Extreme Programming
Extreme Programming (XP)
Formulated in 1999 by Kent Beck, Ward Cunningham and Ron Jeffries
Agile software development methodology (others: Scrum, DSDM) Developed in reaction to high ceremony methodologies
XP: Why?
Previously:
Get all the requirements before starting design Freeze the requirements before starting development Resist changes: they will lengthen schedule Build a change control process to ensure that proposed changes are looked at carefully and no change is made without intense scrutiny Deliver a product that is obsolete on release
XP: Embrace Change
Recognize that:
All requirements will not be known at the beginning Requirements will change
Use tools to accommodate change as a natural process Do the simplest thing that could possibly work and refactor mercilessly Emphasize values and principles rather than process
XP Practices
(Source: http://www.xprogramming.com/xpmag/whatisxp.htm)
XP Practices: Whole Team
All contributors to an XP project are one team Must include a business representative--the Customer
Provides requirements Sets priorities Steers project
Team members are programmers, testers, analysts, coach, manager Best XP teams have no specialists
XP Practices: Planning Game
Two key questions in software development:
Predict what will be accomplished by the due date Determine what to do next
Need is to steer the project
Exact prediction (which is difficult) is not necessary
XP Practices: Planning Game
XP Release Planning
Customer presents required features Programmers estimate difficulty Imprecise but revised regularly
XP Iteration Planning
Two week iterations Customer presents features required Programmers break features down into tasks Team members sign up for tasks Running software at end of each iteration
XP Practices: Customer Tests
The Customer defines one or more automated acceptance tests for a feature
Team builds these tests to verify that a feature is implemented correctly Once the test runs, the team ensures that it keeps running correctly thereafter
System always improves, never backslides
XP Practices: Small Releases
Team releases running, tested software every iteration Releases are small and functional The Customer can evaluate or in turn, release to end users, and provide feedback Important thing is that the software is visible and given to the Customer at the end of every iteration
XP Practices: Simple Design
Build software to a simple design Through programmer testing and design improvement, keep the software simple and the design suited to current functionality Not a one-time thing nor an up-front thing Design steps in release planning and iteration planning Teams design and revise design through refactoring, through the course of the project
XP Practices: Pair Programming
All production software is built by two programmers, sitting side by side, at the same machine All production code is therefore reviewed by at least one other programmer Research into pair programming shows that pairing produces better code in the same time as programmers working singly Pairing also communicates knowledge throughout the team
XP Practices: Test-Driven Development
Teams practice TDD by working in short cycles of adding a test, and then making it work Easy to produce code with 100 percent test coverage These programmer tests or unit tests are all collected together Each time a pair releases code to the repository, every test must run correctly
XP Practices: Design Improvement
Continuous design improvement process called refactoring:
Removal of duplication Increase cohesion Reduce coupling
Refactoring is supported by comprehensive testing--customer tests and programmer tests
XP Practices: Continuous Integration
Teams keep the system fully integrated at all times
Daily, or multiple times a day builds Avoid integration hell Avoid code freezes
XP Practices: Collective Code Ownership
Any pair of programmers can improve any code at any time No secure workspaces All code gets the benefit of many peoples attention Avoid duplication Programmer tests catch mistakes Pair with expert when working on unfamiliar code
XP Practices: Coding Standard
Use common coding standard
All code in the system must look as though written by an individual Code must look familiar, to support collective code ownership
XP Practices: Metaphor
XP Teams develop a common vision of the system
With or without imagery, define common system of names Ensure everyone understands how the system works, where to look for functionality, or where to add functionality
XP Practices: Sustainable Pace
Team will produce high quality product when not overly exerted Avoid overtime, maintain 40 hour weeks Death march projects are unproductive and do not produce quality software Work at a pace that can be sustained indefinitely
XP Values
Communication
Simplicity Feedback Courage
XP Values: Communication
Poor communication in software teams is one of the root causes of failure of a project
Stress on good communication between all stakeholders--customers, team members, project managers Customer representative always on site
Paired programming
XP Values: Simplicity
Do the Simplest Thing That Could Possibly Work
Implement a new capability in the simplest possible way Refactor the system to be the simplest possible code with the current feature set
You Arent Going to Need It
Never implement a feature you dont need now
XP Values: Feedback
Always a running system that delivers information about itself in a reliable way
The system and the code provides feedback on the state of development Catalyst for change and an indicator of progress
XP Values: Courage
Projects are people-centric
Creativity of people and not any process that causes a project to succeed
XP Criticism
Unrealistic--programmer centric, not business focused
Detailed specifications are not written
Design after testing
Constant refactoring Customer availability practices are too interdependent
XP Thoughts
The best design is the code.
Testing is good. Write tests before code. Code is complete when it passes tests.
Simple code is better. Write only code that is needed. Reduce complexity and duplication.
Keep code simple. Refactor. Keep iterations short. Constant feedback.
