INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB

Presented by:
S P SIMON
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
TIRUCHIRAPPALLI-620 015
 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB ENVIRONMENT

DESKTOP TOOLS AND DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT

MATHEMATICS

BASIC PROGRAMMING

GRAPHICS

INTRODUCTION TO SIMULINK

MATLAB TOOL BOXES

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 INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB ENVIRONMENT

INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB ENVIRONMENT

 What is MATLAB?
 A language for technical computing
 An interactive system whose basic data element is a matrix
 MATLAB stands for MATrix LABoratory

 Typical Uses
 Math and computation
 Algorithm development
 Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
 Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
 Scientific and engineering graphics
 Application development including GUI

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 INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB ENVIRONMENT

THE MATLAB SYSTEM

 Development Environment: This is the set of tools and facilities that help you use MATLAB
functions and files. Many of these tools are graphical user interfaces. It includes the MATLAB desktop and
Command Window, a command history, an editor and debugger, and browsers for viewing help, the
workspace, files, and the search path.
 The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library : This is a vast collection of
computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions, like sum, sine, cosine, and complex
arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix eigen values, Bessel functions, and
fast Fourier transforms.
 The MATLAB Language: This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow
statements, functions, data structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows
both "programming in the small" to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs, and
"programming in the large" to create large and complex application programs.
 Graphics: MATLAB has extensive facilities for displaying vectors and matrices as graphs, as well as
annotating and printing these graphs. It includes high-level functions for two-dimensional and three-
dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and presentation graphics. It also includes
low-level functions that allow you to fully customize the appearance of graphics as well as to build
complete graphical user interfaces on your MATLAB applications.
 The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API): This is a library that allows
you to write C and Fortran programs that interact with MATLAB. It includes facilities for calling routines
from MATLAB (dynamic linking), calling MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and writing
MAT-files.

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 INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB ENVIRONMENT

DESKTOP TOOLS AND DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT

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 INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB ENVIRONMENT

Command
Variable
window
browser
 Start Matlab from the
“start” menu

 The command window is

the dynamic command
interpreter which allows
the user to issue Matlab
commands

 The variable browser

shows which variables
currently exist in the
workspace

 The command history

shows which commands
have been executed in the
past

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Command history
 INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB ENVIRONMENT

CREATING MATLAB SCRIPTS

 Commands can be typed directly into the command
window (like a calculator), or they can be grouped
together into a script file (or function)
 A script is a text file with a “.m” extension
 (remember to change to your directory before
 doing any work
 cd p:/matlab)

 A script file can be created using the Matlab editor

 edit TestScript.m
 Just type the commands into the file

 The script can be run by typing the name of the

 script in the command window (or press F5)
 TestScript
 Any variables created in the script will be visible in
the workspace which are viewed in the variable
browser

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 INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB ENVIRONMENT

WORKSPACE

save my.dat
  clear
  clc
  who
  load my.dat -mat
  who

 workspace = the area of memory used by the MATLAB

 who = lists the current variables in the workspace
 clear = clear the workspace
 save = save the workspace variables to a file.
 load = load all variables from a specified file.

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 MATHEMATICS

MATRICES IN MATLAB

MATRICES GENERATION
eye - Identity matrix

ones - Matrix with all

elements = 1
Contd..

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 MATHEMATICS

rand – Random matrix zeros - Matrix with all

elements = 0

Given:
Matrix Index
 Always starts with 1 (not 0)

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 MATHEMATICS

MATRICES OPERATIONS

Given A and B:

Addition Subtraction Product Transpose

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 MATHEMATICS

THE USE OF “.” – “ELEMENT” OPERATION

Given A:

Divide each element Multiply each element Square each element

of A by 2 of A by 3 of A

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 MATHEMATICS

USEFUL FUNCTIONS

Function Description

rank Matrix rank

det Determinant

null Null space

\ and / Linear equation solution

inv Matrix inverse

eig Eigenvalues and eigenvectors

poly Characteristic polynomial

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 MATHEMATICS

EXAMPLES

Given B:

