Sensors
What is Sensors?
Sensors
Different
type of sensors Position Sensors
Sensors
Inductive
Sensors
Capacitive
Sensors
Photoelectric
Sensors
Ultrasonic
Sensors
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Sensors
Inductive
Sensors
Inductive
sensors detect metallic objects
at an operating distance of up to 50 mm.
They are insentive to external influences
and are durable for all applications. They
offer high speed, no contact sensing at an
extremely long life.
Inductive Sensors
Metallic
objects
Operating distance up to 50 mm
Switching frequency up to 5 kHz
Inductive Sensors
Inductive
sensors are standardized
owing to their clearly defined
characteristics and operating
conditions and can thus be used
easily:
They
detect only metallic objects,
They feature a precisely outlined
sensing range,
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Inductive Sensors
Inductive
sensors are standardized
owing to their clearly defined
characteristics and operating
conditions and can thus be used
easily:
They
operate reliably and are not
impaired by light, noise, nonconductive dust or fluids, such as oil,
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Inductive Sensors
Inductive
sensors are standardized
owing to their clearly defined
characteristics and operating
conditions and can thus be used
easily:
They
detect precisely and without the
need for adjustment and
They offer largely standardized
parameters.
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Inductive Sensors
Basic
Mode of Operation
The essential component of the inductive sensor is
its oscillator with open coil. When a metallic object
approaches the sensor, the oscillation is initially
attenuated and ultimately interrupted. This effect
is detected by a trigger circuit and is forwarded as
an output signal.
Inductive Sensors
Operating
Distance
The distance between the sensor and the object
plays a crucial role for achieving reliable results.
The operating distance is differentiated as follows
in order to allow for various operating conditions:
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Inductive Sensors
Operating
Distance
Nominal Operating Distance Sn:
Typical operating distance under the measurement
conditions defined in the Standard.
This involves a defined target made of steel ST37
with a minimum thickness of 1 mm and a
minimum size approaching the sensor. The
following apply:
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Inductive Sensors
Nominal
Operating Distance Sn:
Diameter of target = diameter of sensor front
face or
Diameter of target = three times nominal operating
distance.
The higher value counts.
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Inductive Sensors
Effective
Operating Distance Sr :
This allows for manufacturing tolerances of
the individual sensors and may be up to 10 %
above or below the nominal operating distance
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Inductive Sensors
Usable
Operating Distance Su :
This includes influences resulting from
operating voltage tolerances and temperature
range and lies a further 10 % above or below
the effective operating distance, i.e. at 81 ...
121 % of the nominal operating distance.
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Inductive Sensors
Recommended
Actuation Distance Sa :
This is less than 81 % of the nominal operating
distance in the case of frontal approach to the
object. The distance should be around 40 % of
the nominal operating distance in the case of
lateral approach.
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Inductive Sensors
Hysteresis
A hysteresis is required for all switching-type
sensors in order to avoid chattering of the
outputs. In the case of inductive proximity
switches, the hysteresis results from the
difference between the operating distances
when the target is approaching and when the
target is moving away and is approx. 5 % of the
nominal operating distance.
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Inductive Sensors
Sensor
Distances with Various Materials
If materials other than steel are used, the
operating distances are almost always less. For
instance:
Metal foils and special target versions require test
measurements.
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Inductive Sensors
Flush
Sensors
are shielded and can thus be fitted easily with
no major requirements. Flush installation also
protects the sensor against mechanical damage.
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Inductive Sensors
Non-flush
Sensors
offer maximum possible operating
distance.
A minimum recess is required in the
surrounding material. The following
applies:
Lateral clearance = sensor diameter
Depth = twice nominal operating distance
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Inductive Sensors
Output
Signals
The various types of sensor offer different output
signals in order to achieve flexible and rapid
processing of the information detected by the
sensors.
The "3-wire PNP normally open" DC output with
designation "-PO" is used preferably for all types of
sensor since it allows optimum drive of the inputs of
programmable logic controllers. The output signals
switched by PNP transistors were originally referred
to as "PNP". Today, these outputs are protected
against short circuit and reversal polarity.
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Inductive Sensors
Output
Signals
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Sensors
Capacitive
Sensors
Capacitive sensors detect virtually any material
(paper, cardboard, plastic, etc.) at an operating
distance of up to 20 mm. They are also suitable
for detection of metallic or fluid objects. They
offer high speed, no contact sensing at an
extremely long life.
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Capacitive sensors
Non - metallic objects
Fluids
Metallic objects
Operating distance up to 20 mm
Switching frequency up to 10 Hz
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Capacitive sensors
Basic
Mode of Operation
The heart of the capacitive sensor is an
oscillator with open capacitor which generates
an electrostatic field. The oscillator does not
oscillate if there is no object in the vicinity.
If the metallic or non-metallic object to be
detected approaches, the capacitance increases
and oscillation starts. A trigger circuit detects
this change and trips the output signal.
