William Stallings
Computer Organization
and Architecture
8th Edition
Chapter 1
Introduction
Computer Architecture
• Those attributes visible to the
programmer OR
• Those attributes that have a direct
impact on the logical execution of a
program.
—Instruction set, number of bits used for data
representation (e.g., numbers, characters),
I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.
—e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
Computer Organization
• Computer organization is how features
are implemented
• Operational units and their
interconnections that realize the
architectural specifications.
—hardware details transparent to the
programmer, such as control signals,
interfaces between the computer and
peripherals;, memory technology.
—e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit
or is it done by repeated addition?
Computer Organization…
• The organizational decision may be based
on the anticipated frequency of use of the
multiply instruction, the relative speed of
the two approaches, and the cost and
physical size of a special multiply unit.
Architecture & Organization…
• All Intel x86 family share the same basic
architecture
• The IBM System/370 family share the
same basic architecture
• Organization differs within
members/models of the same family in
performance and cost.
Structure & Function
•Structure is the way in which components
relate to each other.
•Function is the operation of each individual
component as part of the structure.
Function
General computer functions:
—Data processing
—Data storage
—Data movement
—Control
Operations (a) Data movement
•When data are received
from or delivered to a device
that is directly connected to
the computer, the process is
known as input–output
(I/O), and
•the device is referred to as a
peripheral
•When data are moved over longer distances, to or from
a remote device, the process is known as data
communications.
Operations (b) Storage
• Read operation
• Write operation
Operation (c) Processing from/to storage
• Short term storage
of results
• Long-term storage
Operation (d)
Processing from storage to I/O
Example application?
Operation (d)
Processing from storage to I/O
Receiving packets over a
network interface, verifying
their CRC, then storing them
in memory.
Structure - Top Level
Peripherals Computer
Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit
Computer
Systems
Interconnection
Input
Output
Communication
lines
Structural Components of Computer
• Central processing unit (CPU): Controls the operation
of the computer and performs its data processing
functions; often simply referred to as processor.
• Main memory: Stores data.
• I/O: Moves data between the computer and its
external environment.
• System interconnection: Some mechanism that
provides for communication among CPU, main
memory, and I/O.
• A common example of system interconnection is by means
of a system bus, consisting of a number of conducting wires
to which all the other components attach.
Structure - The CPU
CPU
Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Login Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection
Control
Unit
Structural Components of CPU
• Control unit: Controls the operation of the CPU and
hence the computer
• Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): Performs the
computer’s data processing functions
• Registers: Provides storage internal to the CPU
• CPU interconnection: Some mechanism that provides
for communication among the control unit, ALU and
registers
Structure - The Control Unit
Control Unit
CPU
Sequencing
ALU Login
Control
Internal
Unit
Bus
Control Unit
Registers Registers and
Decoders
Control
Memory