Inverse of B Determinant of B Eigenvalues of B

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 MATHEMATICS

GET HELP FOR USE OF FUNCTIONS

>>help function_name

>>lookfor keyword

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 MATHEMATICS

SOLVING LINEAR EQUATIONS

Given A and B:

Solve for X, s.t. AX = B Check that AX = B

Note: X = A\B denotes AX = B,

X = B/A denotes XA = B
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 MATHEMATICS

USE OF M FILE

Click to create
a new M-File

 Extension “.m”
 A text file containing script or function or program to run
 You can run more than 1 line of commands at a time

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 MATHEMATICS

M-FILE AS SCRIPT FILE

Save file as filename.m

Type what you want

to do, eg. Create
matrices

If you include “;” at the

end of each statement,
result will not be shown
immediately

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 MATHEMATICS

RUN THE M-FILE

Run the file by typing the filename in the command window

That’s because the file path is not defined

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 MATHEMATICS

TO
RUNADD
THEPATH
M-FILE File – Set Path…

Add Folder…
Select the folder where
you placed your M-File

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 MATHEMATICS

RUN AGAIN

Type the M-File name again

Notice that the statement that

does not have “;” at the end will
have the result shown immediately

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 MATHEMATICS

RUN AGAIN 2

If you want to see the values of

the statement that has “;” at the end,
simply type the valuable name and
press Enter

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 BASIC PROGRAMMING

COMMANDS PARSED & EXECUTED IN ORDER

%% Comments
Comments start
start with
with "%"
"%" character
character
pause
pause %% Suspend
Suspend execution
execution -- hit
hit any
any key
key to
to continue.
continue.
keyboard
keyboard %% Pause
Pause && return
return control
control to
to command
command line.
line.
%% Type "return" to continue.
Type "return" to continue.
break
break %% Terminate
Terminate execution
execution of
of current
current loop/file.
loop/file.
return
return %% Exit
Exit current
current function
function
%% Return
Return to invoking function/command
to invoking function/command line.
line.

FLOW CONTROL CONSTRUCTS

 Logic Control:
 IF / ELSEIF / ELSE
 SWITCH / CASE / OTHERWISE
 Iterative Loops:
 FOR
 WHILE
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 BASIC PROGRAMMING

THE IF, ELSEIF AND ELSE STATEMENTS

 Works on Conditional
statements

 Short-circuited in MATLAB -
once a condition is true, the
sequence terminates.

»if_examp

 i, j = imaginary unit
※ Don't use i or j as a variable except for-loop index!!!

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 BASIC PROGRAMMING

SWITCH, CASE, AND OTHERWISE

 More efficient than switch

switchinput_num
input_num
elseif statements case
case-1-1
 Only the first matching input_str
input_str=='minus
'minusone';
one';
case is executed case
case00
input_str
input_str=='zero';
'zero';
case
case11
input_str
input_str=='plus
'plusone';
 Relational operators case
case{-10,10}
{-10,10}
one';

 <   <=   >   >=   ==   ~= input_str

input_str=='+/-
'+/-ten';
ten';
 true = 1    false = 0 otherwise
otherwise
input_str
input_str=='other
'othervalue';
value';
 Logical operators end
end
 &   |   ~

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 BASIC PROGRAMMING

THE FOR LOOP

 Similar to other
programming languages
 Repeats loop a set
number of times (based N=10;
on index) N=10;
for
for II =
= 1:N
1:N
 Can be nested for
for JJ =
= 1:N
1:N
A(I,J)
A(I,J) = = 1/(I+J-1);
1/(I+J-1);
end
end
end
end

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 BASIC PROGRAMMING

THE WHILE LOOP

 Similar to other
programming languages
I=1;
I=1; N=10;
N=10;
 Repeats loop a set
number of times (based while
while I<=N
I<=N
on index) J=1;
J=1;
 Can be nested while
while J<=N
J<=N
A(I,J)=1/(I+J-
A(I,J)=1/(I+J-
1);
1);
J=J+1;
J=J+1;
end
end
I=I+1;
I=I+1;
end
end

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 BASIC PROGRAMMING

ARRAY OPERATION

 Using Array Operations:

Density
Density =
= Mass(I,J)/(Length.*Width.*Height);
Mass(I,J)/(Length.*Width.*Height);

