String In JavaScript:

A string is a piece of text.

It can be a word, a sentence, a single letter, or even empty—anything made of characters.
In JavaScript, we write a string by putting text inside quotes:

You can use double quotes (" "), single quotes (' '), or backticks ( ).

Template Literals
A template literal is a special way to write
strings in JavaScript using backticks (`).

String literals let you insert variables or

Placeholders expressions directly inside the string, which
is called string interpolation.
Create string using string constructor:
Note:
❑ Strings are immutable in JavaScript.

String has index (position)

Escape Sequences
An escape sequence is a special character combo that lets you do things in a string that aren’t normally allowed—
like adding quotes, new lines, or tabs. (e.g. \n, \t, \\, \”, \’, etc)

Escape sequences look like 2 characters in code,but they count as 1 character in string length.
String Properties & Methods in JavaScript
Properties:

❑ str.length – tells how many characters are in a string. (length of string)

Methods:

❑ str.toUpperCase() – convert each letter into uppercase

❑ str.toLowerCase() – convert each letter into lowercase

❑ str.trim() – remove whitespaces

❑ str.concat(str2) – joins str2 with str1

❑ str.includes() – checks if string contains given piece of string

❑ str.indexOf() – gives the position (index) of the first match

❑ str.charAt() – gives the character at given index

❑ str.replace(old, new) – replaces first matched part of the string with something else

❑ str.replaceAll(old, new) – replaces all matched parts of the string with something else

❑ str.slice(start, end) – cuts out a piece of the string

❑ str.split() – the .split() method is used to break a string into parts and turn it into an array.
1. Create a program to take full name from user and generate a username start
with @, followed by their full name and ends with underscore followed by the
length of full name.

2. Take a string and a character from the user and:

a) count how many times that character appears in the string.
b) Case-Insensitive Version
c) Find All Occurrence Positions

3. Count the words present in a given string.

Array In JavaScript:
An array is a list that can store multiple values in one place.
Think of it like a row of boxes, where each box can hold one item (like a number, word, etc.).
You can use it to group similar things together.

Create array using array Literal method (recommended):

Create array using array constructor:

Note:
❑ Array constructor is mostly used when we want to
create an empty array with the given length
Indexing in Array

Note:
❑ typeof array is not “Array”, it’s an “Object”.
❑ Array is a special type of object
❑ Arrays are mutable.
Array Methods
Method Changes the Original Array? What It Returns What It Does
push() Yes New length of the array Add item at the end
pop() Yes The removed last item Delete item from end
unshift() Yes New length of the array Add item to start
shift() Yes The removed first item Delete item from start
splice() Yes An array of removed items Add remove or doing both at the same time
slice() No A new array (sliced portion) Returns a piece of array
concat() No A new array (combined arrays) Joins multiple arrays (we can also use spread operator instead)
join the elements of array on the basis of some string or
join() No A string made by joining elements
character
toString() No A string of array elements Converts array to string
includes() No true or false Check whether given item is present in array or not
returns the index of given item if it is present in array, otherwise
indexOf() No Index of the item or -1 if not found
returns -1
reverse() Yes The reversed array Reverse the order of items
sort() Yes The sorted array Sort the array
find() No The first matching item (or undefined) Returns the first element in the array that satisfies a condition
flat() No A new array with nested arrays flattened returns a new array with nested arrays flattened
Sort method

It works on Tim sort under the hood. (combination of merge sort and insertion sort)

By default, sort() converts elements to strings and sorts them alphabetically (Unicode order) or
Lexicographical order.

So, numbers don’t always sort correctly without a compare function.

Return Value of the function Meaning Effect on Order

Negative (< 0) a should come before b Keep order as-is
Zero (=== 0) a and b are equal Keep their order (stable)
Positive (> 0) a should come after b Swap a and b
Array iteration methods or Functional array methods

Method Returns Modifies Original Array?

map() New array No
filter() New array No
reduce() Single value No
forEach() undefined No (unless you do it manually)

So if you just want to loop through an array and do something,

forEach() is great. But if you want to create a new array or
value, use map(), filter(), or reduce().
MDN Web Docs
String v/s Array
Feature String Array

Purpose Stores text (a sequence of characters) Stores multiple values (any data type)

Storage Text only (characters) Can be numbers, strings, booleans, etc.

