Introduction

Review of coordinate system

And
Vector calculus

N. Srikanth
EC-232
2nd Year-II SEM

Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering
 Vectors: Quantity which has Both Magnitude and
Direction

Magnitude of vector ‘r’ (x, y, z)

Unit vector and Direction

r  r  x2  y2  z 2

r
Unit vector in the direction of ‘r’ is a r 
r
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 Addition of two vectors

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 Dot Product/ Scalar product

Introduction to A.B  AB cos AB 

Coordinate system
a x .a x  a y .a y  a z .a z  1
a x .a y  a y .a z  a z .a x  0
A.B  Ax Bx  Ay B y  Az Bz
To find the component of a vector in another
direction B
A along B  A.a B  A.
B
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 Cross Product/ Vector Product
A  B  AB sin  AB  a N
ax ay az
A  B  Ax Ay Az
Introduction to
Coordinate system Bx By Bz

 
Resultant vector will be in a direction
normal to both A and B A B   B  A
ax  a y  az a y  a x  a z ax  ax  0
ay  az  ax a z  a y  a x ay ay  0
az  ax  ay a x  a z  a y az  az  0
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 Rectangular/ Cartesian
Coordinate System (x, y, z)
x    ,  
y    ,  
z    ,  
Introduction to
Coordinate system

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 Cylindrical Coordinate System

Introduction to
Coordinate system

   0,  
   0,2 
z    ,  

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 Conversions:

x   cos 
  x2  y2
y   sin 
 y
  tan  
1
zz  x
Introduction to
Coordinate system zz

A  A a   A a  Az a z
A  A.a  & A  A.a
a   cos  a x  sin  a y
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 Conversions:

 a    cos  sin  0  a x 
a    sin  cos   
0  a y  
  
Introduction to  a   0 0 1  a z 
Coordinate system  z  

 a x  cos   sin  0  a  
a    sin  cos   
0   a  
 y 
 a z   0 0 1  a z 
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 Spherical Coordinate System

r   0,  
   0,  
   0,2 
Introduction to
Coordinate system

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 Conversions:

  r sin 
 
Introduction to
z  r cos 
Coordinate system
x  r sin  cos 
y  r sin  sin  r x2  y2  z 2
r   2  z2
z  r cos   x2  y2 
   tan 
1 
  tan  
1  z 
 
z
1  y 
    tan  
x
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 Conversions:

 a x  sin  cos  cos  cos   sin    ar 

a    sin  sin  cos  sin    
 y  cos   a 
 a z   cos   sin  0   a 
Introduction to
Coordinate system
 ar   sin  cos  sin  sin  cos    a x 
     
a   cos  cos  cos  sin   sin   a y 
 a    sin  cos  0   a z 
 

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 Questions:

Introduction to
Coordinate system

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 Questions:

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 u v w h1 h2 h3

Cartesian x y z 1 1 1

Cylindrical ρ ϕ z 1 ρ 1

Spherical r Ɵ ϕ 1 r r sinƟ

dl   h1du a u   h2 dv a v   h3 dwa w
dS   h1h2 dudv a w   h2 h3 dvdwa u   h3 h1dwdu a u
dV  h1h2 h3 dudvdw

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 Various Vector Operators

1  1  1 
DEL:   au  av  aw
h1 u h2 v h3 w
Gradient:
Grad V   V
1 V 1 V 1 V
V  au  av  aw
h1 u h2 v h3 w
Significance – to find maximum rate of change of
quantity w. r. to direction
Magnitude - rate of change of scalar quantity
Direction – Which direction rate of change is maximum.

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 Various Vector Operators
Divergence

 
Div A  . A
1    
. A   h h A    h h A    h h A 
h1h2 h3  u
2 3 u 3 1 v 1 2  
v  
Significance – to measure the total field flowing into (or) out of a point
- flux of the field

. A = +ve (or) –ve

=Zero
---- non solenoid (or) non continuous (or) having divergence
---- Divergence free (or) Solenoid (or) continuous.

. A = 0, for an incompressible fluid like water eg: .D   v & .B  0

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 Various Vector Operators
Curl
Curl -Always a vector quantity  A
h1au h2 a h3 a
1   
 A 
h1h2 h3  u  
h1 Au h2 A h3 A
Significance – radiation of the field around the point
Magnitude – circulation of vector A at any point
Direction - always perpendicular to vector A

 A
= zero ---- Conservative, curl free, ir-rotational  E  0
= Non zero ---- VORTEX eg:
 H  J

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 Various Vector Operators
Laplacian of a Scalar:

 2 V = . V  div (grad V) - Scalar quantity

1    h2 h3 V    h3 h1 V    h1 h2 V 
        
h12 h2 h3  u  h1 u    h2     h3  

Laplacian of a Vector: - Vector Quantity --  A 2

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 THANK
YOU

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