Short Course for the
Amateur Radio
Technician License
Element 2
Richie Allen KC5NZR
[email protected]
Sponsored by:
Albuquerque Amateur Radio
Club
Who is the Amateur Operator?
History of the Amateur Service
Innovations
Public Service
Real Life Examples
Video
Amateur Radio Today
Course Syllabus (NYT pages 12,13)
T1 FCC Rules
9 Questions
T2 Operating Procedures
5 Questions
T3 Propagation
3 Questions
T4 Ham Radio Practices 4 Questions
T5 Electrical Principles 3 Questions
T6 Circuit Components 2 Questions
T7 Practical Circuits
2 Questions
T8 Signals and Emissions
2 Questions
T9 Antennas & Feedlines2 Questions
T0 RF Safety
3 Questions
35 total questions on exam
EXAM (element 2)
35 questions from the question pool in chapter 12
of NYT
Administered by a Volunteer Examiner (VE) team
Test fee $12 as of 1/1/2003
1:00 PM Sunday, right here
Bring: photo ID, second ID, exam fee, pencils,
calculator
Your instructor is not a member of the VE team
There are other exam opportunities, but this
course is designed to optimize your short term
retention of the material
5
License Classes
Technician
Technician with code
General
Extra
Federal Communications Commission
FCC
Governing agency of Amateur Radio
Part 97
Principles of the amateur service
Increase number of trained radio operators
Improve international good will
Terms
Amateur Station
Control operator
License
License grant
License class
License term
Grace period
Form 605
7
Wavelength, Frequency & RF
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Wavelength, Frequency & RF
Wavelength, Frequency & RF
10
11
Frequency Privileges (ITU region 2)
VHF, UHF, Microwave (Tech bands)
6 meters
2 meters
1.25 meters
70 cm
33 cm
23 cm
13 cm
50.0 - 54.0 MHz
144.0 - 148.0 MHz
222.0 - 225.0 MHz
420.0 - 450.0 MHz
902.0 - 928.0 MHz
1240.0 - 1300.0 MHz
2300 - 2310, 2390 - 2450 MHz
12
Frequency Privileges (ITU region 2)
HF (Tech with code)
80 meters
40 meters
15 meters
10 meters
3675 - 3725 kHz
7100 - 7150 kHz
21.100 - 21.200 MHz
28.100 - 28.500 MHz
13
Emission Privileges
Basic Emission Types
Phone: AM, SSB, FM
RTTY: direct printing radio telegraphy
Data: Packet (APRS), ASCII
Image: FAX, SSTV, FSTV
CW: Morse Code
Another term:
CSCE
14
Emission Privileges
HF
6 meter phone
2 meter image
2 meter CW only
80 meter tech
7100 - 7150 tech
28.1 - 28.5 MHz
1.25 meters
23 cm
70 cm image
Tech cannot use FM
50.1 - 54.0 MHz
144.1 - 148.0 MHz
144.0 - 144.1
CW only
CW only
CW, RTTY, DATA
all emissions
all emissions
420 - 450 MHz
15
Emission Privileges
16
More FCC Regulations
Control point
responsible party
your responsibility
control operator
ID requirements
Third party
Broadcasting
Codes, ciphers
One way transmissions
Secondary users
Repeater coordination
Peak Envelope Power
DATA, RTTY rates
17
FCC Regulations (cont)
Space communication
Deceptive signals
More ID requirements
Harmful interference
Beacon stations
Radio control
Emergency communication
Broadcasting
Obscene, Indecent language
18
Operating Procedures
Before transmitting
Emergencies
Using appropriate frequency
Testing a transmitter
Morse code CQ, DE
19
Operating Procedures (cont)
Amateur Repeaters
20
Operating Procedures (cont)
Amateur Repeaters
21
Amateur Repeaters
Operating Procedures (cont)
22
Operating Procedures (cont)
Using a repeater
I/O Offsets
Autopatch
Calling
Courtesy tone
Rush hour
Breaking
I/O offset
Time out timer
CTCSS/PL
2 meter
600 kHz
1.25 meter 1.6 MHz
70 cm
5 MHz
Purpose
Open/Closed
Courtesy
23
Operating Procedures
Simplex
RST
CQ
QSL Card
Full Quieting
Distress Calls
SOS
Mayday
Break, break!