 Using Loops:
[rows,
[rows, cols]
cols] =
= size(M);
size(M);
for
for II =
= 1:rows
1:rows
for
for JJ =
= 1:cols
1:cols
Density(I,J)
Density(I,J) = = M(I,J)/(L(I,J)*W(I,J)*H(I,J));
M(I,J)/(L(I,J)*W(I,J)*H(I,J));
end
end
end
end
»array_vs_loops
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 BASIC PROGRAMMING

M-FILE FUNCTIONS

 Function name
 has the same constraints as variable name
 ONE function in ONE file       cf) subfunction
 file name > function name
 The name of the M-file and of the function SHOULD be the same

 Function name resolution

 Check to see if the name is a variable
 Check to see if the name is a subfunction
 Check to see if the name is a function on the current directory
 Check to see if the name is a function on the MATLAB search path

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 BASIC PROGRAMMING

STRUCTURE OF A FUNCTION M-FILE

Keyword: function Function Name (same as file name .m)

Output Argument(s) Input Argument(s)

function
function yy =
= mean(x)
mean(x)
%
%MEAN
MEANAverage
Averageorormean
meanvalue.
value.
%
%For
Forvectors,
vectors,MEAN(x)
MEAN(x)returns
returnsthe
themean
meanvalue.
value.
Online %
%For
Formatrices,
matrices,MEAN(x)
MEAN(x)isisaarow
rowvector
vector
Help %
%containing
containingthe
themean
meanvalue
valueof ofeach
eachcolumn.
column.

[m,n]
[m,n] =
= size(x);
size(x);
ifif m
m ==
== 11
MATLAB
Code mm== n;
n;
end
end
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yy =
= sum(x)/m;
sum(x)/m;
S.P.Simon-EEE-NITT 30

»output_value = mean(input_value) Command Line Syntax

 BASIC PROGRAMMING

M-FILE FUNCTIONS
 local and global variables
function value=tg(x, y)
  global Z
  x1 = x^2;  y1 = y^2;  Z1 = Z^2
  value=x1+y1+z1;  return
 save as tg.m
 Declare the variable as global in every function that requires access to it
 Issue the global command at the top of the M-file (Recommended!!)

  global Z
  x = 3;  y = 4;  Z= 5;
  tg(x, y)
  x, y, Z
save as test.m and run test!

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 BASIC PROGRAMMING

M-FILE FUNCTIONS

 eval and feval

  for n = 1:12
       eval(['M' num2str(n) ' = magic(n)'])
  end

 eval : execute the contents of bracket in command window

  for n = 0:pi/10:pi
       m=feval('sin',n);
       disp([n m])
  end

 feval : evaluate function by function name and argument(s) in bracket

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 GRAPHICS

BASIC 2-D GRAPHICS

 Creating a Plot
t = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
  y = sin(t);
  plot(t, y)

 plot(x, y) = produces a 2D graph of y vs. x

  figure
  y2 = sin(t - 0.25);
  plot(t, y2)
  hold on
  plot(t, y+y2)
 figure = open a new figure window
 hold on/off = allows you to add plots to an existing graph ans = the
variable which stores the results of most recent answer
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 GRAPHICS

BASIC 2-D GRAPHICS

 plot Command

  y3 = sin(t - 0.5);
  plot(t, y, t, y2, t, y3)

 plot(x1, y1, x2, y2, ...)

  plot(t, y, 'c--', t, y2, 'r.')

 plot(x1, y1, 'color_style_marker', x2, y2, 'color_style_marker, ...)

 color_style_marker = a 1/2/3 character string.
 color = c, m, y, r, g, b, w, k
 style = -, --, :, -., none
 marker = +, o, *, x
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 GRAPHICS

