smart_div(div)
div(2,4)

Python Built-in Functions

abs() Function

abs(-10)
10

all() Function

The all() function returns True if all items in an iterable are

true, otherwise it returns False. It also returns True if the
iterable object is empty.

CODERZ ACADEMY
s=[0,1,2]
all(s)
False

s=[]
all(s)
True

Python bin() Function

The bin() function returns the binary version of a specified
integer. The result will always start with the prefix 0b .

>>> x=10
>>> bin(x)
'0b1010'

bool() Function

The bool() function returns the boolean value of a specified

object. The object will always return True, unless: The

CODERZ ACADEMY
object is empty, like [], (), {} The object is False. The object
is 0.

x = bool(1)
print(x)

chr() Function

The chr() function returns the character that represents the

specified unicode.

x = chr(97)
print(x)

filter() Function

Python's filter() is a built-in function that allows you to

process an iterable and extract those items that satisfy a
given condition. This process is commonly known as a
filtering operation.

CODERZ ACADEMY
ages = [5, 12, 17, 18, 24, 32]

def myFunc(x):
if x < 18:
return False
else:
return True

adults = filter(myFunc, ages)

for x in adults:
print(x)

id() Function

The id() function returns a unique id for the specified

object. All objects in Python has its own unique id. The id
is assigned to the object when it is created.

>>> x=45
>>> id(x)
1695601816

CODERZ ACADEMY
len() Function

mylist = ["apple", "orange", "cherry"]

x = len(mylist)
print(x)

max() Function

x = max(5, 10)
print(x)

min() Function

x = min(5, 10)
print(x)

ord() Function

The ord() function returns the number representing the

unicode code of a specified character.

x = ord("h")
print(x)

CODERZ ACADEMY
pow() Function

x = pow(4, 3)
print(x)

round() Function

x = round(5.76543, 2)
print(x)

sum() Function

a = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
x = sum(a)
print(x)

CODERZ ACADEMY
 MODULES:

 Module refer to a file containing python statements

and definition
 We use modules to break down large program into
small mangeable and organized files.
 Modules provide reusablility of code
 Module to store most used user defined functions
and call it without rewrite

calculator

subtraction division multiplication

addition

Module and packages

Eg:1
import platform
Eg:2
dir(platform)

CODERZ ACADEMY
Eg:3
platform.processor()
Eg:4
from platform import *
Eg:5
processor()
Eg:6
from platform import os,processor,machine
Eg:7
os
processor()
machine()
Eg:8
import platform as p
p.processor()

USER DEFINED MODULE:

Eg1:
module file: arith.py

def add(x,y):
return x+y
def sub(x,y):

CODERZ ACADEMY
 return x-y
def mul(x,y):
return x*y
def div(x,y):
return x/y

Another file:
import arith
print(arith.add(22,33))
print(arith.sub(22,33))
print(arith.mul(22,33))
print(arith.div(22,33))

PREDEFINED MODULE:
Decimal Module:
 to handle decimal numbers
Eg:
import decimal
>>> print(decimal.Decimal(0.5))
0.5

CODERZ ACADEMY
>>> print(decimal.Decimal(0.1))
0.100000000000000005551115123125782702118158340
45410
Eg:2
>>> from decimal import Decimal as D
>>> print(D(1.2)+D(2.2))
3.400000000000000133226762955
Fraction Module:
Eg:1
import fractions
print(fractions.Fraction(1.5))
print(fractions.Fraction(5))
print(fractions.Fraction(1,3))

math module:
Eg:1
import math
print("PI:", math.pi)

Eg:2
import math as m #import with renaming
print("PI:", m.pi)

CODERZ ACADEMY
Eg3:
We can import specific name from a module without
importing the whole module.
from math import pi
print(“The value of pi is”,pi)

Eg:4
import math
print(math.cos(math.pi))
print(math.exp(10))
print(math.log10(1000))
print(math.factorial(6))

random module:
Eg:1
import random
print(random.randrange(10,20))
x=['a','b','c','d']
print(random.choice(x))
random.shuffle(x)
print(x)
print(random.random())

CODERZ ACADEMY
 Class & object
 Python is an object oriented programming
language.
 collection of variables & methods(function)

Create a Class

To create a class, use the keyword class:

