The Role of Financial
Management
What is Financial Management?
The Goal of the Firm
Corporate Governance
Organization of the Financial
Management Function
What is Financial Management?
Primarily financial managers used to raise funds
and manage their firms cash positions.
Role of financial managers has become more
important due to increasingly complex nature of
transactions, e.g.
Increased corporate competition
Rapid technological changes
Volatility in inflation and interest rates
Worldwide economic uncertainty
Fluctuating exchange rates
Changing tax laws
Ethical concerns over financial dealings
Decision Functions of Financial
Management
Financial management concerns the
acquisition, financing, and management of
assets with some overall goal in mind.
There are three important decision functions
of financial management:
1. Investment decisions
2. Financing decisions
3. Asset management decision
Investment Decisions
Most important of the three decisions functions.
What is the optimal firm size?
What specific assets should be acquired?
What assets (if any) should be reduced or
eliminated?
Should the firm operations be expanded by
introducing new products or services
Financing Decisions
Determine how the assets (current and long
term) will be financed (short term or long
term debt and equity).
What is the best type of financing?
What is the best financing mix?
What is the best dividend policy (e.g.,
dividend-payout ratio)?
How will the funds be physically acquired?
Asset Management Decisions
How do we manage existing assets
efficiently?
Financial Manager has varying degrees of
operating responsibility over assets.
Greater emphasis on current asset
management than fixed asset management
as the fixed assets are being operated by
the operation mangers.
What is the Goal of the
Firm?
The goal of a firm is maximization of
Shareholder Wealth.
Value creation or wealth maximization occurs
when we maximize the share price for
current shareholders.
Share price of a firm is the reflection of the
firms investment, financing, and asset
management decisions. Firms spending more
on R&D and advertisement normally have
higher value for their stocks.
Shortcomings of Alternative
Perspectives
Profit Maximization
Maximizing a firms earnings after taxes.
Problems
Could increase current profits while harming
firm (e.g., defer maintenance, issue common
stock to buy T-bills, etc.).
Ignores changes in the risk level of the firm.
Increased risk will result in loss of value for
the shareholders as the prices of the stock
will fall.
Shortcomings of Alternative
Perspectives
Earnings per Share Maximization
Maximizing earnings after taxes divided by shares
outstanding.
Problems
Does not specify timing or duration of
expected returns.
Ignores changes in the risk level of the
firm.
Calls for a zero payout dividend policy
which may result in loss of share price.
Strengths of Shareholder Wealth
Maximization
Takes account of: current and future profits and
EPS; the timing, duration, and risk of profits and
EPS; dividend policy; and all other relevant
factors.
Thus, share price serves as a barometer for
business performance.
Corporate goals of Companies
Cadbury Schweppes:
governing objective is growth in shareowner value
Credit Suisse Group:
achieve high customer satisfaction, maximize
shareholder value and be an employer of choice
Dow Chemical Company:
maximize long-term shareholder value
ExxonMobil: long-term, sustainable shareholder
value
The Modern Corporation
Modern
Corporation
Shareholders Management
There exists a SEPARATION between owners
and managers.
Role of Management
Management acts as an agent for the owners
(shareholders) of the firm.
An agent is an individual authorized by another
person, called the principal, to act in the latters
behalf.
Agency Theory
Jensen and Meckling developed a theory of
the firm based on agency theory.
Agency Theory is a branch of economics
relating to the behavior of principals and
their agents.
Agency
Theory
Principals must provide incentives so that
management acts in the principals best
interests and then monitor results.
Incentives include, stock options, perquisites,
and bonuses.
Wealth maximization
does not preclude the firm from
Social
Responsibility
being socially responsible such as protecting the
consumers, welfare of the employees, fair hiring
practices and safe working conditions, supporting
education, and becoming involved in environmental
issues as clean air and water.
Along with the share holders wealth maximization, the
interests of the stakeholders must also be protected, i.e.
creditors, employees, customers, suppliers,
communities and others.
Then shareholder wealth maximization remains the
appropriate goal in governing the firm.
Corporate Governance
Corporate governance: represents the system
by which corporations are managed and
controlled.
Includes shareholders, board of directors (BOD), and
senior management.
Three categories of individuals are thus key to
corporate governance success:
First, the common shareholders, who elect the BODs;
second, the BODs themselves; and third, the top
executive offices led by the CEO
The Role of the Board of
Directors
Typical responsibilities:
Set company-wide policy;
Advise the CEO and other senior executives;
Hire, fire, and set the compensation of the CEO;
Review and approve strategy, significant
investments, and acquisitions; and
Oversee operating plans, capital budgets, and
financial reports to common shareholders.
CEO/Chairman roles commonly same person
in US, but separate in Britain.
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX): addresses
corporate governance, auditing and accounting,
executive compensation, and enhanced and timely
disclosure of corporate information
Imposes new penalties for violations of
securities laws
Established the Public Company Accounting
Oversight Board (PCAOB) to adopt auditing,
quality control, ethics, disclosure standards for
public companies and their auditors, and
policing authority
Generally increasing the standards for
corporate governance
Organization of the
Financial Management Function
Board of Directors
President
(Chief Executive Officer)
Vice President
Vice President
Vice President
Finance
Operations
Marketing
Organization of the
Financial Management Function
VP of Finance
Treasurer
Controller
Capital Budgeting
Cash Management
Credit Management
Dividend Disbursement
Fin Analysis/Planning
Pension Management
Insurance/Risk
Management
Tax Analysis/Planning
Cost Accounting
Cost Management
Data Processing
General Ledger
Government Reporting
Internal Control
Preparing Fin Statements
Preparing Budgets
Preparing Forecasts
Summary
1. Role of the financial manager
2. Financial management in terms of the three
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
major decision areas that confront the financial
managers.
Identify the goal of the firm and understand why
shareholders' wealth maximization is preferred
over other goals.
Potential problems where management of the
corporation and ownership are separated (i.e.,
agency problems).
Corporate governance.
Social responsibility of the firm.
Understand the basic responsibilities of financial
managers and the differences between a
