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UTM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

SEE 4433
Power Electronics
And Drives

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Revised and Compiled by

Dr Qamar Saeed
Thanks to

DR. TAN CHEE WEI

P03-217
[email protected]

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONVERSION

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Chapter 2:

AC to DC
Conversion
(Rectifiers)
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Rectifiers

Bridge rectifier
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Overview
• Single-phase, Half Wave Rectifier
– Uncontrolled : R, R-L
– Controlled : R, R-L load
– Free wheeling diode
• Single-phase, Full Wave Rectifier
– Uncontrolled : R, R-L load,
– Controlled : R, R-L load
– Continuous and Discontinuous Current-Mode
• Three-phase Rectifier
– Uncontrolled
– Controlled

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Rectifiers
DEFINITION:
Converting AC (from mains or other AC source) to DC power
by using power diodes or by controlling the firing angles of
thyristors/controllable switches.
Basic block diagram

 Input can be single or multi-phase (e.g. 3-phase).

 Output can be made fixed or variable
 Applications: DC welder, DC motor drive, Battery
charger, DC power supply, HVDC
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Single-phase, Half-Wave, R - load

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Single-phase, Half-Wave, R - load

Example

Given the supply voltage v = 120 Vrms, 60 Hz.

Determines:
a) The average load voltage and current
b) The load voltage in r.m.s.
c) The average power absorbed by the load, RL
d) The power factor of the circuit
Answer
a) 54 V & 10.8 A, b) 84.9 V, c) 1440 W, d) 0.707
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Example

Solution

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Half-Wave with R-L load

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Half-Wave with R-L load

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Half-Wave with R-L load

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R-L Waveform

vL is negative
because the current
is decreasing, i.e :

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Extinction Angle

 Note that the diode remains in forward biased

longer than π radians (although the source is
negative during that duration).
 The point when current reaches zero is when
diode turns OFF.
 This point is known as the extinction angle, β.

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Half-Wave with R-L load

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RMS Current, Power

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RMS Current, Power

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Example

Given Vm= 100 V , ω = 377 rads-1. Determine:

a) An expression for current i and the extinction angle
b) The average current
c) The r.m.s. current
d) The power absorbed by RL
e) The power factor of the circuit
Answer
a) 0.936 sin(ωt - 0.361) + 0.331e - ωt/ 0.377, β= 201o(3.5 rad)
b) 0.308 A, c) 0.474 A, d) 22.4 W, e) 0.67
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Example

Solution

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Example

Solution

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Example

Solution

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Example 2 A diode circuit shown in Fig.2.3 with R=10 , L=20mH, and VS=220 2
sin314t.
(a) Determine the expression for the current though the load in the period 0  t  2
and determine the conduction angle  .
(b) If we connect free wheeling diode through the load as shown in Fig.2.5 Determine
the expression for the current though the load in the period of 0  t  3 .
Solution: (a) For the period of 0  t   , the expression of the load current can be
obtained from (2.24) as following:
3
1 L 1 314 * 20 *10
  tan  tan  0.561 rad . and tan   0.628343
R 10
Z  R 2  (L) 2  10 2  (314 * 20 *10  3 ) 2  11.8084
 t 