Eg:1 Empty class

class demo:
pass

Eg:2
Accessing members

class sample:
x,y=10,20

s=sample()
print("value of x",s.x)

CODERZ ACADEMY
print("value of y",s.y)
print("value of ",s.x+s.y)

Eg:3
class add:
def get(self):
self.a=int(input("enter a number"))
self.b=int(input("enter a number"))
def cals(self):
self.c=self.a+self.b
def show(self):
print("Add:" , self.c)

a1=add()
a1.get()
a1.cals()
a1.show()

Eg:3
class std:
m1,m2,m3=98,97,100
def process(self):
self.sum=self.m1+self.m2+self.m3

CODERZ ACADEMY
 self.avg=sum/3
print(self.sum)
print(self.avg)

s=std()
s.process()

Eg:4
class vehicle:
name="BMW"
kind="CAR"
color="white"
value=100.00
def description(self):
car="%s is a %s %s worth
$%.2f."%(self.name,self.color,self.kind,self.value)
return car

car1=vehicle()
print(car1.description())

CODERZ ACADEMY
Constructor
Eg:1
class person:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def say_hi(self):
print('Hello, my name is', self.name)

p = person('santhosh')
p.say_hi()

Eg:2

class add:
def __init__(self,x=10,y=10):
self.a=x
self.b=y
def cals(self):
self.c=self.a+self.b
def show(self):
print("Add:" , self.c)
a1=add()
a1.cals()

CODERZ ACADEMY
a1.show()

a2=add(22)
a2.cals()
a2.show()

a3=add(22,33)
a3.cals()
a3.show()

Eg:3

class employee:
def __init__(self,name,id):
self.id=id
self.name=name
def display(self):
print("Id:%d \nname:%s"%(self.id,self.name))

emp1=employee("john",101)
emp2=employee("david",102)
emp1.display()
emp2.display()

CODERZ ACADEMY
Eg:4
Default constructor

class std:
roll=101
name="thilo"
def __init__(self):
print(self.roll,self.name)

st=std()

to delete object
Eg:1

class example:
def __init__(self):
print("object created")
def __del__(self):
print("object destroyed")

a=example()
del a

CODERZ ACADEMY
Eg:2
class add:
def get(self):
self.a=int(input("enter a number"))
self.b=int(input("enter a number"))
def cals(self):
self.c=self.a+self.b
def show(self):
print("Add:" , self.c)

a1=add()
a1.get()
a1.cals()
a1.show()
del a1
a1.show() #error

CODERZ ACADEMY
Built In Class Function

getattr(obj,name,default)
It is used to access the attribute of the object.

setattr(obj,name,value)
It is used to set a particular value to the specific
attribute of an object.

delattr(obj,name)
Delete the specific attribute.

hasattr(obj,name)
It returns true if the object contains some specific
attribute.

Eg:1
class student:
def __init__(self,name,id,age):
self.name=name
self.age=age
self.id=id

CODERZ ACADEMY
s=student("raj",101,25)
print(getattr(s,"name"))
setattr(s,"age",27)
print(getattr(s,"age"))
print(hasattr(s,"id"))
delattr(s,"age")
print(s.age)

CODERZ ACADEMY
 INHERITANCE

 Inheritance allows us to define a class that inherits all

the methods and properties from another class.
 Parent class is the class being inherited from, also
called base class.
 Child class is the class that inherits from another
class, also called derived class.

Single Inheritance:
Class1

Class2

CODERZ ACADEMY
Eg:14 Single Inheritance:

class person:
def __init__(self,no,name):
self.empno=no
self.ename=name
def dispdata(self):
print("employee no:",self.empno)
print("employee name:",self.ename)
class employee(person):
def callme(self):
print("i can use the attribute of person")

per=person(101,"ramkumar")
emp=employee(102,"suresh")
print("employee details")
print("_"*25)
per.dispdata()
emp.dispdata()

CODERZ ACADEMY
Multilevel Inheritance:

Class1

Class2

Class3

class addition:
def gets(self):
self.a=int(input("Enter a Number: "))
self.b=int(input("Enter a Number: "))
def calladd(self):
self.c=self.a+self.b
def disadd(self):
print("Add: ",self.c)

class subtraction(addition):
def callsub(self):

