Principles of Building Design

DPWH Field Engineers Course

 Design Professionals/Consultants
Planning, Materials, Aesthetics, Cost (Value)

Building Plans

Proposed Building
Budget, Requirements
Architectural
Structural/Civil/Geotechnical
Construction
Electrical/Mechanical
Sanitary/Plumbing
Permits
Supervision/Inspection
Maintenance Building Design & Construction Process
Objectives of Design:
Appropriateness
Arrangement of spaces, spans, access, and
traffic flow must complement the
intended use.

The structure should fit its environment

and be aesthetically pleasing
Objectives of Design:

Economy

Overall cost should not exceed the budget

Teamwork/coordination during planning &

design stages will lead to overall
economy
Objectives of Design:

Structural Adequacy
Must be strong enough to safely support all
anticipated loadings

Must not deflect, tilt, vibrate, or crack in a

manner that impairs its usefulness
Objectives of Design:

Maintainability

Should be designed to require a minimum of

maintenance.

To be able to be maintained in a simple

fashion.
Scope of Building Design

Architectural Design – functional,

aesthetics
- National/Local Regulations (building
codes, ordinances, environmental
issues)

- Land Use Plan/Zoning Regulations

- Fire Safety
Scope of Building Design

Structural/Civil/Geotechnical –
stability, serviceability
- National/Local Regulations (building/
structural codes, ordinances,
environmental issues)

- Loadings : Gravity, Lateral

- Structural Systems/Materials
Scope of Building Design
 Electrical/Mechanical : functional,
serviceability
- National/Local Regulations (building
codes, ordinances, environmental
issues)
- Fire Suppression & Protection, Safety
- Lighting Systems
-Mechanical requirements: HVAC, Water
Supply
Scope of Building Design
Sanitary/Plumbing: functional,
serviceability
- National/Local Regulations (building
codes, ordinances, environmental
issues – sanitation/health)

- Water supply systems

- Sewage/Drainage systems
 Required Design Data

Planning/Design Phase

Location/Accessibility
Lot Area/Dimension (Title/Ownership)
Available Parking Spaces
Subsoil Condition, Terrain
1. Site Condition Existing Development/Existing
Structures/Utilities
Drainage System, Water Supply
Power Source
 Required Design Data

Planning/Design Phase

Space Organization &

Requirements
Occupancy/Usage/Access
Parking Spaces
2. Preliminary Design/ Soil Tests Reports
Plan & Site Water Supply Systems
Development Electro-Mech. Systems
Materials Requirements
Aesthetics
Initial Cost/Budget
 Required Design Data

Planning/Design Phase

Project Cost (Value Engineering)

Owner’s Specifications/
3. Final Design/Plan Additional Requirements
Other Governmental Rules/
Development Regulations/Constraints
Changes due to actual site
Condition
 Design Output Data
Planning/Design Phase Implementation Phase

1. Site Condition

2. Preliminary Design/ Final Working

Plan & Site Drawings,
Development Detailing &
Specifications
3. Final Design/Plan Project Cost
Development (optimum)
Methods of Structural Analysis

Moment Distribution Method

ACI Moment Coefficient
Factor Method
Portal Method
Stiffness Method : computer-aided
Methods of Structural Design

Working (Allowable) Stress Design

(WSD/ASD)
Ultimate Strength Design (USD)
Plastic Design

Load and Resistance Factor

Design (LRFD)
Loadings
Dead Loads – weight of the structure
and permanent attachments
Live Loads – maximum loads expected
by the intended use or occupancy
Other Loads – impact, fluid pressures,
lateral pressure, ponding loads, crane
loads, equipment load, etc.
Wind Load
Seismic Load
The National Structural Code of the
Philippines (NSCP)
Approved as a referral code of the NBCP
both by the DPWH and PRC Board of
Civil Engineering

Two (2) volumes are available:

Volume 1: Buildings, Towers and Other

Vertical Structures: (6th Ed. 2010)

Volume 2: Bridges: (2nd Ed. 1997)

Structural Design Codes
National Structural Code of the Philippines
(NSCP) 2001 Volume 1: Buildings, Towers
and Other Vertical Structures