Emergency messages
Equipment for emergency
24
Operating Procedures
Voice communication
ITU Phonetics
25
Operating Procedures
Packet Radio
26
Operating Procedures
Packet Radio
27
Operating Procedures
Digital transmissions
RTTY
CONNECTED
MONITORING
Digipeater
Network
28
Operating Procedures
CW & SSB on HF
Answering CQ on RTTY
Operating on commercial aircraft
Operating away from home
29
Propagation
30
Propagation
Ionosphere
31
Propagation
Line of sight
Ionosphere
Ionosphere regions
UV radiation
Reflections
Ducting
Inversion
EME
Satellites
32
Propagation
Ionospheric Propagation
33
Propagation
Ionospheric Propagation
34
Propagation
Ionospheric Propagation
D region characteristics
Scatter
MUF
Ground Wave
Sky-wave
Skip zone
F region characteristics
Sunspots
35
Amateur Radio Practices
Grounding and lightning
Electrical ground
Safety
Dummy antennas
36
Amateur Radio Practices
SWR Standing Wave Ratio
Good SWR 1.5:1 or less
High SWR indicates antenna is wrong length,
or there is an open or short in the feed line.
Lo
Hi
50.1..54.0 MHz
2.5:1 -----------------------------------------------------> 5:1
Antenna is too long!
37
Amateur Radio Practices
SWR Standing Wave Ratio
Lo
Hi
144.1148.0 MHz
5:1 <--------------------------------------------------------- 2.5:1
Antenna is too short!
SWR meter
1:1
38
Amateur Radio Practices
Test equipment
Voltmeter
Ammeter
RF wattmeter
Multimeter
Directional wattmeter
Fuses
39
Amateur Radio Practices
Radio Frequency Interference
Receiver overload
Harmonic Radiation
Low pass filter
High pass filter
40
Electrical Principles
Hz - kHz
ma - ampere
Ampere
Volt
Conductors & insulators
Open & short circuits
Resistance & Resistors
Inductance & Inductors
Capacitance & Capacitors
Parallel & Series connections
41
Electrical Principles
Ohms Law
E = Electromotive Force
measured in VOLTS
I = Current
measured in AMPERES
R = Resistance
measured in OHMS
42
Electrical Principles
Ohms Law
I = E / R
I is expressed in AMPS
R = E / I
R is expressed in OHMS
E = I x R
E is expressed in VOLTS
43
Electrical Principles
Ohms Law
T5C04
If a current of 2 amperes flows through a 50-ohm
resistor, what is the voltage across the resistor?
E=IxR
E = 2 x 50
A. 25 volts
B. 52 volts
C. 100 volts
D. 200 volts
44
Electrical Principles
Ohms Law
T5C05
If a 100-ohm resistor is connected to 200 volts, what is
the current through the resistor?
I=E/R
I = 200 / 100
A. 1 ampere
B. 2 amperes
C. 300 amperes
D. 20,000 amperes
45
Electrical Principles
Ohms Law
T5C06
If a current of 3 amperes flows through a resistor
connected to 90 volts, what is the resistance?
R=E/I
R = 90 / 3
A. 3 ohms
B. 30 ohms
C. 93 ohms
D. 270 ohms
46
Electrical Principles
Other concepts
Power
Watt
Wavelength
Frequency
AC
DC
47
Circuit Components
Resistors
Variable Resistor
48
Circuit Components
Resistors
Fixed Resistor
49
Circuit Components
Switches
Double Pole Single Throw
DPST
Single Pole Single Throw
SPST
50
Circuit Components
Fuses, batteries
Fuse
Single Cell Battery
51
Circuit Components
More on resistors
Fixed Resistor
52
Circuit Components
More on resistors
Fixed Resistor
53
Circuit Components
Transistors
PNP Transistor
Points in proudly
NPN Transistor
Not pointing in
54
Circuit Components
Antenna & ground
Earth Ground
Antenna
55
Circuit Components
Capacitors
Fixed Capacitor
Variable Capacitor
56
Circuit Components
Inductors
Fixed Inductor
Variable Inductor
57
Circuit Components
Capacitors
58
Circuit Components
Capacitors
Fixed Capacitor
59
Circuit Components
Capacitors
Variable Capacitor
60
Practical Circuits
Functional Layout
Terms
Antenna switch
Feed line
Power supply
Antenna tuner
Dummy load
61
Practical Circuits
Functional Layout
T7A05
In Figure N7-1, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 3
is a dummy antenna, what is block 2?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A terminal-node switch
An antenna switch
A telegraph key switch
A high-pass filter
62
Practical Circuits
Functional Layout
T7A05
In Figure N7-1, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 3
is a dummy antenna, what is block 2?