CODERZ ACADEMY
 self.d=self.a-self.b
def dissub(self):
print("Sub: ",self.d)

class multiplication(subtraction):
def callmul(self):
self.e=self.a*self.b
def dismul(self):
print("Mul: ",self.e)

a1=multiplication()
a1.gets()
a1.calladd()
a1.disadd()
a1.callsub()
a1.dissub()
a1.callmul()
a1.dismul()

CODERZ ACADEMY
Hierarchical Inheritance:

Class1

Class2 Class3

class addition:
def gets(self):
self.a=int(input("Enter a Number: "))
self.b=int(input("Enter a Number: "))
def calladd(self):
self.c=self.a+self.b
def disadd(self):
print("Add: ",self.c)
class subtraction(addition):
def callsub(self):

CODERZ ACADEMY
 self.d=self.a-self.b
def dissub(self):
print("Sub: ",self.d)
class multiplication(addition):
def callmul(self):
self.e=self.a*self.b
def dismul(self):
print("Mul: ",self.e)

a1=subtraction()
a1.gets()
a1.calladd()
a1.disadd()
a1.callsub()
a1.dissub()

a2=multiplication()
a2.gets()
a2.calladd()
a2.disadd()
a2.callmul()
a2.dismul()

CODERZ ACADEMY
Hybrid Inheritance:

Class1 Class2 Class1

Class2 Class3
Class3

Class4 Class5 Class4

class addition:
def gets(self):
self.a=int(input("Enter a Number: "))
self.b=int(input("Enter a Number: "))
def calladd(self):
self.c=self.a+self.b
def disadd(self):
print("Add: ",self.c)

class subtraction(addition):
def callsub(self):

CODERZ ACADEMY
 self.d=self.a-self.b
def dissub(self):
print("Sub: ",self.d)

class multiplication(addition):
def callmul(self):
self.e=self.a*self.b
def dismul(self):
print("Mul: ",self.e)

class division(subtraction,multiplication):
def calldiv(self):
self.f=self.a//self.b
def disdiv(self):
print("Div: ",self.f)

a1=division()
a1.gets()
a1.calladd()
a1.disadd()

CODERZ ACADEMY
a1.callsub()
a1.dissub()
a1.callmul()
a1.dismul()
a1.calldiv()
a1.disdiv()

Multiple Inheritance:

Class1 Class2

Class3

CODERZ ACADEMY
class student:
tot=0;avg=0.0;res=” “
def __init__(self,no,na):
self.stdno=no;self.stdname=na
def stdfun(self):
print(“student no:”,self.stdno,”\nstudent
name:”,self.stdname)

class test1:
def __init__(self,m1,m2):
self.p1=m1;self.p2=m2
def markdisp1(self):
print(“c language:”,self.p1)
print(“c++ language:”,self.p2)

class test2:
def __init__(self,m3,m4)
self.p3=m3;self.p4=m4
def markdisp2(self):
print(“java:”,self.p3)
print(“python:”,self.p4)

CODERZ ACADEMY
class result(student,test1,test2):
def __init__(self,no,na,m1,m2,m3,m4):
student.__init__(self,no,na)
test1.__init__(self,m1,m2)
test2.__init__(self,m3,m4)
def calfun(self):
self.tot=self.p1+self.p2+self.p3+self.4
self.avg=self.tot/4
if self.p1>=40 and self.p2>=40 and self.p3>=40
and self.p4>=40:
self.res=”pass”
else:
self.res=”fail”

def resdisplay(self):
print(“total:”,self.tot)
print(“average:”,self.avg)
print(“result:”,self.res)

ob=result(101,”raj”,67,78,89,90)
ob.calfun()
print(“_”*25)

CODERZ ACADEMY
ob.stdfun()
print(“_”*25)
ob.markdisp1()
ob.markdisp2()
print(“_”*25)
ob.resdisplay()
print(“_”*25)

Exercise 1:

1.Create a Bus Child class that inherits from vehicle class.

The default fare charge of any vehicle is seating capacity *
100.
If vehicle is Bus instance , we need to add an extra 10% on
full fare as a maintence charge . So, final amt=total fare +
10% of total fare.