 ASEP Steel Handbook

 ASEP Earthquake Design Manual

Wind Load: Every building and every
portion thereof shall be designed
and constructed to resist the
effects of wind. ( NSCP Sec.207.1)
 WIND PRESSURE
WIND DIR.
Prw Prl

Pw Pl
Analysis due to Wind
Analysis due to Wind:

Allowed Procedures
 Analytical Procedure
 Wind-tunnel Procedure
ANALYSIS DUE TO WIND (ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE):

Location Wind Speed, Exposure, Topography

Enclosure Classification,
Structure Type / Internal & External
Framing System Pressure Coefficients,
Importance Factor, Height
Gust Effect Factor, G or Gf Stiffness, Exposure
Topography, Exposure,
Velocity Pressure, qz
Height, Importance
Factor, Wind Velocity
Design Wind Force, p; F
Lateral Force Distribution,
Frame Analysis
Load Combinations
Wind Zone Map
Earthquake Load

Structures and portions thereof shall, as a

minimum, be designed and constructed to
resist the effects of seismic ground
motions.

The purpose of the earthquake provisions

is primarily to safeguard against major
structural failures and loss of life, not to
limit damage or maintain function.
 Earthquake Load (cont.)

NSCP Lateral (Seismic) Forces

The 2010 NSCP introduces the concept of

near-source factors.

Proposed structures close to an active fault

are to be designed for an increased base
shear compared to similar structures
located farther from an active fault.
Analysis due to Earthquake (cont.):

Lateral Force (Seismic) Procedure

•Simplified Static Lateral Force Procedure

• Static Lateral Force Procedure

•Dynamic Lateral Force Procedure

ANALYSIS DUE TO EARTHQUAKE
Zone Factor, Seismic Source Type,
Location Distance from the Source, Soil
Parameters
Importance Factor, Height,
Structure Type & Configuration, Period, Near-
Framing System Source Factors, Lateral-
Force Procedure
Base Shear, Lateral Force
Frame Analysis Distribution (Vertical &
Horizontal), Stresses, Drift,
P-Delta Effects
Combined Forces EQ (vertical, horizontal), DL, LL
Seismic Zone Map
 Table 208-6: Seismic Source Type
Type Description Maximum Moment
Magnitude
Faults that are capable of
producing large magnitude M = > 7.0
A
events and that have a high
rate of seismic activity

B All faults other than A&C 6.5<= M < 7.0

Faults that are not capable
of producing large mag.
C EQs and that have a M < 6.5
relatively low rate of
seismic activity
Seismic Source Types
Distance from the Seismic Source
Site Geology/Soil Characteristics

Soil Profile Type Description

SA Hard Rock
SB Rock
SC Very Dense Soil & Soft
Rock
SD Stiff Soil
SE Soft Soil
SF Soil requiring site
specific evaluation
Configuration Requirements
Regular Structures : No significant
physical discontinuities in plan or vertical
configuration or in their lateral force
resisting systems
• Low height-to-base ratio
• Balanced resistance
• Symmetrical plan
• Uniform section and elevation
• Maximum torsional resistance
• Short spans
• Direct load paths
• Uniform floor heights
 Configuration Requirements

Irregular Structures: Have significant

physical discontinuities in configuration
or in their lateral force resisting systems

Refer to Table 208-9 & 208-10, NSCP 2001

for Irregularity Types & Definitions
Irregular Structures: Vertical Irregularities
Irregular Structures: Plan Irregularities
 REFERENCE TABLE 208-4 (Near-Source Factor Na)

2.0
Na

1.0

0.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
Distance to Source (km )
Source Type A
Source Type B
 Table 208-7: Seismic Coefficient, Ca

Soil Profile Seismic Zone Factor, Z

Type
Z= 0.20 Z= 0.40
SA 0.16 0.32Na
SB 0.20 0.40Na
SC 0.24 0.40Na
SD 0.28 0.44Na
SE 0.34 0.36Na
To be determined from geotechnical investigation
SF & dynamic site response analysis
 REFERENCE TABLE 208-5 (Near-Source Factor Nv)

