SOLAR PV TECHNOLOGY

Presented by
C.Muthukumar.,M.E.,PGD.EEM&EA.,
WHY DO WE NEED RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCE?
• The answer is far reaching. In short,
renewable energy is better for the
environment.
• From Renewable sources, will decrease
our dependency on fossil fuels and
other non-renewable energy sources.
 SOLAR ENERGY
• SOLAR PV
• SOLAR THERMAL
 SOLAR PV
• SOLAR PANEL
• CHARGE CONTROLLER
• SOLAR INVERTERS / PCU
• BATTERIES
• MOUNTING STRUCTURE
• ARRAY COMBINER BOX WITH PROTECTIONS
• REMOTE MONITORING
 SOLAR PANEL
• A solar panel's function is to convert the
sunlight that hits it into electricity. It does this
through a process known as the photovoltaic
effect.
• Solar power panels are made up of groups of
solar cells that are joined together inside a
frame.
• An individual solar cell can convert sunlight
into electricity, but it can only produce about
1-5 watts (W) of power.
 TYPES OF SOLAR PANEL
• MONOCRYSTALLINE MODULE
• POLYCRYSTALLINE MODULE
• THIN FILM MODULE
MONOCRYSTALLINE MODULE
• Monocrystalline solar cells are made
from a single crystal rod of silicon.
• This silicon rod is sliced into thin wafers
to form the solar cell.
MONOCRYSTALLINE PANEL
POLYCRYSTALLINE MODULE
• Polycrystalline solar cells are made
from multiple silicon crystals.
• These solar cells are formed when
molten silicon is poured into a mold to
form an ingot.
• Once cooled, the ingot of silicon is
sliced into wafers to form the solar cell.
POLYCRYSTALLINE PANEL
 THIN FILM MODULE
• Thin-film solar cells are usually made
out of amorphous-silicon alloys that are
deposited in thin layers onto a glass or
metal backing material called a
substrate.
• Unlike monocrystalline and
polycrystalline modules, many thin-film
modules are flexible and as a result can
be used in different applications.
THIN FILM SOLAR PANEL
 PHOTO VOLTAIC CELL
• Photovoltaic (PV) is a method of generating electrical
power by converting solar radiation into direct current
electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the
photovoltaic effect.
• Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made up of at least 2 semi-
conductor layers. One layer containing a positive charge,
the other a negative charge.
• As a PV cell is exposed to this sunlight, many of the
photons are reflected, pass right through, or absorbed
by the solar cell.
• When enough photons are absorbed by the negative
layer of the photovoltaic cell, electrons are freed from
the negative semiconductor material.
• When the 2 layers are connected to an external load,
the electrons flow through the circuit creating
electricity.
PHOTO VOLTAIC EFFECT
 SOLAR INVERTER
• The purpose of an inverter is to change
Direct Current (DC) electricity into
Alternating Current (AC) electricity
• solar inverter is needed because the
electricity generated by your solar panels is
DC electricity.
• In order to use the generated solar power
with your electrical devices and household
appliances, it needs to be converted to the
standard voltage AC electricity for your
region.
TYPES OF SOLAR INVERTER
• MICRO INVERTER
• GRID TIE INVERTER
• OFF GRID INVERTER
• ON/OFF GRID INVERTER
MICRO INVERTER
MICRO INVERTER CONNECTION
 GRID TIE INVERTER
• Grid tie solar systems use a type of inverter that
allows the system to transfer power to the utility grid.
These types of inverters, known as grid tie inverters,
or GTI‘s.