Output:
Total seating capacity =50
Final fare amount =5500

CODERZ ACADEMY
2.student (parent) --- > name,age ,gender
Test(child 1) ---- > get five sub marks
mark (child2) ----- > display Nam,e age ,gender and
total sub mark

Exercise: 2

Assume that a bank maintain two kinds of

account for customers, one called as savings account and
the other as current account. The savings account provides
compound interest and withdrawal facilities but no cheque
book facility. The current account provides cheque book
facility but no interest. Current account holders should
also maintain a minimum balance and if the balance falls
below this level, a service charge is imposed.

Create a class account that stores customer name,

account number and type of account. From this derive the
classes cur _acct and sav _acct to make them more
specific to their requirement. Include necessary member
function in order to achieve the following tasks:

CODERZ ACADEMY
 a) Accept deposit from a customer and update the
balance
b) Display the balance
c) Permit withdrawal and update the balance

EXCEPTION HANDLING

Python Try Except

 The try block lets you test a block of code for Errors.

 The except block lets you handle the error.

 The finally block lets you execute code, regardless of

the result of the try- and except blocks.

Program-1

print(x)
c=2+3
print(c)

CODERZ ACADEMY
Solution:

try:
print(x)
except:
print("error occur")
finally:
c=2+3
print(c)

Index Error

m=[1,2,3]
m[4]

IndexError: list index out of range.

CODERZ ACADEMY
Name Error:

NameError: name 'b' is not defined.

try:
print(x)
except NameError:
print("Variable x is not defined")
except:
print("Something else went wrong")

Finally

The finally block, if specified, will be executed regardless if

the try block raises an error or not.
try:
print(x)
except:
print("Something went wrong")
finally:
print("The 'try except' is finished")

CODERZ ACADEMY
program-1

a=int(input("enter a number"))
b=int(input("enter a number"))
try:
c=a//b
print("c:",c)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cant divide a number with Zero")
print("END")

program-2

try:
a,b=eval(input("Enter two numbers sep. by camma"))
c=a+b
print("C:",c)
except SyntaxError:
print("Numbers must be seperated by comma")

CODERZ ACADEMY
print("This is the line")

program-3
try:
a,b=eval(input("enter 2 nos seperated by comma: "))
c=a//b
print("c:",c)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cant divide a number with Zero")
except SyntaxError:
print("Comma is missing in input values")

with except,else,finally block:

program-4
try:
a,b=eval(input("enter 2 nos seperated by comma: "))
c=a/b
print("c:",c)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cant divide a number with Zero")
except SyntaxError:

CODERZ ACADEMY
 print("Comma is missing in input values")
except:
print("Wrong Input")
else:
print("No Error")
finally:
print("Code Executed successfully")

User defined Exception:

Program-1
class VotingAgeError(Exception):
pass

print("Voting age validation Started...")

age=int(input("Enter Your age:"))
try:
if (age<18):
raise VotingAgeError
else:
print("Your are eligible to vote")
except VotingAgeError:
print("Your are not eligible to vote")

CODERZ ACADEMY
print("Voting age validation Finished")

program-2
class NegativeValueError(Exception):
pass
class ZeroValueError(Exception):
pass

while True:
try:
n=int(input("Enter a number: "))
if n==0:
raise ZeroValueError
if n<0:
raise NegativeValueError
else:
print("Valid Input")
print("The entered number is ", n)
break;
except NegativeValueError:
print("Number should not be negative")

CODERZ ACADEMY
 except ZeroValueError:
print("Number should not be Zero")

Module Package:
import math
num=int(input("please enter the number to calculate
factorial of:"))
try:
result=math.factorial(num)
print(result)
except:
print("negative number")

Exception keyword
try:
print(a)
except Exception as e:
print(e)

CODERZ ACADEMY
 FILE HANDLING

The key function for working with files in Python is

the open() function.

The open() function takes two parameters; filename,

and mode.