BASIC 2-D GRAPHICS

 Subplots
  clf
  y4 = cos(t);
  subplot(2, 2, 1); plot(t, y)
  subplot(2, 2, 2); plot(t, y2)
  subplot(2, 2, 3); plot(t, y3)
  subplot(2, 2, 4); plot(t, y4)

 clf = clear the current figure window

 subplot = display multiple plots in the same window

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 GRAPHICS

BASIC 2-D GRAPHICS

 Axes
  clf
  t = -pi:pi/100:pi;
  y = sin(t);
  plot(t, y)
  grid on
  axis([-pi pi -1 1])
  xlabel('\pi \leq \itt \leq \pi')
  ylabel('sin(t)')

 grid on = draw the grid lines

 axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax]) = set scaling for the axes
 xlabel/ylabel = adds text beside the X-axis/Y-axis
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 GRAPHICS

BASIC 3-D GRAPHICS

 plot3(x,y,z)
 plots x,y,z in 3-dimentional space
  t=(0:pi/10:8*pi);
  x=exp(-t/20).*cos(t);
  y=exp(-t/20).*sin(t);
  z=t;
  figure(1);  plot3(x,y,z);
  xlabel('x'); ylabel('y'); zlabel('z');

 view(Az,El)
 Specifies the viewing point in 3-dimentional plot

  view(20,70);   view(2);   view(3);

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 GRAPHICS

BASIC 3-D GRAPHICS

 meshgrid(x,y)
 generates domain for plotting

  x=(-5:0.2:5);
  y=(-5:0.2:5);
  [X,Y] = meshgrid(x,y);
  Z= X .* exp(-X.^2 - Y.^2);
  size(X); size(Y); size(Z);

 mesh(Z)
 plots colored meshed 3-D graph
  mesh(Z); mesh(X,Y,Z);

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 GRAPHICS

BASIC 3-D GRAPHICS

 surf
 plots 3-d surface graphs

surf(X,Y,Z)

 contour
 plots 3-d surface graphs

  [cs,h]=contour(Z)
  clabel(cs,h);
  colorbar;
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 SIMULINK

INTRODUCTION TO SIMULINK

 Simulink is a graphical, “drag and drop” environment for building

continuous time signal and system simulations.
 It allows users to concentrate on the structure of the problem, rather than
having to worry (too much) about a programming language.
 The parameters of each signal and system block is configured by the user
(right click on block)
 Signals and systems are simulated over a particular time.

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 SIMULINK

STARTING SIMULINK
 Type the following at the Matlab command prompt
simulink
 The Simulink library will appear
 Note that you can also start Simulink by clicking
on the icon on the Matlab toolbar
Select
File – New Model
To create a new area (model) to build signals
and systems

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 SIMULINK

SIGNALS IN SIMULINK
 There are two main libraries for manipulating
signals in Simulink:
 Sources: generate a signal
 Sinks: display, read or store a signal

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 SIMULINK

CREATE AND VIEW A CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNAL

 Drag Sine Wave source and Scope sink onto
the new Simulink Model and connect them
(click on Sine Wave block, hold down Ctrl and
click on the Scope)

 Modify Sine Wave parameters to 2 rad/sec,

by right clicking on Sine Wave block and
selecting Sin Parameters, and modify
frequency

 Run the simulation

Simulation - Start

 Open the scope and leave open while you

change parameters (Sine Wave or Simulation
Parameters) and re-run

 You can save the simulation using File -

Save

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 TOOLBOXES

MATLAB TOOLBOXES/BLOCK SETS

 Simulink Version 6.1 (R14SP1)

 Aerospace Blockset Version 1.6.1 (R14SP1)
 Bioinformatics Toolbox Version 1.1.1 (R14SP1)
 CDMA Reference Blockset Version 1.1 (R14SP1)
 Communications Blockset Version 3.0.1 (R14SP1)
 Communications Toolbox Version 3.0.1 (R14SP1)
 Control System Toolbox Version 6.1 (R14SP1)
 Curve Fitting Toolbox Version 1.1.2 (R14SP1)
 Data Acquisition Toolbox Version 2.5.1 (R14SP1)
 Database Toolbox Version 3.0.1 (R14SP1)
 Datafeed Toolbox Version 1.6 (R14SP1)
 Embedded Target for Infineon C166 Microcontrollers Version 1.1.1 (R14SP1)
 Embedded Target for Motorola HC12 Version 1.1.1 (R14SP1)
 Embedded Target for Motorola MPC555 Version 2.0.1 (R14SP1)
 Embedded Target for OSEK VDX Version 1.1.1 (R14SP1)
 Embedded Target for TI C2000 DSP(tm) Version 1.1.1 (R14SP1)
 Embedded Target for TI C6000 DSP(tm) Version 2.2.1 (R14SP1)
 Excel Link Version 2.2.1 (R14SP1)
 Extended Symbolic Math Version 3.1.1 (R14SP1)
 Filter Design HDL Coder Version 1.1 (R14SP1)
 Filter Design Toolbox Version 3.1 (R14SP1)
 Financial Derivatives Toolbox Version 3.0.1 (R14SP1)