A. A terminal-node switch
B. An antenna switch
C. A telegraph key switch
D. A high-pass filter
63
Practical Circuits
Functional Layout
T7A06
In Figure N7-1, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 2
is an antenna switch, what is block 3?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A terminal-node switch
An SWR meter
A telegraph key switch
A dummy antenna
64
Practical Circuits
Functional Layout
T7A06
In Figure N7-1, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 2
is an antenna switch, what is block 3?
A. A terminal-node switch
B. An SWR meter
C. A telegraph key switch
D. A dummy antenna
65
Practical Circuits
Functional Layout
T7A07
In Figure N7-2, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 3
is an antenna switch, what is block 2?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A terminal-node switch
A dipole antenna
An SWR meter
A high-pass filter
66
Practical Circuits
Functional Layout
T7A07
In Figure N7-2, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 3
is an antenna switch, what is block 2?
A. A terminal-node switch
B. A dipole antenna
C. An SWR meter
D. A high-pass filter
67
Practical Circuits
Functional Layout
T7A08
In Figure N7-3, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 2
is an SWR meter, what is block 3?
A.
B.
C.
D.
An antenna switch
An antenna tuner
A key-click filter
A terminal-node controller
68
Practical Circuits
Functional Layout
T7A08
In Figure N7-3, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 2
is an SWR meter, what is block 3?
A. An antenna switch
B. An antenna tuner
C. A key-click filter
D. A terminal-node controller
69
Practical Circuits
Functional Layout
Microphone
Modem, teleprinter, computer
TNC Terminal Node Controller
70
Practical Circuits
Block diagrams
An FM receiver uses a limiter and a
discriminator to produce an audio signal.
These circuits are unique to FM receivers.
71
Practical Circuits
Block diagrams
T7B02
What circuit is pictured in Figure T7-1 if block 1 is a variablefrequency oscillator?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A packet-radio transmitter
A crystal-controlled transmitter
A single-sideband transmitter
A VFO-controlled transmitter
72
Practical Circuits
Block diagrams
T7B02
What circuit is pictured in Figure T7-1 if block 1 is a variablefrequency oscillator?
A. A packet-radio transmitter
B. A crystal-controlled transmitter
C. A single-sideband transmitter
D. A VFO-controlled transmitter
73
Practical Circuits
Block diagrams
T7B03
What circuit is pictured in Figure T7-1 if block 1 is a crystal
oscillator?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A crystal-controlled transmitter
A VFO-controlled transmitter
A single-sideband transmitter
A CW transceiver
74
Practical Circuits
Block diagrams
T7B03
What circuit is pictured in Figure T7-1 if block 1 is a crystal
oscillator?
A. A crystal-controlled transmitter
B. A VFO-controlled transmitter
C. A single-sideband transmitter
D. A CW transceiver
75
Practical Circuits
Block diagrams
T7B04
What type of circuit does Figure T7-2 represent if block 1 is a
product detector?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A simple phase modulation receiver
A simple FM receiver
A simple CW and SSB receiver
A double-conversion multiplier
76
Practical Circuits
Block diagrams
T7B04
What type of circuit does Figure T7-2 represent if block 1 is a
product detector?
A. A simple phase modulation receiver
B. A simple FM receiver
C. A simple CW and SSB receiver
D. A double-conversion multiplier
77
Practical Circuits
Block diagrams
T7B05
If Figure T7-2 is a diagram of a simple single-sideband
receiver, what type of circuit should be shown in block 1?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A high pass filter
A ratio detector
A low pass filter
A product detector
78
Practical Circuits
Block diagrams
T7B05
If Figure T7-2 is a diagram of a simple single-sideband
receiver, what type of circuit should be shown in block 1?
A. A high pass filter
B. A ratio detector
C. A low pass filter
D. A product detector
79
Practical Circuits
Block diagrams
T7B06
What circuit is pictured in Figure T7-3, if block 1 is a
frequency discriminator?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A double-conversion receiver
A variable-frequency oscillator
A superheterodyne receiver
An FM receiver
80
Practical Circuits
Block diagrams
T7B06
What circuit is pictured in Figure T7-3, if block 1 is a
frequency discriminator?
A. A double-conversion receiver
B. A variable-frequency oscillator
C. A superheterodyne receiver
D. An FM receiver
81
Practical Circuits
Filters
Low Pass Filter
Reduces harmonic
radiation
82
Practical Circuits
Filters
Band Pass Filter
Blocks RF above and
below a certain
frequency
83
Practical Circuits
A few more circuits
Detector
Duplexer
84
Signals and Emissions
RF emissions
RF Carrier
85
Signals and Emissions
RF emissions
Emission types, narrowest to widest:
CW
RTTY
SSB Signal
FM Signal
SSB
FM
2 - 3 kHz wide
10 - 20 kHz wide
86
Signals and Emissions
RF emissions
87
Signals and Emissions
RF emissions
Why use SSB?