Syntax:

Open syntax:

var_name=open(“file name”,mode)

Close syntax:

var_name=close()

Program-1

f=open("wel.txt",'w')
f.close()

CODERZ ACADEMY
Example:

f=open("wel.txt",'w')
f.write("first line")
f.close()

Example:
Print one line statement

f=open("wel.txt",'w')
a=input(“enter a string:”)
f.write(a)
f.close()

Example:
Print multi line statement

f=open("wel.txt",'w')
for i in range(3):
a=input(“Enter a sring:”)
f.write(a)
f.close()

CODERZ ACADEMY
program2:
Read file

f = open("wel.txt", "r")
print(f.read())

Read Only Parts of the File

By default the read() method returns the whole text, but

you can also specify how many characters you want to

Program-3

f = open("wel.txt", "r")
print(f.read(5))

Read Lines

You can return one line by using the readline() method:

CODERZ ACADEMY
Program-4

f = open("wel.txt", "r")
print(f.readline())

Read two lines of the file:

Program-5

f = open("wel.txt", "r")
print(f.readline())
print(f.readline())

for loop
By looping through the lines of the file, you can
read the whole file, line by line
Program-6

f = open("wel.txt", "r")
for x in f:
print(x)

Delete a File

CODERZ ACADEMY
To delete a file, you must import the OS module, and run
its os.remove() function:

import os
os.remove("wel.txt")

PICKLE MODULE

Pickle module used to convert object into binary (0’s and

1’s).
Write binary
import pickle
cars=["audi","benz","bmw"]
file="aaa.txt"
fileobject=open(file,"wb")
pickle.dump(cars,fileobject)
fileobject.close()

CODERZ ACADEMY
read binary
import pickle
file="aaa.txt"
fileobject=open(file,"rb")
print(pickle.load(fileobject))
fileobject.close()

METHOD OVERLOADING

 Method Overloading is the class having methods that

are the same name with different arguments.
 Arguments different will be based on a number of
arguments and types of arguments.
 It is used in a single class.
 It is also used to write the code clarity as well as
reduce complexity.

CODERZ ACADEMY
Program-1
Error program
Passing one arguement
class sample:
def second(self,a,b):
c=a+b
return c
a=sample()
print(a.second(10))

program-2
how to clear this error:
class demo:
def sum(self,a=None,b=None,c=None):
if a!=None and b!=None and c!=None:
c=a+b+c
elif a!=None and b!=None:
c=a+b
else:
c=a
print(c)
obj=demo()

CODERZ ACADEMY
obj.sum(10,20,30)
obj.sum(10,20)
obj.sum(10)

METHOD OVERRIDING

Declaring a method in sub class which is already

present in parent class is known as
method overriding. Overriding is done so that a child
class can give its own implementation to a method which is
already provided by the parent class.

Program-1

class father:
def show(self):
print("i am father")
class son(father):
pass

CODERZ ACADEMY
a=son()
a.show()

program-2

class father:
def show(self):
print("i am father")
class son(father):
def show(self):
print("i am son")

a=son()
a.show()

CODERZ ACADEMY
 OPERATOR OVERLOADING

Python operators work for built-in classes. But the

same operator behaves differently with different types. For
example, the + operator will perform arithmetic addition on
two numbers, merge two lists, or concatenate two strings.

Program-1

a=20
b=10
print(a+b)

program-2

a=10
b=20
print(int.__add__(a,b))

(or)

a=10

CODERZ ACADEMY
b=20
print(int.__sub__(a,b))

(or)

a=10
b=20
print(int.__mul__(a,b))

(or)

a=10
b=20
print(int.__truediv__(a,b))

program-3

class student:
def __init__(self,m1,m2):
self.m1=m1
self.m2=m2
print(m1+m2)
def __add__(self,others):

CODERZ ACADEMY
 m1=self.m1+others.m1
m2=self.m2+others.m2
s3=student(m1,m2)
s1=student(10,20)
s2=student(20,30)
s3=s1+s2

program-3

class book:
def __init__(self,price):
self.price=price

b1=book(10)
b2=book(20)
b3=b1.price+b2.price
print(b3)

CODERZ ACADEMY
program-4

class book:
def __init__(self,price):
self.price=price
def __add__(self,other):
return self.price+other.price

b1=book(10)
b2=book(20)
b3=b1+b2
print(b3)

other operator overloading methods:

__sub__()
__mul__()
__pow__()
__truediv__()
__floordiv__()
__mod__()

CODERZ ACADEMY
 POLYMORPHISM

Polymorphism is a very important concept in

programming. It refers to the use of a single type entity
(method, operator or object) to represent different types in
different scenarios.