2.0
Nv

1.0

0.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
Distance to Source (km )
Source Type A
Source Type B
 Table 208-8: Seismic Coefficient, Cv
Soil Profile Seismic Zone Factor, Z
Type
Z= 0.20 Z= 0.40
SA 0.16 0.32Nv
SB 0.20 0.40Nv
SC 0.32 0.56Nv
SD 0.40 0.64Nv
SE 0.64 0.96Nv
To be determined from geotechnical investigation
SF & dynamic site response analysis
STRUCTURE PERIOD,T

Method A:
T = Cthn 3/4

Ct = 0.0853 for steel moment-resisting

frames
= 0.0731 RC moment frames and eccentric
braced frames
= 0.0488 for all other buildings
hn = height in meters above the base
Approximate Building Periods in seconds (FEMA)
 Vertical Distribution of Force
Ft + Fx+3 (V-Ft) Wxhx
Wx+3
Fx =--------------
n
Vx hx+3  Wihi
Fx+2
i=1
Wx+2
Ft=0.07TV <=0.25V
Vx hx+2
Fx+1 Wx+1 Ft=0 if T<=0.7 sec
Vx hx+1 Fx – design seismic
Fx Wx force at level x
Ft – portion of base
Vx hx
shear
concentrated
V
at top
V = base shear Vx= story shear
 HORIZONTAL TORSIONAL MOMENT

ex A
CR
ey B
CM
Vx E-W C
1 2 3 4

Torsional Moments: VxN-S

Mty = Vx N-S (ex+exa)

Mtx = Vx E-W (ey+eya)
HORIZONTAL TORSIONAL MOMENT
F2
CR

CM d
VxE-W
d

F1 VxN-S
F = (R/∑R)V ± Mt Rd/∑Rd2 d-dist of each
element from CR
Direct Shear Torsional Shear
Drift Limitations
Story Drift – displacement of one level relative
to the level above or below it.
Expected Maximum Inelastic Drift – 208.5.9
M = 0.7 R S (208-17)

M m - total story drift due to

S design basis ground motion
V
Drift Limitations – 208.5.10

h •T < 0.7s: M ≤ 0.025 h

•T ≥ 0.7s: M ≤ 0.020 h
S - total story drift due to
design seismic forces
 Building Separation

Clear gap between adjacent buildings

MT =  (M12 + M22 )

M1 M2

MT

ΔM1 & ΔM2 are the displacements of adjacent

buildings
P-DELTA EFFECTS

The resulting member forces and moments

and the story drifts induced by P-Δ effects
shall be considered in the evaluation of the
overall structural frame stability.
P-Δ effects need not be considered when
the story drift does not exceed 0.02/R.
Secondary Moment /Primary M ≤ 0.10
 P-DELTA EFFECTS
P
P P
Δ1 Δ1 Δ2
V V V

h Vc=V
a b c Mc = (V*h)+
P(Δ1+Δ2)
Va Vb Vc
Ma Mb Mc
Va = V Vb = V
Ma = V*h Mb = (V*h)+(P*Δ1)
Analysis due to Earthquake (cont.)
Dynamic Analysis
• Structures 75 m. or more in height
• Structures having stiffness, weight or geometric
irregularity
• Structures over five stories or 20 meters in height
in Zone 4 not having the same structural
system throughout their height
• Structures, regular or irregular, located on Soil
Profile Type SF that have a period greater than
0.70 sec. The analysis shall include the effect
of the soil at the site
Load Combinations :

Buildings must be designed to sustain

without excessive deformation or failure
combinations of service loads that will
produce the most unfavorable effects.
Load Combinations (cont.) :

Note that the most critical effect may

occur when one or more of the contributing
loads are not acting.