• It allow you to use the utility grid as your power

storage medium instead of a battery bank
GRID TIE INVERTER
GRID TIE INVERTER CONNECTION
 OFF GRID INVERTER
• An Off Grid Inverter is used with a
stand-alone or off-grid solar system.
• An off-grid solar system typically uses
batteries to store the DC electricity
generated by your solar panels.
• The inverter converts the DC electricity
from the batteries into AC electricity for
use in your home.
OFF GRID INVERTER CONNECTION
 ON/OFF GRID INVERTER
• An On/Off Grid Inverter is used with a grid-
tied PV system with battery backup.
• This type of inverter allows you to connect
your home to the utility grid and use power
from a battery bank.
• Unlike a pure grid tie inverter, this type of
inverter is able to continue transferring power
to your home when the utility has a blackout.
• During a blackout, a grid tie inverter will not
be operational.
 BATTERIES
• A battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly
to electrical energy.[
• Batteries are used in Off-Grid and Grid-Tie with Battery
Backup systems.
• They are used to provide backup power during the night
and during power outages.
• Normally the batteries used in photovoltaic systems are
lead acid type.
• The two main types are Starting and Deep Cycle.
• The starting type is used for systems which need a quick
and large amount of energy to start, for example starting
an engine.
• Deep cycle batteries can be discharged and recharged
continuously. They are compatible with systems which
need long-term energy delivery, such as solar and marine
applications.
BATTERY
 CHARGE CONTROLLER
• A charge controller, charge regulator or battery
regulator limits the rate at which electric current is
added to or drawn from electric batteries.
• It prevents overcharging and may prevent against
overvoltage, which can reduce battery performance
or lifespan, and may pose a safety risk.
• It may also prevent completely draining ("deep
discharging") a battery, or perform controlled
discharges, depending on the battery technology, to
protect battery life.
CHARGE CONTROLLER
 TYPES OF SOLAR CHARGE
CONTROLLER
• PWM CHARGE CONTROLLER
• MPPT CHARGE CONTROLLER
PWM CHARGE CONTROLLER
PWM CHARGE CONTROLLER
• Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is the
most effective means to achieve
constant voltage battery charging by
switching the solar system controller's
power devices.
• When in PWM regulation, the current
from the solar array tapers according to
the battery's condition and recharging
needs.
MPPT CHARGE CONTROLLER
• MPPT or Maximum Power Point Tracking is
algorithm that included in charge controllers used
for extracting maximum available power from PV
module under certain conditions.
• The voltage at which PV module can produce
maximum power is called 'maximum power
point' (or peak power voltage).
• Maximum power varies with solar radiation,
ambient temperature and solar cell temperature.
 SOLAR PCU
• Solar Power Conditioning Unit (PCU) is
an integrated system consisting of a
solar charge controller, inverter and a
Grid charger.
• It provides the facility to charger the
battery bank either through Solar or
Grid/DG set.
• The PCU continuously monitors the
state of Battery Voltage, Solar Power
output and the loads.
SOLAR PCU
MOUNTING STRUCTURE
REMOTE MONITORING SYSTEM
SOLAR STREET LIGHT
 SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY
• "Solar thermal energy is one of the most
cost effective forms of green energy.“
• A solar energy collector captures the radiant energy
from the Sun and converts it into heat.
• The basic idea is that the solar energy passes through
a layer of glazed glass where it is absorbed by the
underlying material.
• The solar energy excites the molecules in the
underlying material resulting in heat.
• The glazing of the glass prevents the heat from
escaping, thereby effectively capturing the heat.
 SOLAR COLLECTOR
• Solar thermal collectors are used to
convert the solar energy we receive
from the Sun into solar thermal energy.
 TYPES OF SOLAR THERMAL
COLLECTORS
• Flat Plate Solar Collector: The most common type of
collector. Used for both solar water heating and solar
space heating.
• Evacuated Tube Solar Collector: Used for solar water
heating. Best choice for extreme cold conditions or
when higher temperatures are needed (above 200
degrees F).
• Swimming Pool Solar Collector: Used for solar pool
heating. Able to quickly and efficiently heat a large
amount of water to low heat temperatures. Most
pools are kept around 80 degrees F.
 SOLAR WATER HEATER
• SOLAR ENERGY WATER HEATING
SYSTEMS PERFORM THE SAME BASIC
FUNCTIONS...
» Gather heat in a solar collector

» Transfer the heat to the water supply

» Store the heated water until ready to

use
SOLAR WATER HEATER
 SOLAR SPACE HEATER
• Solar space heating uses solar thermal
energy to heat the space inside a
building.
• Heating with solar energy can help you
lower your home's heating bills and
reduce your dependence on fossil fuels
such as oil, propane, and natural gas.
SOLAR SPACE HEATER
 SOLAR POOL HEATER
COMPONENTS OF POOL HEATER
• Solar Collectors
• Diverter Valve
• Differential Controller
• Piping
 SOLAR POOL HEATER
• A solar pool collector is simply a black absorber plate which converts
the Sun's radiant energy into heat. The absorber plate has parallel
tubes, called risers, running through it. The risers are connected at each
end by manifolds. The manifolds are the inlet and outlet pipes to the
collector.
• The diverter valve is used to direct the flow of water through the
system. If the water needs to be heated, the diverter is opened and it
will send the water to the collectors. Otherwise, it will close in order to
bypass the pool collectors and circulate the water back to the pool.
• A differential controller determines whether the diverter valve should
be opened or closed. The controller measures the temperature of the
water in the pool and the water in the solar collectors. If the
temperature in the collectors is at least 4 degrees F higher than the pool
water and the pool is below the desired temperature set by the
homeowner, the controller opens the diverter valve.
SOLAR POOL HEATER
SOLAR WATER PUMPING SYSTEM
SOLAR AIRCONDITIONER
SOLAR TUBES
SOLAR REFRIGIRATOR
 SOLAR POWER PLANT SYSTEM DESIGN

• BATTERY EFFICIENCY = 0.8

• CHARGE CONTROLLER EFFICIENCY = 0.9
• MISMATCH FACTOR = 0.85
• SOLAR RADIATION/INSOLATION = 5.5 KWH/m2
SOLAR POWER PLANT SYSTEM DESIGN
QUERIES???
THANK U