V  
i (t )  m  sin t     sin   e tan  
Z  
 


220 2
11.8084

sin t  0.561  0.532 * e 1.5915 t 
i (t )  26.3479 sint  0.561  14.0171* e 1.5915 t
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The value of  can be obtained from the above equation by substituting for i (  )  0 . Then,
0  26.3479 sin   0.561  14.0171 * e 1.5915 
By using the numerical analysis we can get the value of . The simplest method is by
using the simple iteration technique by assuming
  26.3479 sin   0.561  14.0171 * e 1.5915  and substitute different values for  in the
region     2 till we get the minimum value of  then the corresponding value of  is
the required value. The narrow intervals mean an accurate values of  . The following
table shows the relation between  and :  
1.1  6.49518
1.12  4.87278
1.14  3.23186
1.16  1.57885
1.18  -0.079808
1.2  -1.73761
It is clear from the above table that   1.18  rad. The current in   wt  2 will be
zero due to the diode will block the negative current to flow.
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(b) In case of free-wheeling diode as shown in Fig.2.5, we have to divide the operation of
this circuit into three parts. The first one when 0  t   (D1 “ON”, D2 “OFF”), the
second case when   t  2 (D1 “OFF” and D2 “ON”) and the last one when
2  t  3 (D1 “ON”, D2 “OFF”).
 In the first part ( 0  t   ) the expression for the load current can be obtained as
In case (a). Then:
i ( wt )  26.3479 sin t  0.561  14.0171* e 1.5915 wt for 0  t  
the current at t   is starting value for the current in the next part. Then
i ( )  26.3479 sin   0.561  14.0171 * e 1.5915   14.1124 A
 In the second part   t  2 , the expression for the load current can be obtained
from (2.30) as following:
t 

tan 
i (t )  B e
where B  i ( )  14.1124 A
Then i (t )  14.1124 e 1.5915t   for (   t  2 )
The current at t  2 is starting value for the current in the next part. Then
i (2 )  0.095103 A
 In the last part ( 2  t  3 ) the expression for the load current can be obtained
from (2.36):
t  2
  
sin t  2      i 2   sin  e
Vm Vm tan 
i (t ) 
Z  Z 
 i (t )  26.3479 sin t  6.8442  0.095103  26.3479 * 0.532e 1.5915t  2 
 i (t )  26.3479 sin t  6.8442   14.1131e 1.5915t  2  for ( 2  t  3 )
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Controlled Half-Wave

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Controlled
Half-Wave

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Controlled Have-Wave, R-L load

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Controlled Have-
Wave, R-L load

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Controlled Have-Wave, R-L load

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 UTM
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• Chapter 6 (Ned Mohan) pages 121 - 125

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Thyristor Triggering

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Example
1. A half wave controlled rectifier has a source of 120V
RMS at 60 Hz. R = 20 ohm, L= 0.04 H, and the delay
angle is 45 degrees. Determine: (a) the expression for
current i(ωt), (b) average current, (c) the power absorbed
by the load.

2. Design a circuit to produce an average voltage of 40V

across a 100 ohm load from a 120 VRMS, 60 Hz supply.
Determine the power factor absorbed by the resistance.

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Solution

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Solution

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Freewheeling diode (FWD)

• Note that for single-phase, half wave rectifier with R-L load,
the load (output) current is NOT continuous. (Bad current)
• A FWD (sometimes known as commutation diode) can be
placed as shown below to make it continuous

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Art 2.12 Free Wheeling Diode

• M. H. Rashid pages 56-58

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Operation of FWD

• Note that both D1 and D2 cannot be turned on at the same time.

• For a positive cycle voltage source,
– D1 is on, D2 is off
– The equivalent circuit is shown in Figure (b)
– The voltage across the R-L load is the same as the source
voltage.
• For a negative cycle voltage source,
– D1 is off, D2 is on
– The equivalent circuit is shown in Figure (c)
– The voltage across the R-L load is zero.
– However, the inductor contains energy from positive cycle. The
load current still circulates through the R-L path.
– But in contrast with the normal half wave rectifier, the circuit in
Figure (c) does not consist of supply voltage in its loop.
– Hence the “negative part” of vo as shown in the normal half-
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FWD- Continuous load current

• The inclusion of FWD results in continuous load current

(good current), as shown below.
• Note also the output voltage has no negative part (prevent
output voltage reversal). i.e. improve DC output voltage.
• Transfer load current from main rectifier (allow rectifier
regains its blocking state)

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Why single-phase full-wave ?

