APPLICATIONS

OF

ELECTRONICS
 Beauty of Electronics
- Sophistication in miniaturization

- If you know it then you are a doctor and if you don’t then you
are a patient

- Datasheets are boons for dealing with any component or IC, you
are unaware of

- Most versatile in technological applications- a single IC can

sometimes perform hundreds of different operations

- A driving force of few watts controls the activities of the giants

- Machinery, automobiles, all household appliances,
whole communication system, automization, defense,
weaponry and many more damn things….
 BASIC DEVELOPMENT TOOLS

Breadboard

Multimeter

PCB, ECB
 Resistances

a) Fixed

- carbon
- wire wound
b) Variable

- Rheostat, Pot, Preset

App. – tuning, voltage curves,

voltage dividers

--Photoresistors (LDRs), thermistors

App. – sensors, safety devices,

volume
 Capacitors
- polarised (electrolytic, tantalum)

- unpolarised (small value)

App.- storing elec. energy,

filters, timing circuits

-- Variable (very small value)

App.- radio tuning ckts

-- Trimmers (like presets)

 Diodes
( conduct in one dir)

Switching- (p-n junc)

App.- switch, rectification

Schottky- (M-SC contact)

App.- high speed switching,
RF, low loss rectifier

Zener- (rev breakdown)

App.- vol reg, safety ckts
Photo (rev current increases linearly)
App.- solar cells, photometry,
auto lighting, camera

Laser- in optical devices and

disco lights

LEDs- (emits light in FB)

App.- opto-isolator with photo
diodes, sensors, lighting,
power status, flash

Tunnel, point contact, step recovery,

varicap, pin, crystal, avalanche, gunn,
peltier, clamping, welding….
 Transistors- (building blocks of circuitry)
App.- amplification, switching,
all ICs and productive ckts,
super beta, high vol, audio….

-- BJT, FET (JFET, MOSFET),

unijunc, avalanche, photo,
darlington, alloy junc….

BJT- (majority/minority carriers,

E-B-C, two p-n junc, current
operated, NPN-PNP)
VHF-UHF (2N3866/4427)
Si-NPN, TO-39, low power

Small Signal (BC-327/328,

BC-556/57/58/59/60)
Si-PNP, TO-92, switching, amplification

General purpose (BC-546/7/8)

Si-NPN,TO-92, amplifier, 625 mW
SL/CL-100 (TO-39)
- FET- (unipolar, n/p-channel, S-G-D)
a) JFETS b) MOSFETS

App.- precision, comp logic,

Digi ICs, MUXing

Phototransistors- photodetector, camera,

cd players, VCRs, TV

- Darlington/array- huge amplification,

buffering, motor drivers,
touch sensitive switch
- Some ckt app.

Biasing cascading

multivibrator tuned amp power amp

TRANSFORMERS
generally for step-down from AC-mains
to 18/12/9/6 V etc.
- current rating is important
 LINEAR ICs
- Amplifiers- for increasing voltage or power
(audio, video, radio freq, wide band, differential)

Op-Amps (high gain voltage amp)

- LM-741 (mono op-amp, 8 pin)

- LM-158/258/358/2904 (low power dual op-amp, 8 pin)

- LM-124/224/324 (low power quad op-amp, 14 pin)

- Applications- diff. amp, oscillator, voltage follower, inverter,
adder, subtractor, AC vol amp, rectifiers, peak detector,
clipper, clamper, S/H, comparator, multiplier/divider,
differentiator/integrator, zero crossing detector, phase
detector, schmitt trigger, square/triangular/sine wave
generator…
 555 Timer (TO-99 can or 8 pin mini DIP)
- Generates accurate time delay and oscillation
a) astable b) monostable c) bistable

App.- power on delay in appliances, oscillator,

pulse/ramp/square wave generator, traffic light control,
burglar alarm, timed-bombs, missing pulse detector,
frequency divider, PWM, FSK generator, PPM, schmitt
trigger, lifts…..
Voltage Regulator
zener, op-amp, SCR, 78XX, 723, 317, switching

78XX/79XX (TO-3 metal, TO-220 plastic)

XX=05,06,08,12,15,18,24
-2 and -5.2 too in 79XX

App.- fixed series regulation, adjustable reg,double voltage

supply, IC supplies, precision meters
723 (14 pin DIP, 10 pin metal can)
App.- general purpose, low/high voltage reg, appliances

Switching- (2653, 2727, 64 42)-by PWM (duty cycle)

high power eff, even higher voltage than i/p, opp polarity too
App.- portable comps
 ADC- converts analog signal to several line/bit digital value

- ADC 0803/04- (CMOS 8 bit, 20 pin,5v, 100 microsec., microP

compatible, 0-5 v range)

- AD 7824/28- (4/8 analog channel, Linear Compatible CMOS

high speed, 8 bit,24/28 pin 5v, 2.5
microsec/channel)

- App.- microprocessor interface, interfacing linear ckts, digital

meters/displays, sensor ckts……
Common ckts
DAC- converts several line digital value to analog equivalent

