Networking

Instructor: J. Saga, CpE, CITE

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Word of the Day
 "But be sure to fear the LORD and serve Him faithfully
with all your heart; consider what great things He has
done for you." — 1 Samuel 12:24
Recap
 Encoding and Decoding
 Encapsulation and Decapsulation
 PDU (Protocol Data Unit)
 Networking Models
 OSI Model
 TCP/IP Model
Review Question
 1. Which term describes a specific set of rules that
determines the formatting of messages and the
process of encapsulation used to forward data?
 a. segmentation
 b. multiplexing
 c. protocol
 d. reassembly
Review Question
 1. Which term describes a specific set of rules that
determines the formatting of messages and the
process of encapsulation used to forward data?
 a. segmentation
 b. multiplexing
 c. protocol
 d. reassembly
Review Question
 2. In the decapsulation process, what is process
performed by the receiving device?
 a. segmentation
 b. multiplexing
 c. protocol
 d. reassembly
Review Question
 2. In the decapsulation process, what is process
performed by the receiving device?
 a. segmentation
 b. multiplexing
 c. protocol
 d. reassembly
Review Question
 3. What PDU is processed by the routers?
 a. frames
 b. packets
 c. data
 d. bits
Review Question
 3. What PDU is processed by the routers?
 a. frames
 b. packets
 c. data
 d. bits
Review Question
 4. Which of the OSI layers that routes handles frames
and defines procedures for accessing the network
media?
 a. Data Link
 b. Application
 c. Network
 d. Transport
Review Question
 4. Which of the OSI layers that routes handles frames
and defines procedures for accessing the network
media?
 a. Data Link
 b. Application
 c. Network
 d. Transport
Objectives
At the end of the session, students will be able to:
1. describe how the functions of the three upper OSI
model layers provide network services to end user
applications
2. describe how the TCP/IP Application Layer
protocols provide the services specified by the
upper layers of the OSI Model
Objectives
At the end of the session, students will be able to:
3. define how people use the Application Layer to
communicate across the information network
4. describe the function of well-known TCP/IP
applications, such as the World Wide Web and
email, and their related services (HTTP, DNS, SMB,
DHCP, STMP/POP, and Telnet)
Objectives
At the end of the session, students will be able to:
5. explain how protocols ensure services running on
one kind of device can send to and receive data
from many different network devices
Applications – Interface Human and Data Networks
 Applications provide the means for generating and
receiving data that can be transported on the
network.
Application Layer – The OSI and TCP/IP Model
 Application Layer is the first step for getting data on to
the network.
 Application (software) are the programs used to
communicate over the network.
 Example:
 When displaying a web page:
 The Application Layer uses HTTP.
 The application is the browser.
Application Layer
 The Application layer is the top layer of both the OSI
and TCP/IP models.
 It provides the interface between the applications we
use to communicate and the underlying network over
which our messages are transmitted.
 Application layer protocols are used to exchange data
between programs running on the source and
destination hosts.
Applications – Interface Human and Data Networks
 Applications, services and protocols have specific roles
in converting communication to data that can be
transferred across the data network.
Application Layer – The OSI and TCP/IP Model
 Applications, services and protocols play separate roles
in transporting data through networks.
Application Layer – The OSI and TCP/IP Model
 Functionality of the TCP/IP Application Layer
protocols fit roughly into the top three layers of the
OSI Model.
Application Layer – The OSI and TCP/IP Model
 Presentation Layer Functionalities:
 Coding and conversion of application layer data
 Compression
 Coding and compression formats: GIF, JPG, TIF
 Encryption
Application Layer – The OSI and TCP/IP Model
 Session Layer Functionalities:
 Create and maintain dialogs between source and
destination applications
 Handles the exchange of information to initiate dialogs,
keep them active and restart sessions
Application Layer Protocols
 The most widely-known Application layer protocols
are those that provide for the exchange of user
information.
 Domain Name Service (DNS)
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 Teletype Network (Telnet)
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
 Post Office Protocol (POP)
 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
Application Layer Protocols
Application Layer Software
 There are two forms of software
processes that provide access to
the network:
 applications
 services
Application Layer Software
 Network-Aware Applications
 Applications are the software programs used by people
to communicate over the network.
 Ex: Email client, web browser
Application Layer Software
 Application Layer Services
 Each application or network service uses protocols
which define the standards and data formats to be used.
 Without protocols, the data network would not have a
common way to format and direct data.
 Ex: web service, DHCP service
Application Layer Protocol Functions
 Protocols define:
 processes on either end of the communication
 the types and syntax (format) of message
 the meaning of any informational fields
 how messages are sent and the expected response
 interaction with the next lower layer
Application Layer Services and Protocols
 Some of the Application Layer protocols and services
are:
 Domain Name System (DNS) - Port 53
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - Port 80
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) - Port 25
 Post Office Protocol (POP) - Port 110
 Telnet - Port 23
 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)- Port 67
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) – Port 21
Domain Name System (DNS)
 This is a service that provides the IP address of a web
site or domain name so a host can connect to it.
Domain Name System (DNS)
 Computer operating systems also have a utility called
nslookup that allows the user to manually query the
name servers to resolve a given host name.
 This utility can also be used to troubleshoot name
resolution issues and to verify the current status of the
name servers.
DNS Services and Protocol
 The DNS server stores different types of resource
records used to resolve names.
 These records contain the name, address, and type of
record.
DNS Services and Protocol
 Some of these record types are:
 A - an end device address
 NS - an authoritative name server
 CNAME - the canonical name (or Fully Qualified
Domain Name) for an alias; used when multiple services
have the single network address but each service has its
own entry in DNS
 MX - mail exchange record; maps a domain name to a
list of mail exchange servers for that domain
DNS Service and Protocol
 The DNS uses a hierarchical system to create a name
database to provide name resolution.
 The hierarchy looks like an inverted tree with the root
at the top and branches below.
Top-Level Domains
 Global Top-level Domains (gTLDs)
 Country Code Top-Level Domains (ccTLDs)
Global Top-level Domains (gTLDs)
 These TLDs indicate the type/classification of a
website.