Program-1

class version1:
def button(self):
print("colour red")
class version2(version1):
def button(self):
print("colour yellow")
a=version2()
a.button()

CODERZ ACADEMY
program-3

Polymorphism with class methods:

class India:
def capital(self):
print("New Delhi is the capital of India.")

def language(self):
print("Hindi is the most widely spoken language of
India.")

def type(self):
print("India is a developing country.")

class USA:
def capital(self):
print("Washington, D.C. is the capital of USA.")

def language(self):
print("English is the primary language of USA.")

def type(self):

CODERZ ACADEMY
 print("USA is a developed country.")

obj_ind = India()
obj_usa = USA()
obj_ind.capital()
obj_ind.language()
obj_ind.type()
(or)
for country in (obj_ind, obj_usa):
country.capital()
country.language()
country.type()

CODERZ ACADEMY
 MULTITHREADING

Program-1

class hello:
def run(self):
for i in range(5):
print("hello")
class hai:
def run(self):
for i in range(5):
print("hai")
t1=hello()
t2=hai()
t1.run()
t2.run()

CODERZ ACADEMY
Program-2

from threading import*

class hello(Thread):
def run(self):
for i in range(5):
print("hello")
class hai(Thread):
def run(self):
for i in range(5):
print("hai")
t1=hello()
t2=hai()
t1.start()
t2.start()

program-3
time setting

from time import sleep

from threading import*
class hello(Thread):
def run(self):
for i in range(5):

CODERZ ACADEMY
 print("hello")
sleep(1)
class hai(Thread):
def run(self):
for i in range(5):
print("hai")
sleep(1)
t1=hello()
t2=hai()

t1.start()
#after start() method thread
#convert as three thread main thread ,
#thread1 and thread2
sleep(0.2)
t2.start() # run under thread 2

t1.join()
t2.join()

print(“bye”) # it will execute under main #thread

CODERZ ACADEMY
 DATE TIME MODULE

Program-1

import datetime
x=datetime.datetime.now()
print(x)

program-2

import datetime

alarmHour=int(input("what hour do you want to wake up"))

alarmMinute=int(input("what minute do you want to wake
up"))

amPm=str(input("am or pm"))

if (amPm=="pm"):
alarmHour=alarmHour+12

while(1==1):
if(alarmHour==datetime.datetime.now().hour and

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alarmMinute==datetime.datetime.now().minute):

print("wake up lazy")
break
print("existed")

ABSTRACT CLASS IN PYTHON

 An abstract class can be considered as a blueprint for

other classes. It allows you to create a set of methods
that must be created within any child classes built from
the abstract class.
 A class which contains one or more abstract methods is
called an abstract class.
 An abstract method is a method that has a declaration
but does not have an implementation.
 While we are designing large functional units we use an
abstract class. When we want to provide a common
interface for different implementations of a component,
we use an abstract class.

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from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class polygon(ABC):
@abstractmethod #decorator
def noofsides(self):
pass

class triangle(polygon):
# overriding abstract method
def noofsides(self):
print("i have 3 sides")

class pentagon(polygon):

# overriding abstract method

def noofsides(self):
print("i have 5 sides")

class hexagon(polygon):
# overriding abstract method
def noofsides(self):
print("i have 6 sides")

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class quadrilateral(polygon):
# overriding abstract method
def noofsides(self):
print("i have 4 sides")

r = triangle()
r.noofsides()

k = quadrilateral()
k.noofsides()

r = pentagon()
r.noofsides()

k = hexagon()
k.noofsides()

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 DUCK TYPING
Duck typing is a trem commonly related to dynamically
typed programming language and polymorphism.

“If it look like duck and quacks like duck ,it’s a duck”

class pycharm:
def execute(self):
print(“compling”)
print(“running”)

class idle:
def execute(self):
print(“spell check”)
print(“convention check”)

class laptop:
def code (self,ide):
ide.execute()

ide=idle() #ide=pycharm()

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lap=laptop()
lap.code(ide)

SEARCHING ALGORITHM

Linear Search:
pos=1 #Global variable
def search(list,n):
i=0
while i<len(list):
if list[i]==n:
global()[‘pos’]=i
return True
i=i+1
return False

list=[5,8,4,6,9,2]
n=9
if search(list,n):
print(“Found at”,pos+1)
else:

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 print(“Not Found”)

Binary Search:

 If list contain about 1000 value its difficult

takes more time.
 In Binary search we have to sort the list.
 If search value lower than mid change mid to
upper.
 If search value is higher than mid change mid
to lower bound.

