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Lec5 Network Addressing - ARP, NAT, PAT, and Port Forwarding

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) translates IP addresses to MAC addresses, allowing communication within a local area network (LAN). When a device on the LAN wants to communicate with another, it broadcasts an ARP request if the MAC address is unknown. The destination device responds with its MAC address, which gets added to the requesting device's ARP table for future use. Network Address Translation (NAT) allows private IP networks to connect to the Internet by translating private IP addresses to public IP addresses on a router. Port Address Translation (PAT) uses a single public IP address but translates each local IP address to a different port number. Port forwarding opens specific port numbers on a router's public IP to allow external access to servers or devices on the private

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46 views

Lec5 Network Addressing - ARP, NAT, PAT, and Port Forwarding

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) translates IP addresses to MAC addresses, allowing communication within a local area network (LAN). When a device on the LAN wants to communicate with another, it broadcasts an ARP request if the MAC address is unknown. The destination device responds with its MAC address, which gets added to the requesting device's ARP table for future use. Network Address Translation (NAT) allows private IP networks to connect to the Internet by translating private IP addresses to public IP addresses on a router. Port Address Translation (PAT) uses a single public IP address but translates each local IP address to a different port number. Port forwarding opens specific port numbers on a router's public IP to allow external access to servers or devices on the private

Uploaded by

Romany Magdy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), Network 

Address Translation (NAT),


Port Address Translation (PAT),
and
Port Forwarding
1. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

ARP is encapsulated by the link layer protocol, for translating


the logical IP address (32 bit) to a hardware MAC address (48
bit) burned into the network card permanently (Which is
necessary for Layer two (L2) of OSI).

Hint: the MAC address of your own NIC can be viewed by


typing the command "ipconfig /all" at the command prompt.

ARP Table: Every device that sends or receives IP packets has


an ARP table contains the MAC address.
ARP scenario Over LAN

Let the host A acquires the MAC address of a host has


IP 192.168.10.12 to start transmission to it. It send a
frame without the MAC address of the destination.
1) Host A send a massage “F” for IP
192.168.10.10 without MAC address. This
process called ”ping 192.168.10.12”

2) The switch receive “F”. If


ARP table of the switch
records the MAC address of
IP 192.168.10.10, it will send
a reply to A including the
whole frame with the MAC
address
3) Else, the switch
broadcasts “F” over the LAN
4) The host C respond to A
with a complete frame
including its MAC address,
so A can start connection
with C.
ARP scenario Over Internet (two different networks)

The MAC address of 10.0.0.10/24 is


not in ARP tables of the network’s
nodes
1) The source of IP 192.168.10.10 will ping router 1 F0/0
since the destination in another network to get its MAC
address, and send the Frame in the shown structure.
2) Router 1, after receiving the frame, inspects its ARP
table, and pings router 2 F0/1 and complete the frame as
shown.
3) Router 2, after receiving the frame, inspects its ARP
table, and pings the host with destination IP, and complete
the frame as shown, and send the frame to the destination.
N.B., hosts and nodes in the network updated the ARP
tables, and no ping once more.
2. Network Address Translation (NAT)

It enables private IP networks to connect to the internet.


NAT operates on a router, and translates the private
addresses in the internal network into public addresses,
before packets are forwarded to another network.
Let the host “A” want
access Cisco
server in a network
topology as shown.
Host “A” issues a package
with source and destination
IPs as shown.

The router realizes that IP of


host “A” is a local IP and can’t
be used in public domain

The router uses NAT to assign


a public IP to host

The router send the frame to


the destination
The Cisco server exchange the
IPs of the frame and send the
reply

The router realize that IP of


the destination in the local
network is public, so it uses
the NAT to get the local IP
The router send the frame
with the original IP of host “A”

New naming convention only for WIC slots is type slot_#/subslot_#/ port_#.
Ports installed directly on chassis still use classic convention that is type slot_#/ port_#
In a summary,
• NAT solved partially the scarcity problem of public IP
• NAT improved security since the private IP is hidden

There are four types of NAT:


• Static NAT (SNAT); some time “S” denotes Secure
• Dynamic NAT (DNAT)
• Port Address Translation (PAT)
• Port Forwarding
SNAT

It improve security with public expensive IP address


DNAT
Some public IP address are assigned dynamically to the
whole network. This process is more secured than SNAT,
and solve partially the public IP address scarcity, but on the
account of network latency, and availability.
PAT
PAT is an extension of NAT. Each local IP address is
translated with a different port number assignment using
a single public IP address. It has good impact on both
security and Public IP utilization.
Port Forwarding
Allows Computers over the internet to connect to many
servers or specific computers within a private network
using single public IP addressor. It has good impact on
both security and Public IP utilization.
Port numbers range from 0-65535; e.g.
80 – http – used for web page,
2021 – ftp – file transfer protocol,
443 – https – secure web pages,
3389 – rdc – Remote desk connection.
Hint:
To access the Router, get its IP address, and your
computer IP address as well,
by typing “ipconfig” from the
command line. Use a web
browser to access router, get
the porting page and modify.
It function is similar to extension number of telephone
exchange.

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