Example "hello" ["h", "e", "l", "l", "o"]

Indexing Yes (e.g. "hello"[0] is 'h') Yes (e.g. ["red", "blue"][0] is "red")

Mutable? No (characters can't be changed directly) Yes (you can change items easily)

Length Property Yes: "hello".length → 5 Yes: ["a", "b"].length → 2

Common Use Names, messages, text Lists of things (colors, numbers, etc.)

Datatype String Object

Iterable Yes Yes

1. For an array with marks of students find the average marks of the entire class.

2. Create an array with the given length(n) and fill with 0.

3. Create an array with the given length (n) and store natural numbers from 1 to n.

4. Consider an array of mcu heroes ([ironman, captain, black widow, wanda, hulk, black panther]).
Now:

a) Add spiderman at the end and thor at the start.

b) Remove black widow and add hawkeye in its place.

c) Check whether captain is present in the array.

5. How to check if given thing is array or not? How to convert other datatypes to array? What if we try
to convert an object into an array?

6. We have three variables a, b, c, a contains any number, b contains any string, c contains any object,
and d contains any array. Can we create an array from all these four variables? If yes, How?

7. Check whether given string is palindrome or not.

8. Capitalize the first letter of every word in a sentence.

Object In JavaScript:
An object is a collection of key-value pairs or stores related information as a set of key-value
pairs. It's a way to group data and functions together.

Example: Think of a real-life object “car”:

Create an object using literal syntax:

Properties (brand, color, speed)

Behaviors / Methods (drive, stop)

Create an object using the Object constructor:

Note:
❑ Objects are mutable.
Accessing Object Properties
You can access properties in two ways:

1. Dot Notation (Most Common)

2. Bracket Notation (Useful with variables or special characters or strings with white spaces)
Updating or Adding New Properties
Update if already existing property and add if not exist.

Deleting Properties

this Keyword in object

In case of object, this refers to the object itself.
Object Methods
Method Changes Original Object? What It Returns What It Does

Object.keys(obj) No Array of keys Returns an array of all enumerable property names (keys)
Object.values(obj) No Array of values Returns an array of all enumerable property values
Object.entries(obj) No Array of [key, value] Returns an array of [key, value] pairs
Copies properties from source to target and returns the
Object.assign(target, source) Yes (if target is modified) Modified target object
updated object
Prevents any changes (no adding, removing, or modifying
Object.freeze(obj) Yes (locks the object) The frozen object
properties)
Prevents adding/removing properties, but allows modifying
Object.seal(obj) Yes (locks structure) The sealed object
existing ones
ObjName.hasOwnProperty(key) No Boolean (true / false) Checks if the object has the specified property directly
What is singleton object in js?
A singleton is just a single, unique object created once in your code.

Creating an object using literal syntax is considered a singleton because it creates one
specific object instance that is not used as a template to create others.

Feature Singleton Object Class-Based Object

Syntax Object literal {} class or function
Purpose One specific object Blueprint for many objects
Instances Only one Many objects can be created
Example Use Case Settings, config, logger Users, cars, products
Example Code let config = {} class User { ... }
Feature Singleton Object Class-Based Object
Destructuring
Object v/s Array
Feature Object Array
Purpose Store data as key-value pairs Store ordered list of values
Syntax { key: value } [value1, value2, value3]
Access by Keys (names) Index (number, starts from 0)
Example { name: 'Alice', age: 25 } ['Alice', 25]
Ordering Not guaranteed Preserves order
Best Use Case Describing properties of a thing Working with a list of items
Type Check typeof obj === 'object' && !Array.isArray(obj) Array.isArray(arr)
Iterable No Yes
Iteration for...in, Object.entries() for...of, forEach(), map()
Can be nested? Yes (objects inside objects) Yes (arrays or objects inside arrays)
Common methods Object.keys(), Object.values() push(), pop(), map(), filter()
1. Create a person object with properties: name, age, and city. Then
a) Log each property as: value of “name” property is “manas” using loop.
b) Add a new property called email to the person object.
c) Delete “city” property from person object.

2. Create a function that takes an object with firstName, middleName, lastName properties and returns
the full name.

3. Write a function that takes object and returns the number of properties in an object.

4. Write a function that returns an array of names of users who have the role “admin”.
5. Write a function searchProducts(products, keyword) that returns an array of products whose name
includes the given keyword (case-insensitive).

6. Write a function groupByPost(comments) that returns an object grouping comments by postId:

7. Write a function buildQuery(params) that returns