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Boundary Descriptor

The document discusses representing and describing objects in images. It focuses on representing object boundaries using chain codes, which represent a boundary as a connected sequence of line segments of specified direction. Chain codes allow for easier understanding and processing compared to raw images. The document provides examples of 4-directional and 8-directional chain codes and explains how shape numbers can be used to provide rotational invariant descriptions of boundaries. The document also discusses using texture descriptors to represent image regions, providing examples of statistical texture moments computed from histograms that can describe properties like smoothness, skewness, and uniformity.

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Mcs Candra Putra
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660 views

Boundary Descriptor

The document discusses representing and describing objects in images. It focuses on representing object boundaries using chain codes, which represent a boundary as a connected sequence of line segments of specified direction. Chain codes allow for easier understanding and processing compared to raw images. The document provides examples of 4-directional and 8-directional chain codes and explains how shape numbers can be used to provide rotational invariant descriptions of boundaries. The document also discusses using texture descriptors to represent image regions, providing examples of statistical texture moments computed from histograms that can describe properties like smoothness, skewness, and uniformity.

Uploaded by

Mcs Candra Putra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OBJECT REPRESENTATION

BOUNDARY
Using Chain Code

Image Representation and Description?


Objective:
To represent and describe information embedded in
an image in other forms that are more suitable than the
image itself.
Benefits:
- Easier to understand
- Require fewer memory, faster to be processed
- More ready to be used
What kind of information we can use?
- Boundary, shape
- Region
- Texture
- Relation between regions

Shape Representation by Using Chain Codes

Why we focus on a boundary?


The boundary is a good representation of an object shape
and also requires a few memory.
Chain codes: represent an object boundary by a connected
sequence of straight line segments of specified length
and direction.

(Images from Rafael C.


Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image
Processing, 2nd Edition.

4-directional
chain code

8-directional
chain code

Examples of Chain Codes

Object
boundary
(resampling)

4-directional
chain code

Boundary
vertices

8-directional
chain code

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.


Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

The First Difference of a Chain Codes


Problem of a chain code:
a chain code sequence depends on a starting point.
Solution: treat a chain code as a circular sequence and redefine the
starting point so that the resulting sequence of numbers forms an
integer of minimum magnitude.
The first difference of a chain code: counting the number of direction
change (in counterclockwise) between 2 adjacent elements of the code.

Example:
1
2

0
3

Chain code : The first


difference
01
1
02
2
03
3
23
1
20
2
21
3

Example:
- a chain code: 10103322
- The first difference = 3133030
- Treating a chain code as a
circular sequence, we get
the first difference = 33133030
The first difference is rotational
invariant.

Shape Number
Shape number of the boundary definition:
the first difference of smallest magnitude
The order n of the shape number:
the number of digits in the sequence

1
2

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.


Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

Shape Number (cont.)


Shape numbers of order 4, 6 and 8

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.


Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

OBJECT REPRESENTATION

REGION
Using Texture

Purpose: to describe texture of the region.

Texture Descriptors

Examples: optical microscope images:

Superconductor
(smooth texture)

Cholesterol
(coarse texture)

Microprocessor
(regular texture)

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

Statistical Approaches for Texture Descriptors


We can use statistical moments computed from an image histogram:
K 1

n ( z ) ( zi m) p( zi )
n

z = intensity
p(z) = PDF or histogram of z

i 0

where

K 1

m zi p( zi )
i 0

Example:

The 2nd moment = variance measure smoothness


The 3rd moment measure skewness
The 4th moment measure uniformity (flatness)

A
B
C
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

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