Introduction to IT
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Administrative
Instructor: Wisal Khan
[email protected]
Email me and get in touch if in need
Contact: +93787032736
Office hours:
06:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m.
05:00 p.m. to 08:00 p.m.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Information technology is the use of modern technology to aid in
storage, processing, analysis and communication of information.
We can simply define that the information about any technology is
called information technology.
Often the IT typically refers to the equipment such as computers,
data storage devices, networks and also communication devices.
Technology in the broad sense is the application of modern
communication and computing technologies to the creation,
management and use of the knowledge.
Information technology means the use of the hardware, software,
services, and supporting infrastructure to manage and deliver
information using voice, data and video.
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Structure of IT
Information Technology
Computer Communication
Computer Hardware Computer Software Bounded unBounded
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Computer Definition
The word “computer” is derived from the word ” Comput”
which means to compute or calculate. With this meaning
a computer is considered to be a calculating device that
can perform the arithmetic operation at enormous speed.
More accurately, a computer may be defined as a device
that can store, process, and operates upon information
or data
Or computer is a machine that takes input in the form of
data, do processing on that data, and then gives the
result
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What is Data?
DATA:
Data is the Raw materials
Data is the Fact and Figures
Data is the collection of characters,
worlds, figures, shapes, designs, symbols,
digits related to any fields.
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Types of data
There are Three Types of data
Alphabetic data that is from (A to Z, a to z)
Numeric Data that is from (0 to 9)
AlphaNum data
That is from (a to z, A to Z, and from 0 to 9)
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What is data Processing
DATA PROCESSING Data
Data processing often referred as D.P is a
process of collecting the data together and
converting the data into information. The
method used for collecting the data may be
manual, mechanical or electronic.
Processing
Data processing is a term mostly associated
with business and commercial work. Since
computers are being used in the processing of
data the term "electronic data processing" may
also be used. Information
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Data Processing
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Manual & Electronic Data
ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING
Data processing means transformation of data into
more meaningful results for carrying out scientific,
business activities. The result of data processing is
called "information". The transformation of data
consist of a sequence of operations. The sequence is
called "procedure". Example: Computer
Manual Data Processing
"MANUAL" when processing is performed by human
beings or When a process is performed step by step
in an organized method is called MDP
Example: Type writer or Calculator
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How Computer Works
Computer Receive store
process and produce
output
User Input data trough
Input device
Input Processing Output
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How Computer Works
Processing Output
Input
Input Devices Output Devices
*Keyboard *Moniter
*Mouse *Printer
*Joystick
Computer *Plotter
*Scanner *Speaker
*Microphone
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Characteristics of computer
Speed
A computer is a very fast device. It can perform in a few
seconds the amount of work that a human can do in year
Accuracy
Every task is performed by computer with same accuracy. Errors
may occur in computer due to human
Diligence
Human beings get bored from work on the same thing for a long
time and also tired. But the case is not same with computers, a
computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration
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Characteristics of computer
Versatility
A computer is capable of performing almost any task. It just
requires the particular software to perform that task
Power of remembering
A computer can store and recall even after several years any
amount of information because of its storage capability
No feelings
Computers are free of emotions. They have no feelings
I.Q
A human think with their mind that what is right for them and
what is not. While a machine has no I.Q. But programmers are
trying to make computer an intelligent machine.
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History of Computer
Computers did not suddenly arrive on the scene
The research on the computer technology is a process of
hundreds of years and is still in progress
The latest computer is the result of several minds combined
to give us the magic of sense
The history of computer development is often referred to in
reference to the different generations of computing devices
Each generation of computer is characterized by a major
technological development that fundamentally changed the
way computers operate
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Brief History of Computers
According to generations
There are five generations of computers
1. First Generation (1940-1956)
2. Second Generation (1956-1963)
3. Third Generation (1964-1971)
4. Fourth Generation (1971-1980)
5. Fifth Generation (1980-present)
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First Generation (1940-1956)
In this generation of computer vacuum tube was used for
circuitry
These computers were very large in size, taking up entire
rooms
They were very expensive to operate and in addition to
using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat
First generation computers relied on machine language
The UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) and
ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrated and Calculator)
computers are examples of first-generation computing
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First Generation (1940-1956)
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Second Generation (1956-1963)
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second
generation of computers
The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see
widespread use in computers until the late 50s
Through the use of transistors the second generation
computers were much faster and more reliable than
the first generation of computers
Second-generation computers moved from machine
language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which
allowed programmers to specify instructions in words
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Second Generation (1956-1963)
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Third Generation (1964-1971)
The development of the integrated circuit was the
hallmark of the third generation of computers
An Integrated Circuit (IC) or a chip is a small
electronic device made out of a semiconductor
material (transistor)
The earliest ICs used a technology called SSI (Small
Scale Integration contain up to 100 transistors) and
MSI (Medium Scale Integration contain 100-3000
transistors)
The third generation computers were smaller, more
efficient and more reliable than their predecessor
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Third Generation (1964-1971)
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Fourth Generation (1971-1980)
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation
of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits
were built onto a single silicon chip
What in the first generation filled an entire room
could now fit in the palm of the hand
LSI (large-scale integration): From 3,000 to
100,000 electronic components per chip
During this the first microprocessor the Intel 4004
was developed and was followed by VLSI (Very
Large Scale Integration contain 100,000 to
1,000,000)
ULSI (ultra large-scale integration): More than 1
million electronic components per chip
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Fourth Generation (1971-1980)
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Fifth Generation (1980-Present)
Fifth generation computing devices, based on
artificial intelligence, are still in development, though
there are some applications, such as voice recognition,
that are being used today, Expert System, Robots etc.
The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop
devices that respond to natural language input and are
capable of learning and self-organization
But true AI, or computers that can think like human
being are still concepts in the mind of tomorrow
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Fifth Generation (1980-Present)
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