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Capacitive sensors
Basic
Mode of Operation
Since different materials influence the
electrostatic field differently, the capacitive
sensors should be adjusted accordingly during
installation in order to achieve optimum
operability. One typical application of capacitive
sensors is detection of fluids in non-metallic
containers, e.g. in plastic tanks. Sensor
adjustment suppresses any influences resulting
from the tank wall.
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Photoelectric Sensors
Photoelectric
sensors see lightreflecting or opaque objects at an
operating distance of up to 20 m. They
can also be used with fiber optic cable for
detection of extremely small objects.
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Photoelectric Sensors
Light reflecting and opaque objects
Small objects
Operating distance up to 20 m and more
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Photoelectric Sensors
Diffuse Reflective Sensors
These receive the light reflected back from the
object. If a defined quantity of light is detected, the
output signal is tripped. The nominal operating
distances extend up to 800 mm, depending on
type. The achievable sensing distance depends on
the size of the object to be detected, its color and
its condition, such as surface roughness.
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Photoelectric Sensors
Retro reflective Sensors
These are used for larger distances to be monitored.
The emitted light beam is reflected by a reflector
positioned on the other side of the object. If the light
path is interrupted, the signal is tripped. The design
of the reflector ensures reliable operation even if the
object is imprecisely aligned. The sensor distances
extend up to 5000 mm, depending on type.
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Photoelectric Sensors
Examples of reflection factors on level, aligned
surfaces
Standard white test card
Standard gray test card
White paper
Wooden boards
Beer froth
Transparent plastic bottles
Car tires
Aluminum, bare
Aluminum, black anodized
90.0 %
18.0 %
80.0 %
20.0 %
70.0 %
40.0 %
1.5 %
140.0 %
115.0 %
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Photoelectric Sensors
Through
Beam Photoelectric Sensors
These have a separate light source and
receiver. One disadvantage aspect is the
greater cabling effort by comparison with retro
reflective sensors. The operating distance can
reach up to 20 m, depending on the type used.
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Photoelectric Sensors
Fiber-optic
Waveguides
These extend the range of possible applications of photoelectric
sensors with important additional fields of application. The
upstream fiber-optic waveguide defines whether the sensor is to
operate as a through beam photoelectric sensor or as a diffuse
reflective photoelectric sensor. Sensors with fiber-optic waveguide
are used, primarily, to detect small objects, even under cramped
conditions. Depending on design of the fiber-optic waveguide and
fiber head, it is also possible to use these systems at high
temperatures. Plastic fiber-optic waveguides can be shortened by
the user to appropriate length with the supplied tools.
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Ultrasonic Sensors
Ultrasonic sensors detect the position of
objects with a sound-reflecting surface. They
may be used at an operating distance of up to
6 m. They are resistant to dust and operate
independently of the colour of the object to
be detected.
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Ultrasonic Sensors
Sound-reflecting objects
Operating distance up to 6 m
Self-cleaning
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Ultrasonic Sensors
Ultrasonic sensors operate in reflex mode. An
ultrasonic transducer emits and receives the
ultrasonic signals. Within a stipulated distance range,
the incoming echo is checked, the time taken for the
sound to travel the distance is determined and a
corresponding output signal is emitted. If the
distance between sensor and object is too small, the
echo arrives before the ultrasonic transducer has
reached steady state and is ready to receive. Objects
in this dead band cannot be detected reliably.
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Ultrasonic Sensors
Sound Cone and Response Curve
Objects may be moved towards the ultrasonic sensor
either frontally or from the side. If it has a smooth
surface, the object must enter the sensor's range
perpendicularly with respect to the sensor axis. If its
position deviates from this axis, the object must be
brought nearer. This results in a so-called sound cone
as a function of response distance to angle. The
minimum size of the object also determines its
nature and surface. This means that different sound
cones result for different objects and sensors with a
longer range require larger objects.
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Ultrasonic Sensors
Deflection and Beaming
One special aspect of the ultrasonic technique is
the capability of deflecting sound with smooth
reflectors. This allows the level of an aggressive
fluid to be measured for instance. By contrast,
measuring errors occur if the sound is to be
beamed or deflected with smooth tubes for
instance.
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Advantages
and disadvantages
SENSORS
Sensors
Advantages
Disadvantages
Applications
Limit Switch
High Current Capability
Low Cost
Familiar "Low- Tech" Sensing
Requires Physical Contact with Target
Very Slow Response
Contact Bounce
Interlocking
Basic End-of- Travel Sensing
Photoelectric
Senses all Kinds of Materials
Long Life
Longest Sensing Range
Very Fast Response Time
Lens Subject to Contamination
Sensing Range Affected by Color and
Reflectivity of Target
Packaging
Material
Handling
Parts Detection
Inductive
Resistant to Harsh Environments
Very Predictable
Long Life
Easy to Install
Distance Limitations
Industrial and Machines
Machine Tool
Senses Metal- Only Targets
Capacitive
Detects Through Some Containers
Can Detect Non-Metallic Targets
Very Sensitive to Extreme
Environmental Changes
Level Sensing
Ultrasonic
Senses all Materials
Resolution
Repeatability
Sensitive to Temperature Changes
Anti-Collision
Doors
Web Brake
Level Control
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SENSORS
THE END
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