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C++ Programming: An Object-Oriented Approach: Behrouz A. Forouzan Richard F. Gilberg

This document discusses key concepts in object-oriented programming including types and classes. It explains that a type defines attributes and behaviors that are shared by instances of that type. A class defines a user-created type using data members to represent attributes and member functions to represent behaviors. The class definition includes the class name, data members, member functions, and access modifiers to determine how class members can be accessed.

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Zaini Dalimus
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158 views

C++ Programming: An Object-Oriented Approach: Behrouz A. Forouzan Richard F. Gilberg

This document discusses key concepts in object-oriented programming including types and classes. It explains that a type defines attributes and behaviors that are shared by instances of that type. A class defines a user-created type using data members to represent attributes and member functions to represent behaviors. The class definition includes the class name, data members, member functions, and access modifiers to determine how class members can be accessed.

Uploaded by

Zaini Dalimus
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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User-Defined

Type_Classes

C++ Programming: An Object-Oriented Approach

Behrouz A. Forouzan
Richard F. Gilberg
Types and Instances in Real Life

• A type is an abstraction, an instance of that type is a concrete entity.


• Example, the word person is a type, and that John, Sue, and Michelle
are instances of the type person.
• The relationship between a type and its instances is a one-to-many
relation.
Type and Instances
Attributes and Behaviors
• Attribute is any characteristic that interests us in an instance.
• For example, if the instance is an employee, we may be interested
only in the employee’s name, address, position, and salary.
• Behavior is is an operation that an instance can perform on itself.
• For example, if an instance is an employee, we assume that she can
give her name, her address, and her salary.
Classes and Objects in Programs
• A user-defined type can be created using a construct named class.
• An instance of a class is referred to as an object.
• Attributes and behaviors of an object are represented as data
members and member functions.
Data Members and Member Functions
• A data member of an object is a variable whose value represents an
attribute.
• For example, the radius of a circle object can be represented by the
value of a variable of type double.
• A member function is a function that simulates one of the behaviors
of an object.
• For example, we can write a function that allows a circle to give its
radius, its area, and its perimeter.
Prosedural versus Object Oriented
• In procedural programming, we need only write an application
program (the main function and some other functions) to use objects
of built-in types.
• In object-oriented programming we need three sections: the class
definition, the member function definition, and the application.
Three sections of object-oriented paradigm
Class Definition
• A class definition is made of three parts: a header, a body, and a
semicolon.
• A class header is made of the reserved word class followed by the
name given by the designer.
• The class body is a block that holds the declaration of data members
and member functions in the block.
• A semicolon terminates the definition.
Example
Declaring Data Members
• The data members of a class simulate the attributes of the objects
that are instantiated from the class.
• We may have several attributes, some of which are dependent on the
others and can be calculated given the other attributes.
• Among the dependent attributes, we need to select the simplest and
the most basic ones.
Declaring Member Functions
• Class definition also declares all functions that are used to simulate
the behavior of the class.
• Some functions have the const qualifier at the end and some do not.
• Those that change something in the object cannot use this qualifier;
those that are not allowed to change anything need this qualifier.
Access Modifiers
• Determines how a class can be accessed.
• When a member is private, it can only be accessed inside the class
(through member functions).
• When a member is public, it can be accessed from anywhere (inside
the same class, inside the subclasses, and in the application).
Access Modifiers for Data Members
• The modifiers for data members are normally set to private for
emphasis.
• This means that the data members are not accessible directly.
• They must be accessed through the member functions.
Access Modifiers for Member Functions
• To operate on the data members, the application must use member
functions, which means that the declaration of member functions
usually must be set to public.
• Sometimes the modifier of a member function must be set to private,
such as when a member function must help other member functions.
Group Modifier Access
• We have collected all data members under one group and have used
the private keyword followed by a colon to say that all of the
keywords are private.
• We have also grouped all member functions and used one public
keyword followed by a colon to say that all of them are public.

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