AD7524- (8 bit, 100 ns settling time, 80 ns prop delay)

0830/1/2- (CMOS, 8 bit, double buffered, 1 microsec sett time)

App.- audio players, sound cards, video, computer interface

 SENSORS
LIGHT- LED, laser, LDR, photo transistors/diodes
LDR- resistance varies with intensity of light hence gives
variable output voltage in the ckt which is tracked for
sensing purposes- led, lasers are light sources

App.- burglar alarms, robotics, light operated clocks, shadow

detector, automatic lighting, dimmer, LCDs, mobiles
 IR- IR led, TSOP 17XX, PIR, pyroelectric
- TSOP 1730/36/38/56- (receiver- photodetector+preamplifier,
-0.3-6 v, 1200 bits/sec data transmission)

- Passive IR (PIR)- measure IR light radiated from objects in

field of view
- Pyroelectric- (IRA-E700/900/940)- highly sensitive

- App.- motion detector, burglar alarms, remote thermometer,

night vision, IR camera, surveillance/monitoring, diagnostics
 Temperature- thermistor, AD590, LM335

- AD590- constant current source dependent on temperature

- LM135/235/335- precision sensors, 2 terminal zener, brekdown

voltage proportional to temp, -40 to 150 deg C

- App.- appliances, overheat protection, fire alarms,

 Pressure- diaphragm, liquid level, gauge

- pressure transduced into electrical quantity

- variable capacitance- one plate is diaphragm of sensor
- piezoresistive- piezoresistive strain induces voltage

- App.- pressure sensing, altitude sensing, density, weighing

machines, impact sensing, security, lifts
 Switches
- Binary devices which interrupt the flow of electrons in a ckt
by any physical or chemical process

- Limit- (machine motion operated switch)- lever actuator,

proximity (energised by moving magnet), optical
- Process- pressure (gas/liquid-piston/diaphragm), speed
(rotory speed of shaft), temperature (bimetallic, brass bulb) ,
liquid level, liquid flow, tilt (mercury), reed (magnetic field)
Hand- rocker, toggle, pushbutton, slide, joystic, tact, DIP,
snap action, rotary, key lock, navigation, leaf
- Pole- no. of contacts/levers
- Throw- no. of contact positions/ways/switching positions

break before make make before break

Applications- ckts, robotics, machines, alarms, all industries/

appliances, automatic/property controlled switching, robotic
toys, multiple/secure/compact/easy switching, changers…..
 Relays- solenoid is used to actuate a set of switch contacts

- controls a large amount of current and/or voltage with small

electrical signal
- acts as binary amp (controls one electrical signal with other)
- coil and contact ckts are electrically isolated
- pull in current- min current for actuation
- drop out current- max current at which
contacts come in normal state
- Latching (bistable states)
- Contactor (electric motors starter)
- Reed (contact in gas tube- no corrosion)
- Mercury wetted (no bounce),
- Solid state (no movables – SCR, opto triac - optically coupled)
- Overload protection (bimetallic)
- Time delay (shock absorber attached to armature by pneumatic
dashpots/fluid filled piston/RC ckts)
- App.- automatic switches/changers, telephone exchange,
industries, protection, electronic ckts, interfacing, decoupled
ckts interaction….
 DIGITAL ICS
- Bit (binary digit)- two discrete values for more reliability (0-1)

- Codes- BCD(8421), 84-2-1, 2421, excess 3, biquinary (5043210)

- Binary logic follows boolean algebra and represented by truth

tables

- Three basic operations- AND, OR, NOT

- Digital IC types-
SSI- few gates, basic logic operations
MSI- 10-100 gates, performs complete logic function
LSI- more than 100 gates
VLSI- thousands of gates
Gates
 Decoders/demultiplexers – combinational ckt which
converts n bit binary information to one of 2^n unique outputs
- demux is a decoder with an enable input

- 3-8 line- 7411238, 74138

- 4-16 line- 74154, 744514, 74159
- dual 2-4 line- 74139
- bcd-decimal- 7442 ……………..
 Encoder – MUX/Data Selectors- reverse of decoder
2^n – n line, IC packages- priority encoder
- Multiplexing- transmitting large no. of information units over
smaller no. of lines
- 74147 - 10 line decimal to 4 line bcd
- 74148, 4532 B - 8 data lines to 3 lines binary
- 74157 - quad 2 line to 1 line MUX
- App.- code conversion, interfacing, selecting lines from a ckt,
electronic locks, ROM (decoder + programmed Ors ), buses,
BCD – 7 Segment display driver/decoder
CD 4511 and 7447
 Computer design
- Digital Computer is a discrete information processing system
- discrete elements of information are represented by signals
- two (binary) discrete values- 0/1
Gates < adders/decoders/MUX/ROM/PLA/binary cells
(flip flops/ferrite cores/punched cards) < registers/counters <
memory/ALU/CU/processors < CPU < digital/microcomputer
Sequential logic-
Memory
ALU
Micro-processors
Micro-controllers/PIC
 Latke-jhatke

Darlingtons
Thyristors (SCR), diac, triac
Varicaps
Digital thermometer