TLD Type
.com commercial website
.edu educational institution
website
.mil military website
.org organization website
.info informative website
Country Code Top-Level Domains (ccTLDs)
 These TLDs indicate the country where the website
originated.

TLD Country
.eu Europe
.jp Japan
.au Australia
.ph Philippines
.uk United Kingdom
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 A protocol that is used to transfer information
between web clients and web servers.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 In response to the request, the HTTP server returns a
code for a web page.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 The browser interprets the Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML) code and displays a web page.
www Service and HTTP
 HTTP is used across the WWW for data transfer and is
one of the most used application protocols.
E-mail Services
 E-mail, the most popular network service, has
revolutionized how people communicate through its
simplicity and speed.
 E-mail requires several applications and services.
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
 Post Office Protocol (POP)
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
 A protocol used to send e-mail messages from clients
to servers over the Internet.
Post Office Protocol (POP)
 A protocol used when retrieving an e-mail message.
Email Services
 Clients send e-mails to a server using SMTP and
receive e-mails using POP3.
E-mail Server Processes - MTA and MDA
 The e-mail server operates two separate processes:
 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA)
 Mail Delivery Agent (MDA)
E-mail Services
 The MTA process governs e-mail handling between
servers.
E-mail Services
 The MDA process governs delivery of e-mail between
servers and clients.
Email Services
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 This is a service that allows for the download and
upload of files between a client and a server.
 An FTP client is an application that runs on a
computer that is used to push and pull files from a
server running the FTP daemon or service (FTPd).
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 To successfully transfer files, FTP requires two
connections between the client and the server: one for
commands and replies, the other for the actual file
transfer.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
 DHCP service enables devices on a network to obtain
IP addresses and other information from a DHCP
server.
 This service automates the assignment of IP addresses,
subnet masks, gateway and other IP networking
parameters.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
 DHCP allows a host to obtain an IP address
dynamically when it connects to the network.
DHCP Processes
SMB Protocol
 The Server Message Block (SMB) is a client/server file
sharing protocol.
 IBM developed Server Message Block (SMB) in the late
1980s to describe the structure of shared network
resources, such as directories, files, printers, and serial
ports.
File Sharing Using SMB Protocol
File Sharing Using SMB Protocol
 SMB messages can:
 Start, authenticate, and terminate sessions
 Control file and printer access
 Allow an application to send or receive messages to or
from another device
P2P Services
 Sharing files over the Internet has become extremely
popular.
 With P2P applications based on the Gnutella protocol,
people can make files on their hard disks available to
others for downloading.
P2P Services
Teletype Network (Telnet)
 This is a service that allows administrators to login to a
host from a remote location and control the host as
though they were logged in locally.
Teletype Network (Telnet)
 Telnet is a client/server protocol and it specifies how a
Virtual Terminal (VTY) session is established and
terminated.
What’s Next?
 OSI Transport Layer
 THANK YOU!