Efficiency!
88
Signals and Emissions
RF emissions
CW emissions
Modulation
Over deviation
Splatter
Harmonic radiation
Testing microphones
Grounding
89
Signals and Emissions
Modulation types
Packet radio
FM phone
USB
Phone emissions
FSK
Modern data transmission
Over deviation
Chirp
90
Antennas & feedlines
Wavelength and antenna length
Half wave dipole antenna
length = 468 / frequency (MHz)
Quarter wave vertical antenna
length (feet) = 234 / frequency (MHz)
91
Antennas & feedlines
Wavelength and antenna length
Half wave dipole antenna
92
Antennas & feedlines
Wavelength and antenna length
Quarter wave
vertical antenna
93
Antennas & feedlines
Wavelength and antenna length
How long should you make a 1/4
wave vertical for 440 MHz?
length (feet) = 234 / frequency (MHz)
length (feet) = 234 / 440 MHz
.5318 feet = 234 / 440 MHz
(.5318 * 12) inches = 234 / 440 MHz
6 inches
94
Antennas & feedlines
Wavelength and antenna length
How long should you make a 1/4
wave vertical for 28.450 MHz?
length (feet) = 234 / frequency (MHz)
length (feet) = 234 / 28.450 MHz
8.2249 feet = 234 / 28.450 MHz
8 feet
95
Antennas & feedlines
Wavelength and antenna length
How long should you make a 1/4
wave vertical for 146 MHz?
length (feet) = 234 / frequency (MHz)
length (feet) = 234 / 146 MHz
1.6 feet = 234 / 146 MHz
(1.6 * 12) inches = 234 / 440 MHz
19 inches
96
Antennas & feedlines
Wavelength and antenna length
If an antenna is made shorter
its resonant frequency..
INCREASES
If an antenna is made longer
its resonant frequency..
DECREASES
97
Antennas & feedlines
Wavelength and antenna length
To decrease the resonant
frequency of a dipole antenna...
LENGTHEN the
antenna
To increase the resonant
frequency of an antenna...
SHORTEN the
antenna
98
Antennas & feedlines
Wavelength and antenna length
Multi band antennas
- Allow operation on several bands
- Caveat: may radiate unwanted harmonics
99
Antennas & feedlines
Beam antennas - Yagi
100
Antennas & feedlines
Beam antennas - Yagi
101
Antennas & feedlines
Beam antennas - Yagi
102
Antennas & feedlines
Beam antennas - Yagi
Directional antenna
Yagi construction
Driven element
Parasitic elements
103
Antennas & feedlines
Beam antennas - Cubical Quad
Two or more parallel
four sided loops, each 1
wavelength long.
104
Antennas & feedlines
Antennas
Ground plane
Electrical noise
SWR
Feedlines
Balun
105
RF Safety
Fundamentals, terms
Use minimum power
Most hazardous frequencies
Biological effects
Power density
Near fields
Microwave hazards
FCC requirements
MPE and the human body
Specific absorption rate
106
RF Safety
Rules & guidelines
Rules defined: FCC Part 1, OET Bulletin 65
All sources of RF from a site must be considered
MPE average in uncontrolled area: 30 minutes
MPE average in controlled areas: 6 minutes
Portable devices
Certification of RF exposure rules: form 605
All stations must comply
Licensee is responsible for compliance
107
RF Safety
Rules & guidelines
Bodys ability to absorb RF
Duty cycle
Impact of duty cycle on minimum safe distance
108
RF Safety
Routine station evaluation
Power density measurement vs. other methods
Do not have to perform calculations
Hand held antennas
UHF antennas
RF burns
Mobile installations
Amplifier shielding
109
Clubs and organizations
QST, Monthly magazine
New! Members-Only Web Access
Technical Information Service (TIS)
Ham Radio Equipment Insurance
A Voice in Washington
ARRL Field Organization
An Amateur Radio VHF/UHF Wide
Coverage Repeater Linking System
Serving New Mexico, Southern Colorado,
Western Oklahoma, West Texas and
Eastern Arizona
110
Clubs and organizations
Albuquerque Amateur Radio Club
License classes
Operating activities
Social gatherings
Public service
111