Note: Wind and seismic loads shall not be

considered acting simultaneously.
 Earthquake Loads:

E = ρ Eh+Ev Em = Ωo Eh+Ev
E- earthquake load
Eh – EQ load due to base shear V
Em – estimated max. earthquake load due to that
can be developed in a structure

Ev – load effect due to vertical component of the

earthquake ground motion = 0.5 Ca I D
Ωo – seismic force amplification factor Table 208-11
ρ – reliability/redundancy factor
Seismic Lateral Force: Overstrength Factor
A new factor for overstrength Ώo has
replaced (3/8) Rw for use in special local
cases where the maximum earthquake
force is required, such as columns
suppoting discontinuous shear walls, weak
stories, and collector elements.

Em =  o Eh o ~ (3/8) Rw

The Ώo factor is therefore applied to the

design of elements and connections whose
yield or failure could result in local or
general collapse.
 Load Combinations : LRFD
 1.4 (D+F) (203-1)
 1.2 (D + F+T)+1.6 (L +H)+ 0.5 (Lr or R) (203-2)
 1.2 D + 1.6 (Lr or R)+(f1 L or 0.8 W) (203-3)
 1.2 D + 1.6 W + f1 L + 0.5 (Lr or R) (203-4)
 1.2 D + 1.0 E + f1 L (203-5)
 0.9 D + 1.6 W +1.6H (203-6)
 0.9 D + 1.0E+1.6H (203-6)
D - dead load L - live load W – wind load
Lr – roof live load E - earthquake load
f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly,
for live loads in excess of 4.8kpa, and for
garage live load
= 0.5 for other live loads
 Load Combinations : RC & Masonry

 1.4 (D + F) (409-1)
 1.2 (D + F+T)+1.6 (L +H)+ 0.5 (Lr or R) (409-2)
 1.2 D + 1.6 (Lr or R)+(f1 L or 0.8 W) (409-3)
 1.2 D + 1.6 W + f1 L + 0.5 (Lr or R) (409-4)
 1.2 D + 1.0 E + 1.0 L (409-5)

D - dead load L - live load W – wind load

Lr – roof live load E - earthquake load
f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly,
for live loads in excess of 4.8kpa, and for
garage live load
= 0.5 for other live loads
Load Combinations: Allowable Stress Design

 D +F (203-8)
 D + H+F + (Lr or R) (203-9)
 D + H+F+(Lr or R) (203-10)
 D + H+F+0.75(L+T+(Lr or R) (203-11)
 D + H + F +(W or E/1.4) (203-11)

Note: No increase in allowable stresses

shall be used with these load combinations
New Technology examples

SEISMIC ISOLATION DESIGN

ELEVATION (SIDE)
STRUCTURAL INFORMATION
 1 underground floor, 9 overground floors, and 2
penthouses on top
 Total Floor Area：10,084m2
 Floor Height：
B1F: 4.2m
1F：6.5 m
2F(Isolation Level)：3.2m
3~9F：3.6m
Roof 1~2F：3.3m
 CONNECTION OF THE VISCOUS DAMPER

Top Podium of
the Isolator

Universal
Podium on the
Plane View Floor
Connector
Assessment of Seismic Deficiencies & Retrofitting Techniques

VI. Foundations

 Seismic retrofitting of foundations is one of the most difficult

and costly aspects of retrofitting works and often involves a
disruption of service

 Deficiencies in foundations include:

• Undersize footings or inadequate number of piles

• Insufficient flexural and shear strength of footings or pile caps
• Lack of top steel in footings or pile caps
• Inadequate anchorage of piles into caps
• Insufficient horizontal shear capacity of column-footing due to
insufficient vertical reinforcement at interface
• Inadequate anchorage of vertical column bars in footings
• Excessive movements due to liquefaction.
Damages
Modes of failure for spread footings
:
Damages Modes of failure for pile footings
Solution Footing Retrofit
Foundation Deficiencies & Retrofits
Jet Grouting
Jet grouting is a grouting technique that creates
in situ geometries of soilcrete (grouted soil),
using a grouting monitor attached to the end of
a drill stem. The jet grout monitor is advanced
to the maximum treatment depth, at which time
high velocity grout jets (and sometimes water
and air) are initiated from ports in the side of
the monitor. The jets erode and mix the in situ
soil as the drill stem and jet grout monitor are
rotated and raised.
THANK YOU