pos=-1
def search(list,n):
l=0
u=len(list)-1
while l<=u:
mid=(l+u) //2
if list [mid]==n:
globals()[‘pos’]=mid
return True

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 else:
if list[mid]<n:
l=mid+1
else:
u=mid-1
return False

list=[4,7,8,12,45,99]
n=45
if search(list,n):
print(“Found at”,pos+1)
else:
print(“Not found”)

Bubble Sort:
def sort (nums):
for i in range (len(nums)-1,0,-1):
for j in range(i):
if num[j]>num[j+1]:
temp=nums[j]
nums[j]=nums[j+1]
nums[j+1]=temp

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nums=[5,3,8,6,7,2]
sort(nums)
print(nums)

Selection Sort:

def sort (nums):

for i in range (5):
minpos=i
for j in range (i,6):
if nums[j]<nums[minpos]:
minpos=j
temp=nums[i]
nums[i]=nums[minpos]
nums[minpos]=temp
print(nums)

nums=[5,3,8,6,7,2]
sort(nums)

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 MySql Connectivity

Insert data into MySql:

import mysql.connector

connection=mysql.connector.connect(host=”localhost”,user
=”root”,password=”1234”,database=”coderz”)
cursor=connection.cursor()
insert1=”insert into student(roll,name)values(101,’raj’);”
cursor.execute(insert1)
connection.commit()
connection.close()

# insert multiple data.

insert 2=”insert into student(roll,name)value(102,’ram’);”

insert 3=”insert into student(roll,name)values(103,’hari’);”
cursor.execute(insert 2)
cursor.execute(insert 3)

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Retrive data from MySql:

import mysql.connector
connection=mysql.connector.connect(host=”local
host”,user=”root”,password=”1234”,database=”coderz”)
cursor=connection.cursor()
retrieve=”select*from coderz;”
cursor.execute(retrive)
rows=cursor.fetchall()
for row in rows:
print(row)
connection.commit()
connection.close()

Update data in MySql:

import mysql.conncetor

connection=mysql.connector.connect(host=”local
host”,user=”root”,password=”1234”,database=”coderz”)
cursor=connection.cursor()
updatesql=”update student set name=’raj’where roll=’104’;”
cursor.execute(updatesql)

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retrieve=”select*from student;”
cursor.execute(retrive)
rows=cursor.fetchall()
for row in rows:
print(row)
connection.commit()
connection.close()

delete data in MySql

import mysql.connector
connection=mysql.connector.connect(host=”local
host”,user=”root”,password=”1234”,database=”coderz”)
cursor=connection.cursor()
deletesql=”delete freom student where roll=’10’;”
cursor.execute(deletesql)
retrieve=”select*from student;”
cursor.execute(retrive)
rows=cursor.fetchall()
for row in rows:
print(row)
connection..commit()
connection.close()

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 Tkinter

What is GUI?
GUI is a desktop app which helps you to interact
with computers.

GUI

test editor games application

Tkinter(In built modules)

Tkinter in python GUI programming is
standard python GUI library it give us an object oriented
interface to TK GUI toolkil.

Import the tkinter module

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 Great the GUI application main window

Add widgets

Enter the main event loop.(it will tell close window only by
manually)

import tkinter
from tkinter import *
window=tkinter.Tk()
#to rename the title of the window
window . title(“GUI”)
#pack is used to show the object in the window.
label=tkinter.Label(window,text=”Hello World”).pack()
window.mainloop()

Tkinter Widget

A widget is an element of a graphical user interface(GUI)

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that displays information or provide a specific way for a user
to interact with the OS or an application.

 Label
 Button
 Entry
 Radio
 Checkbox
 Combo box
 Scrolled text
 Spin box
 Menu Bar
 Note book

1. Label:

Label:You can set the label font so you can make it bigger
and may be bold.

from tkinter import *

window=Tk()
l1=Label(Window,text=”Helloworld” ,font=(”Arial bold”,50))

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l1.grid(column=0,row=0)
window.mainloop()

 Using label we can set the default window six using

geomentry function.

l1=label(window,text=”Helloworld”font=(“Arial bold”,50))
window.geometry(‘350*200’)
l1.grid(column=0,row=0)

2. Button widgets:
Lets start by adding the button to the

button to the window,the button is created and added

to window the same as the label.

bt=Button(window,text=”Enter”)
bt.grid(column=1,row=0)

We can change foreground to background colour

of button using fg & bg properly.