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 TOOLBOXES

MATLAB TOOLBOXES/BLOCK SETS

Financial Time Series Toolbox Version 2.1.1 (R14SP1)
Financial Toolbox Version 2.4.2 (R14SP1)
Fixed-Income Toolbox Version 1.1 (R14SP1)
Fixed-Point Toolbox Version 1.1 (R14SP1)
Fuzzy Logic Toolbox Version 2.2 (R14SP1)
GARCH Toolbox Version 2.0.1 (R14SP1)
Gauges Blockset Version 2.0 (R14SP1)
Genetic Algorithm Direct Search Toolbox Version 1.0.2 (R14SP1)
Image Acquisition Toolbox Version 1.7 (R14SP1)
Image Processing Toolbox Version 5.0.1 (R14SP1)
Instrument Control Toolbox Version 2.1 (R14SP1)
Link for Code Composer Studio Version 1.3.2 (R14SP1)
Link for ModelSim Version 1.2 (R14SP1)
MATLAB Builder for COM Version 1.1.2 (R14SP1)
MATLAB Builder for Excel Version 1.2.2 (R14SP1)
MATLAB Compiler Version 4.1 (R14SP1)
MATLAB Report Generator Version 2.1.1 (R14SP1)
MATLAB Web Server Version 1.2.3 (R14SP1)
Mapping Toolbox Version 2.0.3 (R14SP1)
Model Predictive Control Toolbox Version 2.1 (R14SP1)
Model-Based Calibration Toolbox Version 2.1.2 (R14SP1)
Neural Network Toolbox Version 4.0.4 (R14SP1)
OPC Toolbox Version 1.1.1 (R14SP1)
Optimization Toolbox Version 3.0.1 (R14SP1)
Partial Differential Equation Toolbox Version 1.0.6 (R14SP1)

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 TOOLBOXES

MATLAB TOOLBOXES/BLOCK SETS

RF Blockset Version 1.0.2 (R14SP1)
RF Toolbox Version 1.0.1 (R14SP1)
Real-Time Windows Target Version 2.5.1 (R14SP1)
Real-Time Workshop Version 6.1 (R14SP1)
Real-Time Workshop Embedded Coder Version 4.1 (R14SP1)
Robust Control Toolbox Version 3.0 (R14SP1)
Signal Processing Blockset Version 6.0.1 (R14SP1)
Signal Processing Toolbox Version 6.2.1 (R14SP1)
SimMechanics Version 2.2.1 (R14SP1)
SimPowerSystems Version 4.0 (R14SP1)
Simulink Accelerator Version 6.0.1 (R14SP1)
Simulink Control Design Version 1.1 (R14SP1)
Simulink Fixed Point Version 5.0.1 (R14SP1)
Simulink Parameter Estimation Version 1.1 (R14SP1)
Simulink Report Generator Version 2.1.1 (R14SP1)
Simulink Verification and Validation Version 1.0.1 (R14SP1)
Spline Toolbox Version 3.2.1 (R14SP1)
Stateflow Version 6.1 (R14SP1)
Stateflow Coder Version 6.1 (R14SP1)
Statistics Toolbox Version 5.0.1 (R14SP1)
Symbolic Math Toolbox Version 3.1.1 (R14SP1)
System Identification Toolbox Version 6.1 (R14SP1)
Virtual Reality Toolbox Version 4.0.1 (R14SP1)
Wavelet Toolbox Version 3.0.1 (R14SP1)
xPC Target Version 2.6.1 (R14SP1)
xPC Target Embedded Option Version 2.6.1 (R14SP1)

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