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TX and RX Signal Models Path Loss Models

This document discusses various path loss models used in wireless communications including free space, two ray, ray tracing, single slope, and empirical models. It notes that path loss increases significantly for mmWave frequencies due to the higher path loss proportional to the square of wavelength and additional oxygen and rain absorption at mmWave. Empirical models are commonly used in cellular and WiFi system simulations.

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Raees Ahmad
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61 views12 pages

TX and RX Signal Models Path Loss Models

This document discusses various path loss models used in wireless communications including free space, two ray, ray tracing, single slope, and empirical models. It notes that path loss increases significantly for mmWave frequencies due to the higher path loss proportional to the square of wavelength and additional oxygen and rain absorption at mmWave. Empirical models are commonly used in cellular and WiFi system simulations.

Uploaded by

Raees Ahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 2

 TX and RX Signal Models


 Path Loss Models
 Free-space and 2-Ray Models
 General Ray Tracing
 Single-Slope Path Loss Exponent Model
 Empirical Models
 mmWave Models
Lecture 1 Review
 Course Information
 Wireless Vision
 Technical Challenges
 Current/Next-Gen Wireless Systems
 Spectrum Regulation and Standards
 Emerging Wireless Systems
Emerging systems can be covered in a bonus lecture
Propagation Characteristics

 Path Loss (includes average shadowing)


 Shadowing (due to obstructions)
 Multipath Fading
Slow
Fast
Pt Pr/Pt
Pr v Very slow

d=vt
d=vt
Path Loss Modeling
 Maxwell’s equations
 Complex and impractical
 Free space and 2-path models
 Too simple
 Ray tracing models
 Requires site-specific information
 Single-slope path loss exponent model
 Main characteristics: good for high-level
analysis
 Measurement-based and Standards Models
 Not accurate; used to assess different designs
Free Space (LOS) Model

d=vt

 Path loss for unobstructed LOS path


 Power falls off :
 Proportional to 1/d2
 Proportional to l2 (inversely proportional to
f2)
 This is due to the effective aperture of the antenna
Two Ray Model

 Path loss for one LOS path and 1 ground (or


reflected) bounce
 Ground bounce approximately cancels LOS
path above critical distance
 Power falls off
 Proportional to d2 (small d)
 Proportional to d4 (d>dc)
 Independent of l (fc)
 Two-path cancellation equivalent to 2-element array, i.e. the
effective aperature of the receive antenna is changed.
General Ray Tracing
 Models signal components as particles
 Reflections
 Scattering
 Diffraction

Reflections generally dominate

 Requires site geometry and dielectric


properties

10-ray
 Easier than reflection model explored
Maxwell (geometry in HW
vs. differential
eqns)
Simplified Path Loss Model
 Used when path loss dominated by
reflections.
 Most important parameter is the path
loss exponent g, determined empirically.


 d 0r 
Pr  Pt K   , 2 8
d 
mmWave: What’s the big deal?

All existing commercial systems fit into a small fraction of the mmWave band
mmWave Propagation mmW
Massive
(60-100GHz) MIMO

 Channel models immature


 Based on measurements, few accurate analytical models
 Path loss proportion to l2 (huge)
 Also have oxygen and rain absorbtion
 l is on the order of a water molecule

mmWave systems will be short range or require “massive MIMO”


Empirical Channel Models
(not covered in lecture, not on HW/exams)
 Early cellular empirical models:
 Empirical path loss models for early cellular systems were based on
extensive measurements.
 Okumura model: empirically based (site/freq specific), uses graphs
 Hata model: Analytical approximation to Okumura
 Cost 231 Model: extends Hata to higher freq. (2 GHz)
 Multi-slope model
 Walfish/Bertoni: extends Cost 231 to include diffraction
 Current cellular models (LTE and 5G):
 Detailed path loss models for UE (3GPP TS 36.101) and base stations (3GPP
TS 36.104) for different multipath delay spreads, user speeds and MIMO
antenna correlations.
 The 5G model includes higher frequencies (up to 100 GHz).
 WiFi channel models: TGn and TGac
 Indoor and outdoor path loss models with MIMO (4x4 & greater),
40 MHz channels (& greater), and different multipath delay spread.
Commonly used in cellular and WiFi system simulations
Main Points
 Path loss models simplify Maxwell’s equations
 Models vary in complexity and accuracy
 Power falloff with distance is proportional to d2 in
free space, d4 in two path model
 Main characteristics of path loss captured in
single-slope exponent model Pr=PtK[dr/d]g
 mmWave propagation models still immature
 Path loss large due to frequency, rain, and oxygen

 Empirical models used in simulations

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