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bt=button(window,text=”Enter”,bg=”Orange”,fg=”red”)
bt.grid(column=1,row=0)
def clicked()
l1.configure(text=”Button was clicked!!”)
bt=Button(Window,text=”Enter”,command=clicked)

Writing the button with the function.

 Here try getting the user input using tkinter entry class
(Tkinter textbox)

from tkinter import*

window=TK()
txt=Entry(window,width=10)
txt.grid(column=1,row=0)
l1=label(Window,text=” “)
def clicked():
res=”Welcome to”*txt.get()
l1.configure(text=res)
bt=button(window,text=”Enter”,command=clicked)
bt.grid(col=1,row=0)
l1.grid(column=3,row-0)

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window.mainloop()

Combo Box Widget: (Dropdowm)

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import.ttk
ttk.window=tk()
combo=combobox(Window)
combo[‘values’]=(1,2,3,4,5,”Text”)
#Adding the combobox items using tuple
combo.current(3)
combo.grid(column=0,row=0)
window.mainloop()

Check Button Widget:

from tkinter import *
window=tk()
#creating a variable of type Boolean var which is not a
standard python variable,it’s a tkinter variable.

Chk_state=Boolean var()
Chk_state.set(true)

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chk=checkbutton(window,text=‘select’,var=chk-state)
#passing the chk state to check button class to set the
check state.
chk.grid(column=0,row=0)
chk.pack()
window.mainloop()

Radio Button Widgets:

Use Radio button class

from tkinter impor *

window=Tk()
rad1=Radiobutton(Window,text=’Python’,value=1)
rad2=radiobutton(window,text=’java’,value=2)
rad3=radiobutton(window,text=’scala’,value=3)
rad1.grid(column=0,row=0)
rad2.grid(column=1,row=0)
rad3.grid(column=2,row=0)
window.mainloop()

Scrolled Text:
imported tkinter as tk

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from tkinter import ttk
from tkinter import scrolled text

window=tk.TK()
txt=scrolled text.Scrolled
text(Window,wrap=tk.WORD,width=40,height=10)
txt.grid(column=0,pady=10,padx=10)
txt.focus() #blink cursor position
txt.insert(INSERT,’you text goes here’)
window.mainloop()

Message Box:
Shows a message box when the user clicks a
button.

from tkinter import message box

message box.showinfo(’Message title’,’Message content’)

 show warning
 show error
 ask question
 ask ok cancel

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  ask yes no
 ask retry cancel

from tkinter import*

from tkinter import messagebox
window=TK()
def clicked():
messagebox.showinfo(‘Message title’,’message content’)
btn=Button(Window,text=’enter’,command=clicked())

Spin box widgets:

from tkinter import *
window=TK()
spin=spinbox(Window,from_=0,to=100,width=5)
spin.pack()
window.mainloop()
Geometry Management:
All tkinter widgets will have geometric
measurement.
Geometry Manager Classes
1. grid()-It organizes the widgets in table like structure.

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 2. pack()=It organize the widget in the block,which mean it
occupies the entire available widget.
3. place()-Its used to place he widgets at a specific position
you want.

Organizing layouts & Widget

We use frame class to arrange layout in a window.
Frame Frame is used to create the division in the
window. You can align the frames as you like with side
parameter of pack() method.
Button Button is used to create a button in the window.
It take several parameter like text(value of the
button),fg(Color of the text),bg (color of back ground)

import tkinter
Window=tkinter.Tk()
window.title(“title”)
# Creating 2 frame TOP & BOTTOM
Top_frame=tkinter.frame(window).pack()
bottomframe=tkinter.frame(window).pack(side=”bottom”)
btn1=tkinter.Buttom(top_frame,text=”Button1”,fg=”red”).pa
ck()
btn2=tkinter.Buttom(top_frame,text=”Button2”,fg=”green”).

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pack()
btn3=tkinter.Buttom(bottom_frame,text=”Buttom3”,fg=”pur
ple”).pack(side=”left”)
btn4=tkinter.Buttom(bottom_frame,text=”Button4”,fg=”Ora
nge”).pack(side=”left”)

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END

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