• To produce purely DC (less ripple) voltage or current

• Suitable for high power application
• Average current in the AC source is zero, thus
avoiding problem associated with non-zero average
source current especially in transformer

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Full Wave Rectifier

• Center-tapped (CT) rectifier requires center-tap

transformer. Full Bridge (FB) does not.
• CT: 2 diodes
• FB: 4 diodes. Hence, CT experienced only one
diode volt-drop per half-cycle
• Conduction losses for CT is half.
• Diodes ratings for CT is twice the FB. 41
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• Diode Rectifiers
• M. H. Rashid pages 69-85
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Full Wave Rectifier

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Bridge Waveforms

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Center-tapped
waveforms

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Full Wave Bridge, R-L load

Positive Half-Cycle
Negative Half-Cycle46
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Approximation with large inductor, L

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R-L load approximation

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R-L load
approximation

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Example
Given a bridge rectifier has an AC
source Vm= 100 V
at 50 Hz, and R-L load with R = 100 Ω,
L = 10 mH
i) determine the average current in the
load
ii) determine the first two higher order
harmonics of the load current
iii) determine the power absorbed by
the load

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 UTM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA M.H. Rashid

• Example 3.15 of M. H. Rashid page 105

• Chapter 10, Controlled Rectifiers, pages
431-443
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Controlled Full
Wave, R load

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Controlled Full Wave, R load

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Controlled Full Wave, R-L load

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To
improve
Vo, insert
diode
FWD
across
load

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Discontinuous Mode

Analysis similar to controlled half wave with R -L load:

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Discontinuous Mode

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Continuous Mode

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Continuous Mode

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Waveform –
Continuous R – L
Load ( L >> R )

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Waveform –
Continuous R – L
Load ( L >> R )
Effect of inserting
FWD

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Single-phase diode groups

• In the top group (D1, D3), the cathodes (-) of the two diodes are
at a common potential. Therefore, the diode with its anode (+) at
the highest potential will conduct (carry) id.
• For example, when vs is ( +), D1 conducts id and D3 reverses (by
taking loop around vs, D1 and D3).
When vs is (-), D3 conducts, D1 reverses.
• In the bottom group, the anodes of the two diodes are at common
potential. Therefore the diode with its cathode at the lowest
potential conducts id.
• For example, when vs (+), D2 carry id. D4 reverses.
When vs is (-), D4 carry id. D2 reverses.
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 UTM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Art 3.7

• Art 3.7 of M. H. Rashid page 92-98

• Six pulse ripple on the output voltage
• Conduction sequence
• D1-D2, D3-D2, D3-D4, D5-D4, D5-D6, D1-D6
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Three-phase full-wave rectifiers

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Three-phase full-wave rectifiers

vo = vp - vn

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Three-phase waveforms

• Top group: diode with its anode at the highest

potential will conduct. The other two will be reversed.
• Bottom group: diode with the its cathode at the
lowest potential will conduct. The other two will be
reversed.
• For example, if D1 (of the top group) conducts, vp is
connected to van.. If D6 (of the bottom group)
conducts, vn connects to vbn . All other diodes are off.
• The resulting output waveform is given as:
vo = vp - vn
• For peak of the output voltage is equal to the peak of
the line to line voltage vab .
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Three-phase, average voltage

Note that the output DC

voltage component of a
three - phase rectifier is
much higher than of a
single – phase.

Considers only one of

the six segments.
Obtain its average
over 60 degrees or
π/3 radians.
Considers only one of
the six segments.

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3-Phase Current
Waveform - L>>R

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Three-phase half-
wave rectifiers

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Three-phase full-wave
controlled rectifier

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Controlled,
three-phase
waveforms –
R load

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Controlled, three-phase
waveforms – RL load

Note:
α < 60o Vo always +ve, α >
60o, Vo goes negative (RL
load)

(Can be overcame by
FWD diode)

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Controlled, three-phase
waveforms

(a) Supply Current

(b) harmonics profile

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Controlled, three-phase
waveforms with α varies

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Output voltage of controlled
three phase rectifier

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Example :

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The End
of Chapter 2

Thank You
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